CATHERINE POPE is Professor of Medical Sociology, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. She serves on the editorial boards of Sociology of Health & Illness, Digital Health, and the Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. NICHOLAS MAYS is Professor of Health Policy, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. He directs the National Institute for Health Research funded Policy Innovation and Evaluation Research Unit. He was co-editor of the Journal of Health Services Research & Policy for over 20 years and is now on its editorial advisory board.

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• Preface to the Fourth Edition xiiiList of Contributors xvii1 Introduction 1Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope1.1 What Is Qualitative Research? 11.2 The Uses of Qualitative Research 41.3 Methods Used in Qualitative Research 61.4 The Place of Qualitative Methods in Health Care Research 71.5 Outline of the Structure of the Book 9References 10Further Reading 132 The Role of Theory in Qualitative Research 15Catherine Pope and Nicholas Mays2.1 Introduction 152.2 Differences in Ontology and Epistemology 162.3 Implications of Ontology and Epistemology 182.4 Choose Your Philosophical Umbrella – Positivism or Interpretivism? 192.5 Theoretical Perspectives 212.6 Methodology 24References 25Further Reading 263 Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research 27Dawn Goodwin, Nicholas Mays, and Catherine Pope3.1 Introduction 273.2 Ethical Principles 283.2.1 Informed Consent 303.2.2 Confidentiality 313.2.3 Anonymity 343.3 Situational Ethics 353.4 Relational Ethics 383.5 Conclusion 39References 40Further Reading 414 Interviews 43Lisa Hinton and Sara Ryan4.1 Introduction 434.2 What Makes a Good Qualitative Interview? 464.3 Role of the Interviewer 474.4 The Practicalities of Qualitative Interviews 484.4.1 How Many Interviews Is Enough? 484.4.2 Sampling 494.4.3 Recruitment 504.4.4 Fundamentals – Quiet Space, Recording, and Transcription 514.4.5 Designing a Topic Guide 514.4.6 Data Saturation 524.5 Reflexivity 524.6 Conclusion 53References 54Further Reading 555 Focus Groups 57Jonathan Q. Tritter and Bodil J. Landstad5.1 Introduction 575.2 What Is a Focus Group? 585.3 Doing Focus Group Research 585.3.1 Recruitment and Sampling 595.3.2 Initiating the Focus Group 615.3.3 Follow‐on or Second Focus Groups 625.4 Analysis 625.5 Ethical Issues 635.6 Conclusion 64References 64Further Reading 666 Observational Methods 67Catherine Pope and Davina Allen6.1 Introduction 676.2 Observational Methods and Ethnography 686.3 Rationales for Observational Studies in Health Care Research 696.4 Practical Issues to Consider When Using Observational Methods 726.4.1 Ethical Issues 726.4.2 Access to the Field 726.4.3 Research Roles 736.4.4 Recording Observational Data 746.5 The Relationship Between Theory and Observational Research 766.6 Analysis 766.7 Quality in Observational Studies 77References 78Further Reading 817 Documentary Analysis 83Martin Gorsky and Alex Mold7.1 Introduction 837.2 Uses of Documentary Methods 847.3 Sources and Location 867.4 Selection, Recording, and Storing 897.5 Approaches to Analysis 907.6 Conclusion 93References 94Further Reading 968 Digital Data and Online Qualitative Research 97John Powell and Michelle H. van Velthoven8.1 Introduction 978.2 Types of Digital and Virtual Data 988.3 Who Goes Online? The Have‐Nets and the Have‐Nots 998.4 Using Existing Online Data for Qualitative Health Research 1008.5 Eliciting Qualitative Data Using Online Methods 1038.6 Big Data and Digital Qualitative Research 1048.7 Ethics of Using Digital Data and Conducting Online Research 1058.8 Conclusions 108References 108Further Reading 1099 Analysis 111Catherine Pope, Sue Ziebland, and Nicholas Mays9.1 The Nature and Scale of Qualitative Data 1119.2 Data Preparation 1129.3 The Relationship Between Data and Analysis 1139.4 Counting and Qualitative Data 1149.5 Initial Steps in Analysis 1169.6 Thematic Analysis 1199.7 Grounded Theory 1209.8 IPA 1229.9 The ‘Framework’ Approach 1239.10 Software Packages Designed to Handle Qualitative Data 1249.11 Developing Explanations – The Role of the Researcher 1269.12 Working in a Team 1289.13 Conclusion 131References 131Further Reading 13310 Conversation Analysis 135Geraldine M. Leydon and Rebecca K. Barnes10.1 Introduction 13510.2 What Is CA? 13510.3 What Kinds of Questions Can CA Be Used to Answer? 