Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director at Reliance Industries), PhD from Leicester University UK, postdoctoral research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is currently the Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Managing Director of Monad Nanotech as well as Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai & Professor-Emeritus JJT University, India. She has published more than 130 papers, 4 books and 11 patents. Her research focuses on the synthesis, biosynthesis and application of various nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon dots, carbon nanomaterials and nanometals) in drug-delivery.

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• Preface xiForeword xiii1 How Old is Nanotechnology? 1Mrinal Chakre and Madhuri SharonPreamble 11.1 Introduction 31.2 Nano-Geosystem for Abiotic Nanoparticles Formation 51.2.1 Nanoparticles Occuring in Mineral Composites 71.2.1.1 Allophane and Smectites 71.2.1.2 Opal 81.2.2 Nanoparticles From Volcanic Activities 91.2.3 Nanoparticles From Dust of Cosmic Sources 91.2.4 Nanoparticles From Desert Surfaces 101.3 Nano-Biosystem Consisting of Biotic Nanoparticles 111.3.1 Nanobe 121.3.2 Virus 131.3.3 Bacteria 141.4 Concluding Remarks 16References 172 Prehistoric Evidence of Nanotechnology 21Aparna A Bhairappa and Madhuri Sharon2.1 Introduction 212.2 Evolutionary Study and Theories 222.2.1 Aristotelian Theory 252.2.2 Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity 252.2.3 Hubble’s Hypothesis 262.3 Prehistoric Era 282.4 What Is Nanotechnology? 292.5 Was Nature the First to Fabricate Nanomaterials? 302.6 Concluding Remarks 34References 353 Nanotechnology in Ancient India 37Vaishali A Gargade3.1 Introduction 373.2 Glimpses of Remnants of Nanotechnology-Based Materials Made in Ancient India 393.3 Advancement of Nanoscale Metallurgy in Ancient India 403.3.1 Damascus Sword 413.3.2 Iron Pillars 433.4 Applications of Nanometals in Ancient India 453.4.1 Ornaments 453.4.2 Paints and Coatings 463.5 Nanomedicine Evolved in Ancient India that Still Prevails Today 473.6 Carbon Nanoforms Used in Cosmetics in Ancient India that still Prevail Today 513.6.1 Herbal Kajal 513.7 Concluding Remarks 52References 534 Are Bhasma Nanomedicine of Ancient Times 57Archana S Injal4.1 Introduction 574.1.1 Ayurveda: An Age-Old Science That Originated in India with Dhanvantari 584.1.2 History of Ayurveda 604.2 Bhasma: An Ancient Indian Medicine Concept Also Followed by the Chinese and Egyptians 624.2.1 Types of Nano-Size Bhasma 634.2.1.1 Metal Bhasma: Element Form (Toxic), Compound Form (Safe) 634.2.1.2 Metal Mixture/Alloy Bhasma 644.2.1.3 Herbo-Mineral Bhasma 724.2.1.4 Other Bhasma 744.2.2 Properties of Bhasma 754.2.2.1 Physical Properties 754.2.2.2 Chemical Properties 774.3 The Similarity of Bhasma Preparation to Contemporary Nanoparticle Synthesis Method 784.4 Various Medicinal Uses of Bhasma 814.5 Concluding Remarks 81References 845 The Maya’s Knowledge of Nanotechnology 91Vinod P Sinoorkar5.1 Introduction 915.2 The Maya 925.2.1 Yucatec Maya 925.2.2 Chiapas 925.2.3 Belize 935.2.4 Guatemala 935.3 The Maya Civilization 945.3.1 The Maya During the Preclassic Period 955.3.1.1 The Maya of the Early Preclassic Period 955.3.1.2 The Maya During the Middle Preclassic Period 965.3.1.3 The Maya During the Late Preclassic Period 975.3.2 The Maya During the Classic Period 975.4 Some Characteristic Features of the Maya 995.4.1 Beauty Expressions 995.4.2 Jade: The Green Gold of the Maya 1005.4.3 Maya Hieroglyphics 1005.4.4 The Maya’s Eyes on the Heavens 1015.4.5 The Maya Calendar 1025.4.6 Maya Art 1035.4.7 Maya Paintings 1045.5 Maya Blue and Maya Yellow – Ancient Nanostructured Materials 1055.5.1 Resistance to Weathering 1075.5.2 Preparation of Maya Blue 1075.5.3 Chemical Composition of Maya Blue 1085.5.4 Are Maya Paintings Nano Based? 1095.6 Concluding Remarks 110References 1106 Did Nanotechnology Flourish During the Roman Empire and Medieval Periods? 113N B Patkar and Manisha Sharan6.1 Introduction 1136.1.1 Transition Elements of the d-Block Elements 1146.1.1.1 Melting and Boiling Point 1156.1.1.2 Formation of Colored Ions 1156.2 Nanotechnology During Roman Civilization 1166.2.1 Historical Records of Use of Luster Ceramics 1166.2.2 Technology of Luster Decorations of Ceramics 1186.2.3 Soluble Gold Concept and Use of Soluble Gold 1196.2.3.1 Development of the Lycurgus Cup 1226.3 Nanotechnology During the Medieval Period of European Civilization 1256.3.1 Medieval Metals and Glass 1256.3.2 Use of Gold, Silver and Other Metal Nanoparticles in the Middle Ages 1266.3.3 Purple of Cassius 1346.3.4 Contribution of Johann Kunckel 1366.4 Conclusion 136References 1377 European Nano Knowledge That Led to Faraday’s Understanding of Gold Nanoparticles 141Anil Kumar S Katti and Madhuri Sharon7.1 Introduction 1417.1.1 Reflection of Light 1427.2 Michael Faraday’s Painstaking Efforts 1467.3 The Role of Gustav Mie and Richard Gans in Understanding Metal Nanoparticles 1487.4 Zsigmondy’s Seed-Mediated Method 1497.5 Research that Led to the Understanding of Metal Nanoparticles Optical Properties 1507.5.