Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies

Shady S. Refaat is an Associate Research Scientist at Texas A&M University at Qatar. His research interests include electrical machines, power systems, smart grid, energy management systems, reliability of power grid and electric machinery, fault detection, and condition monitoring in conjunction with fault management and development of fault tolerant systems.Omar Ellabban is a Principal Power Electronics Engineer (Team Lead) at Compound Semiconductor Applications Catapult in Newport, UK. His research activities focus on Compound Semiconductor Applications, renewable energies integration, smart grid, power electronics converters design and control for various applications, and electric vehicles. Sertac Bayhan currently works at the Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Qatar, as a Senior Scientist. Sertac received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Haitham Abu-Rub is Professor at Texas A&M University at Qatar, and is the Managing Director of the Smart Grid Center at the same university. His research interests include energy conversion systems, including electric drives, power electronic converters, renewable energy, and smart grid. Frede Blaabjerg is Professor of Power Electronics and Drives at Aalborg University in Denmark. His research interests include power electronics and its applications such as in wind turbines, PV systems, reliability, harmonics, and adjustable speed drives. Miroslav M. Begovic is Carolyn S. and Tommie E. Lohman ’59 Professor at Texas A&M University in the United States. He is Head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. His research interests include the monitoring, analysis, and control of power systems, as well as the development and applications of renewable and sustainable energy systems.

• About the AuthorsAcknowledgementsPrefaceList of Abbreviations 1.      Smart Grid Architectural Overview1.1   Introduction1.2   Fundamentals of Electric Power system1.2.1        Electrical Power Generation1.2.2        Electric Power Transmission1.2.3        Electric Power Distribution1.3   More limitations of the traditional power grid1.3.1        Lack of circuit capacity and aging assets1.3.2        Operation Constrains1.3.3        Security of Supply1.3.4        Respond to national initiatives1.4   Smart Grid Definition1.5   Smart Grid Characteristics1.5.1        Achieve flexibility in the network topology1.5.2        Improved efficiency1.5.3        Transportation Electrification1.5.4        Demand response support1.5.5        Improvement in Reliability and Power Quality1.5.6        Market-enabling1.6   Moving towards Future grid1.6.1        Electrification1.6.2        Decentralization1.6.3        Digitalization1.7   The transformation from the traditional grid to smart grid1.8   Smart Grid Enabling Technologies1.9   Smart Grid Architecture1.9.1        Distributed Generation1.9.2        Energy Storage1.9.3        Demand Response1.9.4        Integrated communications1.9.4.1   Communication Networks1.9.4.2   Power Line Communication (PLC)1.9.4.3   Standardization1.9.5        Customer Engagement1.9.6        Sensors and PMU Units1.9.7        Smart Meters1.10Classification of Smart Grid Control1.11Smart Grid Challenges1.11.1     Accessibility and acceptability1.11.2     Accountability1.11.3     Controllability1.11.4     Interoperability1.11.5     Interchangeability1.11.6     Maintainability1.11.7     Optimality1.11.8     Security1.11.9     Upgradability1.12Organization of the Book 2.      Renewable Energy: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges2.1   Introduction2.2   Description of Renewable Energy Sources2.2.1        Bioenergy Energy2.2.2        Geothermal Energy2.2.3        Hydropower Energy2.2.4        Marine Energy2.2.5        Solar Energy2.2.5.1   Photovoltaic2.2.5.2   Concentrated Solar Power2.2.5.3   Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling2.2.6        Wind Energy2.3   Renewable Energy: Growth, Investment, Benefits and Deployment2.4   Smart Grid Enable Renewables2.5   Conclusion2.6   References 3.       Power Electronics Converters for Distributed Generation 3.1   An overview of distributed generation systems with power electronics3.1.1        Photovoltaic technology3.1.2        Wind power technology3.1.3        Energy storage systems3.2   Power electronics for grid-connected AC smart grid3.2.1        Voltage-source converters3.2.2        Multilevel power converters3.3   Power electronics enabled autonomous AC power systems3.3.1        Converter level controls in microgrids3.3.2        System level coordination control3.4   Power electronics enabled autonomous DC power systems3.4.1        Converter level controls3.4.2        System level coordination control3.5   Conclusion3.6   References 4.      