13710.4 Collecting Naturalistic Data 13710.5 Transcription 13910.6 Analysis 14110.7 Sharing CA to Inform Health Care Practice 14410.8 Conclusion 14510.9 Further Considerations for CA Research 146References 146Further Reading 15011 Synthesising Qualitative Research 151Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope11.1 Introduction 15111.2 Should We Synthesise Qualitative Research at all? 15211.3 The Purposes of Synthesis 15311.4 Generic Issues in Qualitative Synthesis 15411.4.1 Refining the Research Question and Search Strategy 15411.4.2 Data Extraction 15511.4.3 Quality Appraisal of Studies 15611.4.4 Analysis and Interpretation 15611.5 Methods for Synthesising Qualitative Research 15711.5.1 Narrative Synthesis 15711.5.2 Framework Synthesis 15811.5.3 Qualitative Cross‐Case Analysis 15811.5.4 Meta‐ethnography 15911.6 Synthesis of Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence 16011.6.1 Integrating at the Review Level 16111.6.2 Integrating Using a Common Structure, Framework, or Model 16111.6.3 Integrating Through ‘Transformation’ of Data 16211.6.4 Using an Integrative Method 16411.7 Conclusion 165References 166Further Reading 16812 Mixed Methods Research 169Alicia O’Cathain12.1 Introduction 16912.2 Dealing with the ‘Paradigm Wars’ 17012.3 Getting to Grips with Mixed Methodology 17012.4 Mixed Methods Study Designs 17112.4.1 Evaluation 17112.4.2 Survey and Interviews 17312.4.3 Development of Questionnaires and Measures 17312.5 Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Data and Findings 17412.6 Thinking About Quality 17512.7 Team Working 17612.8 Publishing 17612.9 Conclusions 177References 177Further Reading 18013 Case Studies 181Alec Fraser and Nicholas Mays13.1 Introduction 18113.2 Types of Case Study Research 18213.3 Practical Considerations for Using Case Study Approaches in Health Care Settings 18413.3.1 Defining Cases 18413.3.2 Sampling 18513.3.3 Data Collection Methods 18713.3.4 Analysis 18813.4 Conclusions 189References 189Further Reading 19114 Participatory Research in Health Care 193Kath Maguire and Nicky Britten14.1 Introduction 19314.2 Co‐production 19614.3 Participatory Action Research 19914.4 Service User‐Controlled Research 20114.5 Citizen Science 20414.6 Conclusion 206References 207Further Reading 21015 Quality in Qualitative Research 211Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope15.1 Introduction 21115.2 Can We Use the Same Quality Criteria to Judge Qualitative and Quantitative Research? 21315.2.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research are Separate and Different: The Anti‐Realist Position 21415.2.2 It Is Possible to Assess Qualitative and Quantitative Research Using Similar Criteria: The Subtle Realist Position 21615.3 Assuring and Assessing the Validity of Qualitative Research 21615.3.1 Triangulation 21715.3.2 Respondent Validation 21815.3.3 Clear Exposition of Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 21815.3.4 Reflexivity 21915.3.5 Attention to Negative Cases 22015.3.6 Fair Dealing 22015.4 Relevance 22115.5 The Appropriate Role for Quality Guidelines in Qualitative Research 22215.5.1 Spencer and Colleagues’ Framework for Assessing the Quality of Qualitative Research Evidence 22315.5.1.1 Guiding Principles 22315.5.1.2 Appraisal Questions 22415.5.1.3 Quality Indicators 22415.5.1.4 The Framework 22415.5.2 Additional Quality Assessment Criteria 22415.5.2.1 Data Collection 22415.5.2.2 Analysis 23015.6 Conclusion 230References 231Further Reading 233Index 235

CATHERINE POPE is Professor of Medical Sociology, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. She serves on the editorial boards of Sociology of Health & Illness, Digital Health, and the Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. NICHOLAS MAYS is Professor of Health Policy, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. He directs the National Institute for Health Research funded Policy Innovation and Evaluation Research Unit. He was co-editor of the Journal of Health Services Research & Policy for over 20 years and is now on its editorial advisory board.

