Nutraceuticals and Natural Product Derivatives

About the Editors Mohammad Fahad Ullah, is an Assistant Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (FAMS) and a Research Scientist at Prince Fahd Research Chair, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Aamir Ahmad, is an Assistant Professor of Oncologic Sciences at University of South Alabama's Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL, USA.

• List of Contributors xviiForeword xxiPreface xxvBooks Description xxixExpert Commentary xxxi1 Natural Food Sources for the Control of Glycemia and the Prevention of Diabetic Complications 1Carlo Pesce, Carla Iacobini, and Stefano Menini1.1 Introduction: Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Epidemics: The Role of Nutrition 11.2 Phytochemicals of Nutraceutical Importance and Functional Foods of Plant Origin 31.2.1 Dietary Oils 31.2.2 Vegetables and Fruits 41.3 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods of Animal Origin 81.3.1 The Case of Carnosine 81.4 Nutraceuticals of Both Plant and Animal Origin 91.5 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Symbiotics 121.6 Conclusion 15References 172 Anti‐Aging Effects of Sulfur‐Containing Amino Acids and Nutraceuticals 25Geetika Garg, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Sandeep Singh, and Syed Ibrahim Rizvi2.1 Aging and Nutrition 252.2 Natural Antioxidants 262.2.1 Sulfur‐Containing Amino Acids and Their Role as Antioxidants 262.2.2 Anti‐Aging Effects of L‐Cysteine 272.3 N‐Acetyl‐L‐Cysteine 282.3.1 Neuroprotective Effects of N‐Acetyl‐L‐Cysteine 292.3.2 N‐Acetyl‐L‐Cysteine in Combination with Other Antioxidants 292.4 Methionine 302.4.1 Methionine Restriction 302.5 Sulfur‐Containing Nutraceuticals and Foods Rich in Sulfur‐Containing Amino Acids 312.5.1 Whey Protein 322.5.2 Anti‐Aging Effects of Whey Protein 322.6 Conclusion 33Acknowledgments 33Conflict of Interest 33References 333 Garcinia Fruits: Their Potential to Combat Metabolic Syndrome 39Oliver John, Lindsay Brown, and Sunil K. Panchal3.1 Introduction 393.2 Overview of Compounds in Garcinia Species 403.2.1 Garcinia mangostana 443.2.1.1 Chemical Properties 513.2.1.2 Biological Activities of G. mangostana 513.2.1.3 Toxicity 553.2.2 Garcinia cambogia 563.2.2.1 Chemical Properties 563.2.2.2 Biological Activities 573.2.2.3 Toxicity 593.2.2.4 Future Research 593.2.3 Garcinia humilis 593.2.3.1 Chemical Properties 593.2.3.2 Biological Activities 603.2.4 Garcinia dulcis 613.2.4.1 Chemical Properties 613.2.4.2 Biological Properties 613.2.4.3 Potential Research 623.3 Limitations 623.4 Conclusion 64References 644 Pro‐Angiogenic and Anti‐Angiogenic Effects of Small Molecules from Natural Products 81Jingyi Ma and Xuelin Zhou4.1 Biological mechanisms of Angiogenesis 814.2 Pharmacological Models for Angiogenesis Study 824.3 Pro‐Angiogenic Effects of Small Molecules from Natural Products 834.3.1 Natural Products as Sources for Screening Pro‐Angiogenic Stimulators 834.3.2 Flavonoids 844.3.3 Saponins 844.3.4 Salvianolic Acids 854.3.5 Other Small Molecules 854.3.5.1 Ferulic Acid 854.3.5.2 Aloe vera–Derived Compounds 854.3.6 Summary 864.4 Anti‐Angiogenic Effects of Small Molecules from Natural Products 864.4.1 Natural Products as Sources for Screening Angiogenic Inhibitors 874.4.2 Flavonoids 874.4.3 Diterpenoids 894.4.4 Polyphenol 904.4.5 Saponins 924.4.6 Alkaloids 934.4.7 Chalcone 934.4.8 Anthraquinone 934.4.9 Carotenoids 944.4.10 Other Small Molecules 944.4.10.1 Cucurbitacin B 944.4.10.2 Honokiol 954.4.10.3 Shikonin 954.4.10.4 Hyperforin 954.4.10.5 Glyceollins 954.4.10.6 Sulforaphane 994.4.11 Summary 994.5 Conclusion 99Acknowledgment 99Conflict of Interest 99References 1005 Nutraceuticals and Natural Product Derivatives in the Premises of Disease Prevention 111Mohammad Fahad Ullah, Showket Hussain Bhat, and Faisel M. Abu‐Duhier5.1 Introduction: How Significant Is the Role of Natural Molecules in Disease Prevention? 