Energy Storage Systems as an Enabling Technology for the Smart Grid4.1   Introduction4.2   Structure of Energy Storage System4.3   Energy Storage Systems Classification and Description4.4   Current State of Energy Storage Technologies4.5   Techno-Economic Characteristics of Energy Storage Systems4.6   Selection of Energy Storage Technology for Certain Application4.7   Energy Storage Applications4.8   Barriers to the Deployment of Energy Storage4.9   Energy Storage Roadmap4.10Conclusion4.11References 5.      Microgrids: State of the Art and Future Challenges5.1   Introduction5.2   DC Versus AC Microgrid5.2.1        LVAC and LVDC Networks5.2.2        AC Microgrid5.2.3        DC Microgrid5.3   Microgrid Design5.3.1        Methodology for the Microgrid Design5.3.2        Design Considerations5.4   Microgrid Control5.4.1        Primary Control Level5.4.2        Secondary Control Level5.4.3        Tertiary Control Level5.5   Microgrid Economics5.5.1        Capacity Planning5.5.2        Operations Modeling5.5.3        Financial Modeling5.5.4        Barriers to Realizing Microgrids5.6   Operation of Multi-Microgrids5.7   Microgrid Benefits5.7.1        Economic Benefits5.7.2        Technical Benefits5.7.3        Environmental Benefits5.8   Challenges5.9   Conclusion5.10References 6.      Smart Transportation6.1   Introduction6.2   Electric Vehicle Topologies6.2.1        Battery Electric Vehicles6.2.2        Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles6.2.3        Hybrid Electric Vehicles6.2.4        Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles6.2.5        Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles6.3   Powertrain Architectures6.3.1        Series HEV Architecture6.3.2        Parallel HEV Architecture6.3.3        Series-Parallel HEV Architecture6.4   Battery Technology6.4.1        Battery Parameters6.4.2        Common Battery Chemistries6.5   Battery Charger Technology6.5.1        Charging Rates and Options6.5.2        Wireless Charging6.6   Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Concept6.6.1        Unidirectional V2G6.6.2        Bidirectional V2G6.7   Barriers to EV Adoption6.7.1        Technological Problems6.7.2        Social Problems6.7.3        Economic Problems6.8   Trends and Future Developments6.9   Conclusion6.10References 7.      Net Zero Energy Buildings7.1   Introduction7.2   Net Zero Energy Building Definition7.3   Net Zero Energy Building Design7.4   Net Zero Energy Building: Modelling, Controlling and Optimization7.5   Net Zero Energy Community7.6   Net Zero Energy Building: Trends, Benefits, Barriers and Efficiency Investments7.7   Conclusion7.8   Reference 8.      Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures 8.1   Introduction8.2   Advanced Metering Infrastructure8.3   Smart Grid Communications8.3.1        Challenges of SG Communications8.3.2        Requirements of SG Communications8.3.3        Architecture of SG Communication8.3.4        SG Communication technologies8.4   Conclusion8.5   References 9.      Smart Grid Information Security9.1   Introduction9.2   Smart Grid Layers 9.2.1        The power system layer9.2.2        The information layer9.2.3        The communication layer9.3   Attacking Smart Grid Network Communication9.3.1        Physical Layer Attacks.9.3.2        Data Injection and Replay Attacks.9.3.3        Network-Based Attacks9.4    Physical Layer Attacks.9.4.1        Resilient Industrial Control Systems9.4.2        Areas of Resilience9.4.2.1   Human systems9.4.2.2   Cyber security9.4.2.3   Complex networks and networked control systems9.5   Cyber Security Challenges in Smart Grid9.6   Adopting a Smart Grid Security Architecture Methodology9.6.1        Smart Grid Security Objectives.9.6.2        Cyber Security Requirements9.6.2.1   Attack detection and resilience operations.9.6.2.2   Identification, and access control.9.6.2.3   Secure and efficient communication protocols.9.7   Validating Your Smart Grid9.8   Threats and Impacts: Consumers and Utility Companies9.9   Governmental Effort to Secure Smart Grids9.10Conclusion9.11References10.  Data Management in Smart Grid10.1Introduction10.2 Sources of Data in Smart Grid10.3Big Data Era10.4Tools to Manage Big Data10.4.1     Apache Hadoop10.4.2     Not Only SQL (NoSQL)10.4.3     Microsoft HDInsight10.4.4     Hadoop MapReduce10.4.5     Cassandra10.4.6     Storm10.4.7     Hive10.4.8     Plotly10.4.9     Talend10.4.10  Bokeh10.4.11  Cloudera10.5Big Data Integration, Frameworks, and Data Bases10.6Building the Foundation for Big Data Processing10.6.1     Big Data Management Platform10.6.1.1  Acquisition and Recording.10.6.1.2  Extraction, Cleaning, and Prediction.10.6.1.3  Big Data Integration10.6.2     Big Data Analytics Platform10.6.2.1  Modeling and Analysis10.6.2.2  Interpretation10.7Transforming Big Data for High Value Action10.7.1     Decide what to produce10.7.2     Source the raw materials10.7.3     Produce insights with speed10.7.4     Deliver the goods and act10.8Privacy Information Impacts on Smart Grid.10.9Meter Data Management for Smart Grid10.10                  Summary10.11                  References11.  