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• Preface to the Fourth Edition xiiiList of Contributors xvii1 Introduction 1Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope1.1 What Is Qualitative Research? 11.2 The Uses of Qualitative Research 41.3 Methods Used in Qualitative Research 61.4 The Place of Qualitative Methods in Health Care Research 71.5 Outline of the Structure of the Book 9References 10Further Reading 132 The Role of Theory in Qualitative Research 15Catherine Pope and Nicholas Mays2.1 Introduction 152.2 Differences in Ontology and Epistemology 162.3 Implications of Ontology and Epistemology 182.4 Choose Your Philosophical Umbrella – Positivism or Interpretivism? 192.5 Theoretical Perspectives 212.6 Methodology 24References 25Further Reading 263 Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research 27Dawn Goodwin, Nicholas Mays, and Catherine Pope3.1 Introduction 273.2 Ethical Principles 283.2.1 Informed Consent 303.2.2 Confidentiality 313.2.3 Anonymity 343.3 Situational Ethics 353.4 Relational Ethics 383.5 Conclusion 39References 40Further Reading 414 Interviews 43Lisa Hinton and Sara Ryan4.1 Introduction 434.2 What Makes a Good Qualitative Interview? 464.3 Role of the Interviewer 474.4 The Practicalities of Qualitative Interviews 484.4.1 How Many Interviews Is Enough? 484.4.2 Sampling 494.4.3 Recruitment 504.4.4 Fundamentals – Quiet Space, Recording, and Transcription 514.4.5 Designing a Topic Guide 514.4.6 Data Saturation 524.5 Reflexivity 524.6 Conclusion 53References 54Further Reading 555 Focus Groups 57Jonathan Q. Tritter and Bodil J. Landstad5.1 Introduction 575.2 What Is a Focus Group? 585.3 Doing Focus Group Research 585.3.1 Recruitment and Sampling 595.3.2 Initiating the Focus Group 615.3.3 Follow‐on or Second Focus Groups 625.4 Analysis 625.5 Ethical Issues 635.6 Conclusion 64References 64Further Reading 666 Observational Methods 67Catherine Pope and Davina Allen6.1 Introduction 676.2 Observational Methods and Ethnography 686.3 Rationales for Observational Studies in Health Care Research 696.4 Practical Issues to Consider When Using Observational Methods 726.4.1 Ethical Issues 726.4.2 Access to the Field 726.4.3 Research Roles 736.4.4 Recording Observational Data 746.5 The Relationship Between Theory and Observational Research 766.6 Analysis 766.7 Quality in Observational Studies 77References 78Further Reading 817 Documentary Analysis 83Martin Gorsky and Alex Mold7.1 Introduction 837.2 Uses of Documentary Methods 847.3 Sources and Location 867.4 Selection, Recording, and Storing 897.5 Approaches to Analysis 907.6 Conclusion 93References 94Further Reading 968 Digital Data and Online Qualitative Research 97John Powell and Michelle H. van Velthoven8.1 Introduction 978.2 Types of Digital and Virtual Data 988.3 Who Goes Online? The Have‐Nets and the Have‐Nots 998.4 Using Existing Online Data for Qualitative Health Research 1008.5 Eliciting Qualitative Data Using Online Methods 1038.6 Big Data and Digital Qualitative Research 1048.7 Ethics of Using Digital Data and Conducting Online Research 1058.8 Conclusions 108References 108Further Reading 1099 Analysis 111Catherine Pope, Sue Ziebland, and Nicholas Mays9.1 The Nature and Scale of Qualitative Data 1119.2 Data Preparation 1129.3 The Relationship Between Data and Analysis 1139.4 Counting and Qualitative Data 1149.5 Initial Steps in Analysis 1169.6 Thematic Analysis 1199.7 Grounded Theory 1209.8 IPA 1229.9 The ‘Framework’ Approach 1239.10 Software Packages Designed to Handle Qualitative Data 1249.11 Developing Explanations – The Role of the Researcher 1269.12 Working in a Team 1289.13 Conclusion 131References 131Further Reading 13310 Conversation Analysis 135Geraldine M. Leydon and Rebecca K. Barnes10.1 Introduction 13510.2 What Is CA? 13510.3 What Kinds of Questions Can CA Be Used to Answer? 