1115.2 Natural Products in Cancer Chemoprevention 1135.3 Natural Products in the Management of Diabetes 1175.4 Natural Products as Therapeutic Agents against Gout Disease 1225.5 Herbal Derivatives in Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease 1245.6 Conclusion 127Acknowledgments 127References 1276 Honey‑ and Propolis‐Mediated Regulation of Protein Networks in Cancer Cells 137Ammad Ahmad Farooqi, Mirna Azalea Romero, Aliye Aras,Muhammad Zahid Qureshi, and Lara Hanna Wakim6.1 Introduction 1376.2 Honey‐Mediated Targeting of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Proteins 1386.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production in Cancer Cells 1386.4 Apoptosis 1396.5 Regulation of DNA Damage 1396.6 Combinatorial Strategies: It Takes Two to Tango 1396.7 Bioactive Propolis Chemicals as Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)‐Related Apoptosis‐Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Sensitizers 1416.8 Bioactive Chemicals of Propolis Target Different Proteins of Cell‐Signaling Pathways 1426.9 Conclusion 142References 1427 Antiproliferative Effects and Mechanism of Action of Phytosterols Derived from Bioactive Plant Extracts 145Gabriel Lopez‐Garcia, Amparo Alegria, Reyes Barbera, and Antonio Cilla7.1 Introduction 1457.2 Mechanisms of the Anticancer Actions of Phytosterols 1467.3 Anticancer Effects of Phytosterols 1477.3.1 Plant Extracts Containing Phytosterols 1487.3.2 Isolated Phytosterols from Plant Extracts 1557.4 Conclusions 161Acknowledgments 162References 1628 Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.): A Promising Adjuvant in the Treatment of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome 167Vanesa Gesser Correa, Rubia Carvalho Gomes Correa, Tatiane Francielli Vieira, Adelar Bracht, Rosane Marina Peralta, and Eloa Angelica Koehnlein8.1 Introduction 1678.2 Nutritional Composition of Ilex paraguariensis 1698.3 Composition in Bioactive Compounds 1708.4 Yerba Mate: Research Trends and Main Findings over 20 Years 1718.5 Biological Activities of Yerba Mate Related to Diabetes, Obesity,and Metabolic Syndrome 1728.5.1 In Vitro Studies 1728.5.2 Animal Studies 1748.5.3 Clinical Trials 1768.6 Summarizing Conclusion and Perspectives 177References 1789 Role of Natural Antioxidants from Selected Plants Belonging to the Scrophulariaceae and Buddlejaceae Families in the Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 183Cigdem Kahraman, Zeliha S. Akdemir, and I. Irem Tatli9.1 Introduction 1839.2 Natural Antioxidants from Verbascum Species (Mullein) for Their Therapeutic Activities against Neurodegenerative Diseases 1889.3 Natural Antioxidants from Scrophularia Species (Figwort) for Their Therapeutic Activities against Neurodegenerative Diseases 2009.4 Natural Antioxidants from Buddleja Species (Butterfly Bush) for Their Therapeutic Activities against Neurodegenerative Diseases 2099.5 Secondary Metabolites and Their Therapeutic Activities against Neurodegenerative Diseases 2219.6 Conclusions 225Acknowledgments 226References 22610 Recent Trends in Drug Discovery against Alzheimer’s Disease: Use of Natural Products and Nutraceuticals from Botanicals 237Sudatta Maity, Samapika Nandy, and Abhijit Dey10.1 Introduction 23710.2 Symptoms 23710.3 Etiopathogenesis 23810.4 Conventional Therapy 23910.5 Complementary and Alternative Therapies (CATs) for AD 23910.6 Research Methodology 24010.7 Neuroprotective Biomolecules: Possible Roles against AD Pathogenesis 24110.7.1 1‐O‐acetyllycorine 24110.7.2 α‐Iso‐cubebenol 24510.7.3 α‐Onocerin 24510.7.4 Acteoside 25610.7.5 Apigenin 25610.7.6 β‐Asarone 25610.7.7 Baicalein and Baicalin 25610.7.8 Bellidin, Bellidifolin, Bellidin 8‐O‐β‐Glucopyranoside and Bellidifolin 8‐O‐β‐Glucopyranoside 25610.7.9 Catalpol 25710.7.10 Cryptotanshinone 25710.7.11 Curcuminoids 25710.7.12 Cynatroside B 25810.7.13 Galantamine 25810.7.14 Genistein 25810.7.15 Huperzine A 25810.7.16 Icariin 25910.7.17 Isorhynchophylline 25910.7.18 Luteolin 25910.7.19 Melatonin 25910.7.20 Naringenin 26010.7.21 Piceatannol 26010.7.22 p‐coumaric acid 26010.7.23 Piperine 26010.7.24 Quercetin 26110.7.25 Salidroside 26110.7.26 Silibinin 26110.7.27 Stepharanine, Cyclanoline, and N‐Methyl Stepholidine 26210.7.28 Tripchlorolide (T4) 26210.7.29 Triptexanthoside C 26210.7.30 Ursolic Acid 26210.7.31 Xanthoceraside 26210.7.32 Xylocoside G 26310.7.33 Zeatin 26310.7.34 z‐Ligustilide 26310.8 