Demand-Management11.1 Introduction11.2Demand Response11.3Demand Response Programs11.3.1     Load-Response Programs11.3.2     Price Response Programs11.4 End User Engagement11.5Challenges of Demand Response within Smart Grid11.6Demand-Side Management (DSM)11.7Demand Side Management Techniques11.8Demand-Side Management Evaluation11.9Demand Response Applications11.10                  Summary11.11                  References12.  Business Models for the Smart Grid12.1The Business Model Concept12.2The Electricity Value Chain12.3Electricity Markets12.4Review of the Previous Proposed Smart Grid Business Models12.4.1     Timing-Based Business Model12.4.2     Business Intelligence Model12.4.3     Business Models for Renewable Energy12.4.4     Service-oriented Business Models12.4.5     Prosumer Business Models12.4.6     Integrated Energy Services Business Model12.4.7     Future Business Model Levers12.5Blockchain Based Electricity Market12.6Conclusion12.7References13.  Smart Grid Customers’ Acceptance and Engagement13.1Introduction13.2Customer as one of the Smart Grid Domains13.3Understanding the Smart Grid Customer 13.4Smart Grid Customer Acceptance13.5Customer Engagement in the Smart Grid13.6Challenges for Consumer Engagement, Policy Recommendation and Research Agenda13.7Conclusion14.  Cloud Computing for Smart Grid14.1 Introduction14.2 Overview of Cloud Computing for Smart Grid14.3 Cloud Computing14.4 Cloud computing Architecture14.4.1     1Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)14.4.2     2Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)14.4.3     Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)14.5Cloud Computing Applications14.6Cloud Applications for Smart Grid performance14.7Cloud Applications for Energy Management14.8Cloud computing-based power dispatching in smart grid14.9Cloud computing characteristics in improving SG14.10                  Opportunities and challenges of Cloud Computing in Smart grid14.11                  Multiple perspectives for cloud implementation14.12                  Conclusion15.  On the Pivotal Role of Artificial Intelligence Towards the Evolution of Smart Grids: Advanced Methodologies and Applications15.1Introduction15.2Century-old grid and SG transition15.3AI techniques in smart grid15.3.1     AI commonly deployed techniques15.3.1.1  Artificial Neural Networks-based15.3.1.2  Fuzzy logic-based15.3.1.3  Ensemble methods-based15.3.1.4  Genetic algorithms-based15.3.1.5  Expert Systems-based15.3.1.6  Support Vector Machines-based15.3.1.7  Hybrid models-based15.3.2     Machine Learning Model Evaluation15.4Major applications of AI in SG15.4.1     Load forecasting15.4.2     Alternative energy forecasting15.4.3     Photovoltaic energy15.4.4     Wind power15.4.5     MPPT-based AI15.4.6     Fault diagnosis-based AI15.4.7     AI and Cyber smart grid security15.4.8     Electricity price forecasting15.5Challenges and future scope15.6Conclusion  16.  Smart Grid Simulation Tools16.1Introduction16.2Simulation Approaches16.2.1     Multi-Domain Simulation16.2.2     Co-Simulation16.2.3     Real-Time Simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop16.3Review of Smart Grid Planning and Analysis Tools16.3.1     PSCAD16.3.2     PowerWorld Simulator16.3.3     ETAP16.3.4     DIgSILENT PowerFactory16.3.5     OpenDSS16.3.6     GridLab-D16.3.7     Conclusions17.  Smart Grid Standards and Interoperability17.1Introduction17.2Organizations for Smart Grid Standardization17.2.1     IEC Strategic Group on Smart Grid17.2.2     Technical Communities and their Subcommittees of IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES)17.2.3     National Institute of Standards and Technology17.2.4     National Standard of P.R.C. for Smart Grid17.3Smart Grid Policies for Standard Developments17.3.1     United States17.3.2     Germany17.3.3     Europe17.3.4     South Korea17.3.5     Australia17.3.6     Canada17.3.7     Japan17.3.8     China17.4Smart Grid Standards17.4.1     Revenue Metering Information Model17.4.2     Building Automation17.4.3     Substation Automation17.4.4     Powerline Networking17.4.5     Energy Management Systems17.4.6     Interoperability Center Communications17.4.7     Cyber Security17.4.8     Electric Vehicles17.5Conclusion17.6References18.  Smart Grid Challenges and Barriers, Critical Success Factors and Future Vision 18.1Introduction18.2Structure of modern smart-grids18.3Concept of reliability in power systems18.4Smart-grid challenges and barriers18.4.1     Low inertia issues – Frequency support18.4.2     Moving towards full/more renewable energies18.4.3     Protection issues18.4.4     Control dynamic interactions.18.4.5     Reliability issues18.4.6     Marketing18.5New reliability paradigm in smart-grids18.5.1     Adequacy18.5.2     Security18.5.3     Static security18.5.4     Dynamic/transient security18.5.5     Cyber-security18.6Summary18.7ReferencesIndex [not supplied to follow later