13710.4 Collecting Naturalistic Data 13710.5 Transcription 13910.6 Analysis 14110.7 Sharing CA to Inform Health Care Practice 14410.8 Conclusion 14510.9 Further Considerations for CA Research 146References 146Further Reading 15011 Synthesising Qualitative Research 151Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope11.1 Introduction 15111.2 Should We Synthesise Qualitative Research at all? 15211.3 The Purposes of Synthesis 15311.4 Generic Issues in Qualitative Synthesis 15411.4.1 Refining the Research Question and Search Strategy 15411.4.2 Data Extraction 15511.4.3 Quality Appraisal of Studies 15611.4.4 Analysis and Interpretation 15611.5 Methods for Synthesising Qualitative Research 15711.5.1 Narrative Synthesis 15711.5.2 Framework Synthesis 15811.5.3 Qualitative Cross‐Case Analysis 15811.5.4 Meta‐ethnography 15911.6 Synthesis of Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence 16011.6.1 Integrating at the Review Level 16111.6.2 Integrating Using a Common Structure, Framework, or Model 16111.6.3 Integrating Through ‘Transformation’ of Data 16211.6.4 Using an Integrative Method 16411.7 Conclusion 165References 166Further Reading 16812 Mixed Methods Research 169Alicia O’Cathain12.1 Introduction 16912.2 Dealing with the ‘Paradigm Wars’ 17012.3 Getting to Grips with Mixed Methodology 17012.4 Mixed Methods Study Designs 17112.4.1 Evaluation 17112.4.2 Survey and Interviews 17312.4.3 Development of Questionnaires and Measures 17312.5 Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Data and Findings 17412.6 Thinking About Quality 17512.7 Team Working 17612.8 Publishing 17612.9 Conclusions 177References 177Further Reading 18013 Case Studies 181Alec Fraser and Nicholas Mays13.1 Introduction 18113.2 Types of Case Study Research 18213.3 Practical Considerations for Using Case Study Approaches in Health Care Settings 18413.3.1 Defining Cases 18413.3.2 Sampling 18513.3.3 Data Collection Methods 18713.3.4 Analysis 18813.4 Conclusions 189References 189Further Reading 19114 Participatory Research in Health Care 193Kath Maguire and Nicky Britten14.1 Introduction 19314.2 Co‐production 19614.3 Participatory Action Research 19914.4 Service User‐Controlled Research 20114.5 Citizen Science 20414.6 Conclusion 206References 207Further Reading 21015 Quality in Qualitative Research 211Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope15.1 Introduction 21115.2 Can We Use the Same Quality Criteria to Judge Qualitative and Quantitative Research? 21315.2.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research are Separate and Different: The Anti‐Realist Position 21415.2.2 It Is Possible to Assess Qualitative and Quantitative Research Using Similar Criteria: The Subtle Realist Position 21615.3 Assuring and Assessing the Validity of Qualitative Research 21615.3.1 Triangulation 21715.3.2 Respondent Validation 21815.3.3 Clear Exposition of Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 21815.3.4 Reflexivity 21915.3.5 Attention to Negative Cases 22015.3.6 Fair Dealing 22015.4 Relevance 22115.5 The Appropriate Role for Quality Guidelines in Qualitative Research 22215.5.1 Spencer and Colleagues’ Framework for Assessing the Quality of Qualitative Research Evidence 22315.5.1.1 Guiding Principles 22315.5.1.2 Appraisal Questions 22415.5.1.3 Quality Indicators 22415.5.1.4 The Framework 22415.5.2 Additional Quality Assessment Criteria 22415.5.2.1 Data Collection 22415.5.2.2 Analysis 23015.6 Conclusion 230References 231Further Reading 233Index 235

