EDITORS ALEXANDER S. GRAPHODATSKY is Head of the Research Department of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Novosibirsk State University. He is the author of more than 200 scientific publications on cytogenetics, genome diversity, and evolution of mammals. POLINA L. PERELMAN is a Research Scientist at the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and at Novosibirsk State University, Russia. STEPHEN J. O'BRIEN is Director of Research at Nova Southeastern University, USA and Chief Scientific Officer at the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia. He previously served as Chief of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the National Cancer Institute, USA.

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• Acknowledgments lContributors liForeword 1 by Malcolm A. Ferguson‐Smith lviiiForeword 2 by Denis M. Larkin lxiiiIntroduction lxviiiMAMMALIA Time Tree 1MONOTREMATA Time Tree 2Order Monotremata 3MARSUPIALIA Time Tree 6Order Didelphimorphia 7Order Paucituberculata 14Order Microbiotheria 14Order Dasyuromorphia 15Order Peramelemorphia 21Order Notoryctemorphia 22Order Diprotodontia 22AFROTHERIA Time Tree 38Order AfrosoricidaOrder Sirenia 53Order Proboscidea 55XENARTHRA Time Tree 64Superorder Xenarthra 65Order PilosaOrder CingulataEUARCHONTOGLIRES Time Tree 79Order Scandentia Time Tree 80Order Dermoptera 84Order Primates Time Tree 87Order Rodentia Time Tree 186LAURASIATHERIA Time Tree 465Order Eulipotyphla (Insectivora) Time Tree 466Order Chiroptera Time Tree 502Order Pholidota Time Tree 703Order Cetartiodactyla Time Tree 706Order Perissodactyla Time Tree 858References 881Afterword Chromosomes: Much More Than DNA by Jennifer A. Marshall Graves 902Index 904Index of Painting Probes 930

EDITORS ALEXANDER S. GRAPHODATSKY is Head of the Research Department of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Novosibirsk State University. He is the author of more than 200 scientific publications on cytogenetics, genome diversity, and evolution of mammals. POLINA L. PERELMAN is a Research Scientist at the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and at Novosibirsk State University, Russia. STEPHEN J. O'BRIEN is Director of Research at Nova Southeastern University, USA and Chief Scientific Officer at the Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia. He previously served as Chief of the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the National Cancer Institute, USA.

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• Acknowledgments lContributors liForeword 1 by Malcolm A. Ferguson‐Smith lviiiForeword 2 by Denis M. Larkin lxiiiIntroduction lxviiiMAMMALIA Time Tree 1MONOTREMATA Time Tree 2Order Monotremata 3MARSUPIALIA Time Tree 6Order Didelphimorphia 7Order Paucituberculata 14Order Microbiotheria 14Order Dasyuromorphia 15Order Peramelemorphia 21Order Notoryctemorphia 22Order Diprotodontia 22AFROTHERIA Time Tree 38Order AfrosoricidaOrder Sirenia 53Order Proboscidea 55XENARTHRA Time Tree 64Superorder Xenarthra 65Order PilosaOrder CingulataEUARCHONTOGLIRES Time Tree 79Order Scandentia Time Tree 80Order Dermoptera 84Order Primates Time Tree 87Order Rodentia Time Tree 186LAURASIATHERIA Time Tree 465Order Eulipotyphla (Insectivora) Time Tree 466Order Chiroptera Time Tree 502Order Pholidota Time Tree 703Order Cetartiodactyla Time Tree 706Order Perissodactyla Time Tree 858References 881Afterword Chromosomes: Much More Than DNA by Jennifer A. Marshall Graves 902Index 904Index of Painting Probes 930