Conclusion 263Abbreviations 264References 26611 Therapeutic Potential of Metalloherbal Nanoceuticals: Current Status and Future Perspectives 279Shazia Usmani, Muhammad Arif, and Syed Misbah Hasan11.1 Historical Background of Indian Herbal Medicine 27911.2 Concept of Herbalism 28011.3 Positive Correlation between Phytopharmacology and Phytochemistry: Need of the Hour 28011.4 Validation of Herbal Therapeutics: An Indispensable Boon for Ayurveda 28111.4.1 Reverse Pharmacology–Based Validation of Herbal Drugs [14] 28111.4.2 Amplifying Approaches for Validation of Traditional Medicine 28211.4.3 Scientific Integration of Traditional Herbals in Clinical Practice 28211.4.3.1 Evidence‐Based Benefits of Herbs 28211.4.4 Bhasmas: The Metal‐Based Ayurvedic Medicine 28311.4.4.1 Preparation of Bhasmas 28311.4.5 Steps Involved in the Preparation of Bhasmas 28411.4.5.1 Characterization of Bhasma 28511.5 Metals Commonly Employed for Preparation of Bhasmas 28611.5.1 Swarna (Gold) 28611.5.2 Parada (Mercury) 28711.5.2.1 Tamra (Copper) 28711.5.2.2 Lauha (Iron) 28811.5.2.3 Rajata (Silver) 28811.5.2.4 Yashada (Zinc) 28911.5.2.5 Naga (Lead) 28911.5.2.6 Vanga (Tin) 29011.6 Toxicity Aspect: An Issue of Concern in the Use of Herbomineral Formulations 29011.6.1 Conflictive Opposition by Western Medicine Philosophy 29111.6.2 Conclusive Statements Supported by Varied Research Works 29211.6.3 Future Prospects in Light of Knowledge within Ayurvedic Texts and Its Application as Nanomedicine 298References 29812 Green Tea Polyphenols: A Putative Mechanism for Cytotoxic Action against Cancer Cells 305Mohd Farhan, Uzma Shamim, and S.M. Hadi12.1 Dietary Constituents and Their Role in Prevention of Cancer 30512.2 Cancer Chemoprevention by Dietary Polyphenols 30612.3 Polyphenolic Compounds and Their Chemical Classification 30812.4 Dietary Sources of Plant‐Derived Polyphenolic Compounds 31112.5 Metabolism of Polyphenolic Compounds in Humans 31412.6 Polyphenols and Their Therapeutic Potential 31612.6.1 Anticancer Properties 31612.6.2 Prospective Anticancer Mechanisms of Plant‐Derived Dietary Polyphenols 31812.6.2.1 Antioxidant Action 31912.6.2.2 Pro‐Oxidant Action 319Acknowledgments 321References 32113 Nature’s Armamentarium against Malaria: Antimalarials and Their Semisynthetic Derivatives 333Fyaz M.D. Ismail13.1 Introduction 33313.2 Synthetic Drugs Allow Mass Prophylaxis of Malarial Infections 33613.3 The Cooperative World War II Wartime Program 33813.4 The Post‐Chloroquine Era: A Return to Finding Drugs from Nature 34013.5 Compounds from Plant Sources 34013.5.1 South America 34213.5.1.1 Quassinoids 34213.5.1.2 Amazonia Plants 34413.5.1.3 Plants Deserving Further Investigation 34513.5.2 Promising Antimalarials Native to Africa 34713.5.2.1 Burkina Faso 34713.5.2.2 Congo 34713.5.2.3 Ethiopia 34913.5.2.4 Kenya 35013.5.2.5 Madagascar 35113.5.3 North America and Europe 35113.5.3.1 Helanin 35213.5.4 India and East Asia 35313.5.4.1 China 35413.5.4.2 Japan and Korea 35913.5.5 Australia 35913.6 The Future 36113.7 Conclusion 363References 36314 Nutraceutical‐Based Pharmacological Intervention in the Management of Liver Diseases 375Aaliya Shah and Syed Mudassar14.1 Liver: A Multifunctional Organ 37514.2 Biomarkers of Hepatic Injury 37714.3 Nutraceutical Intervention in the Management of Liver Diseases 37714.3.1 Vitamins 37814.3.1.1 Vitamin D 37814.3.1.2 Vitamin C 37914.3.1.3 Vitamin E 37914.3.2 Dietary Polyphenols 38014.3.2.1 Flavonoids 38014.3.3 Anthocyanins, Isoflavones, and Flavanones 38014.3.4 Stilbenes 38114.3.5 Curcuminoids 38114.3.6 Silymarin 38114.3.7 Beverages (Coffee and Tea) 38114.3.8 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 38214.3.8.1 Short‐Chain, Medium‐Chain, and Long‐Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs, MCFAs, and LCFAs) 38214.3.8.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 38214.3.9 Probiotics 38314.3.10 Fruits 38414.3.10.1 Grape 38414.3.10.2 Black Currant 38414.3.10.3 Plum 38414.3.10.4 Pomegranate 38414.3.10.5 Gac Fruit 38514.3.11 Vegetables 38514.3.11.1 Celery Seeds 38514.3.11.2 Spices 38514.3.11.3 Saffron 38514.3.11.4 Soy 38614.3.11.5 Cereals 38614.4 Conclusion 386References 386Index 395ftoc.