CATHERINE POPE is Professor of Medical Sociology, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. She serves on the editorial boards of Sociology of Health & Illness, Digital Health, and the Journal of Health Services Research & Policy. NICHOLAS MAYS is Professor of Health Policy, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. He directs the National Institute for Health Research funded Policy Innovation and Evaluation Research Unit. He was co-editor of the Journal of Health Services Research & Policy for over 20 years and is now on its editorial advisory board.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface to the Fourth Edition xiiiList of Contributors xvii1 Introduction 1Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope1.1 What Is Qualitative Research? 11.2 The Uses of Qualitative Research 41.3 Methods Used in Qualitative Research 61.4 The Place of Qualitative Methods in Health Care Research 71.5 Outline of the Structure of the Book 9References 10Further Reading 132 The Role of Theory in Qualitative Research 15Catherine Pope and Nicholas Mays2.1 Introduction 152.2 Differences in Ontology and Epistemology 162.3 Implications of Ontology and Epistemology 182.4 Choose Your Philosophical Umbrella – Positivism or Interpretivism? 192.5 Theoretical Perspectives 212.6 Methodology 24References 25Further Reading 263 Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research 27Dawn Goodwin, Nicholas Mays, and Catherine Pope3.1 Introduction 273.2 Ethical Principles 283.2.1 Informed Consent 303.2.2 Confidentiality 313.2.3 Anonymity 343.3 Situational Ethics 353.4 Relational Ethics 383.5 Conclusion 39References 40Further Reading 414 Interviews 43Lisa Hinton and Sara Ryan4.1 Introduction 434.2 What Makes a Good Qualitative Interview? 464.3 Role of the Interviewer 474.4 The Practicalities of Qualitative Interviews 484.4.1 How Many Interviews Is Enough? 484.4.2 Sampling 494.4.3 Recruitment 504.4.4 Fundamentals – Quiet Space, Recording, and Transcription 514.4.5 Designing a Topic Guide 514.4.6 Data Saturation 524.5 Reflexivity 524.6 Conclusion 53References 54Further Reading 555 Focus Groups 57Jonathan Q. Tritter and Bodil J. Landstad5.1 Introduction 575.2 What Is a Focus Group? 585.3 Doing Focus Group Research 585.3.1 Recruitment and Sampling 595.3.2 Initiating the Focus Group 615.3.3 Follow‐on or Second Focus Groups 625.4 Analysis 625.5 Ethical Issues 635.6 Conclusion 64References 64Further Reading 666 Observational Methods 67Catherine Pope and Davina Allen6.1 Introduction 676.2 Observational Methods and Ethnography 686.3 Rationales for Observational Studies in Health Care Research 696.4 Practical Issues to Consider When Using Observational Methods 726.4.1 Ethical Issues 726.4.2 Access to the Field 726.4.3 Research Roles 736.4.4 Recording Observational Data 746.5 The Relationship Between Theory and Observational Research 766.6 Analysis 766.7 Quality in Observational Studies 77References 78Further Reading 817 Documentary Analysis 83Martin Gorsky and Alex Mold7.1 Introduction 837.2 Uses of Documentary Methods 847.3 Sources and Location 867.4 Selection, Recording, and Storing 897.5 Approaches to Analysis 907.6 Conclusion 93References 94Further Reading 968 Digital Data and Online Qualitative Research 97John Powell and Michelle H. van Velthoven8.1 Introduction 978.2 Types of Digital and Virtual Data 988.3 Who Goes Online? The Have‐Nets and the Have‐Nots 998.4 Using Existing Online Data for Qualitative Health Research 1008.5 Eliciting Qualitative Data Using Online Methods 1038.6 Big Data and Digital Qualitative Research 1048.7 Ethics of Using Digital Data and Conducting Online Research 1058.8 Conclusions 108References 108Further Reading 1099 Analysis 111Catherine Pope, Sue Ziebland, and Nicholas Mays9.1 The Nature and Scale of Qualitative Data 1119.2 Data Preparation 1129.3 The Relationship Between Data and Analysis 1139.4 Counting and Qualitative Data 1149.5 Initial Steps in Analysis 1169.6 Thematic Analysis 1199.7 Grounded Theory 1209.8 IPA 1229.9 The ‘Framework’ Approach 1239.10 Software Packages Designed to Handle Qualitative Data 1249.11 Developing Explanations – The Role of the Researcher 1269.12 Working in a Team 1289.13 Conclusion 131References 131Further Reading 13310 Conversation Analysis 135Geraldine M. Leydon and Rebecca K. Barnes10.1 Introduction 13510.2 What Is CA? 13510.3 What Kinds of Questions Can CA Be Used to Answer? 13710.4 Collecting Naturalistic Data 13710.5 Transcription 13910.6 Analysis 14110.7 Sharing CA to Inform Health Care Practice 14410.8 Conclusion 14510.9 Further Considerations for CA Research 146References 146Further Reading 15011 Synthesising Qualitative Research 151Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope11.1 Introduction 15111.2 Should We Synthesise Qualitative Research at all? 15211.3 The Purposes of Synthesis 15311.4 Generic Issues in Qualitative Synthesis 15411.4.1 Refining the Research Question and Search Strategy 15411.4.2 Data Extraction 15511.4.3 Quality Appraisal of Studies 15611.4.4 Analysis and Interpretation 15611.5 Methods for Synthesising Qualitative Research 15711.5.1 Narrative Synthesis 15711.5.2 Framework Synthesis 15811.5.3 Qualitative Cross‐Case Analysis 15811.5.4 Meta‐ethnography 15911.6 Synthesis of Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence 16011.6.1 Integrating at the Review Level 16111.6.2 Integrating Using a Common Structure, Framework, or Model 16111.6.3 Integrating Through ‘Transformation’ of Data 16211.6.4 Using an Integrative Method 16411.7 Conclusion 165References 166Further Reading 16812 Mixed Methods Research 169Alicia O’Cathain12.1 Introduction 16912.2 Dealing with the ‘Paradigm Wars’ 17012.3 Getting to Grips with Mixed Methodology 17012.4 Mixed Methods Study Designs 17112.4.1 Evaluation 17112.4.2 Survey and Interviews 17312.4.3 Development of Questionnaires and Measures 17312.5 Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Data and Findings 17412.6 Thinking About Quality 17512.7 Team Working 17612.8 Publishing 17612.9 Conclusions 177References 177Further Reading 18013 Case Studies 181Alec Fraser and Nicholas Mays13.1 Introduction 18113.2 Types of Case Study Research 18213.3 Practical Considerations for Using Case Study Approaches in Health Care Settings 18413.3.1 Defining Cases 18413.3.2 Sampling 18513.3.3 Data Collection Methods 18713.3.4 Analysis 18813.4 Conclusions 189References 189Further Reading 19114 Participatory Research in Health Care 193Kath Maguire and Nicky Britten14.1 Introduction 19314.2 Co‐production 19614.3 Participatory Action Research 19914.4 Service User‐Controlled Research 20114.5 Citizen Science 20414.6 Conclusion 206References 207Further Reading 21015 Quality in Qualitative Research 211Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope15.1 Introduction 21115.2 Can We Use the Same Quality Criteria to Judge Qualitative and Quantitative Research? 21315.2.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research are Separate and Different: The Anti‐Realist Position 21415.2.2 It Is Possible to Assess Qualitative and Quantitative Research Using Similar Criteria: The Subtle Realist Position 21615.3 Assuring and Assessing the Validity of Qualitative Research 21615.3.1 Triangulation 21715.3.2 Respondent Validation 21815.3.3 Clear Exposition of Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 21815.3.4 Reflexivity 21915.3.5 Attention to Negative Cases 22015.3.6 Fair Dealing 22015.4 Relevance 22115.5 The Appropriate Role for Quality Guidelines in Qualitative Research 22215.5.1 Spencer and Colleagues’ Framework for Assessing the Quality of Qualitative Research Evidence 22315.5.1.1 Guiding Principles 22315.5.1.2 Appraisal Questions 22415.5.1.3 Quality Indicators 22415.5.1.4 The Framework 22415.5.2 Additional Quality Assessment Criteria 22415.5.2.1 Data Collection 22415.5.2.2 Analysis 23015.6 Conclusion 230References 231Further Reading 233Index 235