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance and Plasmonics 1507.5.2 Quantum Confinement Effect 1557.6 Approaches to Fabricate Nanomaterials 1597.7 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods of Nanoparticles 1617.7.1 Physical Methods 1617.7.1.1 Mechanical 1617.7.1.2 Melt Mixing 1657.7.1.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis 1667.7.1.4 Templating 1667.7.1.5 Electron Beam Lithography 1687.7.1.6 Vapor Phase Synthesis 1697.7.1.7 Gas Phase Methods 1717.7.1.8 Thermal Decomposition and Combustion 1737.7.1.9 Sputtering 1747.7.1.10 Arc Discharge 1777.7.1.11 Laser Ablation and Pulsed Laser Ablation 1807.7.1.12 Ion Implantation 1817.7.1.13 Synthesis of Nanoporous Polymers Using Membranes 1827.7.2 Chemical Methods 1847.7.2.1 Colloidal Methods 1847.7.2.2 Conventional Sol-Gel Method 1847.7.2.3 LB Technique 1857.7.2.4 Microemulsion-Based Methods 1867.7.3 Biosynthesis or Biological Methods of Synthesizing Nanoparticles 1877.7.3.1 Nanometal Synthesis Using Microorganisms 1877.7.3.2 Nanometal Synthesis Using Fungi and Actinomycetes 1927.7.3.3 Nanometals Synthesis Using Plants 1937.7.3.4 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using Algae 1947.7.3.5 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using DNA 1957.7.3.6 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using Enzymes 1967.7.4 Hybrid Methods 1977.8 Concluding Observations 197References 1988 Contemporary History of Nanotechnology 213CH Godale and Madhuri Sharon8.1 Introduction to the Concept of Nano after 1959 2148.2 Feynman’s Idea: Entry of Nanotechnology in Modern Science 2158.3 Drexler’s Engines of Creation 2178.4 Impetus Given by SEM, TEM and AFM 2188.5 The Entry of Nano Forms of Carbon 2198.5.1 Fullerene: The First Fabricated Carbon Nanomaterial 2218.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 2258.5.3 Graphene 2308.6 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods 2328.7 Immeasurable Applications of Nanotechnology in All Fields of Science 2338.7.1 Electronics 2338.7.2 Energy 2368.7.3 The Environment 2378.7.4 Automobiles 2398.7.5 Agriculture and Food 2408.7.6 Industries 2418.7.7 Textiles 2428.7.8 Cosmetics 2428.7.9 Domestic Appliances 2448.7.10 Space and Defense 2468.7.11 Therapeutics and Diagnostics 2498.7.11.1 Early Detection of Cancer 2498.7.11.2 Bioimaging and Biological Labeling 2518.7.11.3 Targeted Drug Delivery 2518.7.11.4 Photothermal Therapy 2528.7.11.5 Tissue Engineering and Better Body Implants 2528.7.11.6 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays 2538.7.11.7 Nanotechnology-Based Cytogenetics 2548.7.11.8 Nanotechnology for Protein Detection 2548.7.11.9 Nanoparticles for Tracking Stem Cells 2558.7.11.10 Nanonephrology: A New Attempt at Tackling Renal Disease 2558.7.11.11 Nano Intervention for Neurodegenerative Diseases 2568.7.11.12 Possibility of Medical Application of Molecular Nanotechnology 2578.7.11.13 Nanorobots and Theranostics 2588.7.11.14 Nanomachines for Cell Repairs 2588.8 Important Milestones of Nanotechnology 2598.9 Summary 259References 264Index 271

Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director at Reliance Industries), PhD from Leicester University UK, postdoctoral research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is currently the Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Managing Director of Monad Nanotech as well as Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai & Professor-Emeritus JJT University, India. She has published more than 130 papers, 4 books and 11 patents. Her research focuses on the synthesis, biosynthesis and application of various nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon dots, carbon nanomaterials and nanometals) in drug-delivery.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xiForeword xiii1 How Old is Nanotechnology? 1Mrinal Chakre and Madhuri SharonPreamble 11.1 Introduction 31.2 Nano-Geosystem for Abiotic Nanoparticles Formation 51.2.1 Nanoparticles Occuring in Mineral Composites 71.2.1.1 Allophane and Smectites 71.2.1.2 Opal 81.2.2 Nanoparticles From Volcanic Activities 91.2.3 Nanoparticles From Dust of Cosmic Sources 91.2.4 Nanoparticles From Desert Surfaces 101.3 Nano-Biosystem Consisting of Biotic Nanoparticles 111.3.1 Nanobe 121.3.2 Virus 131.3.3 Bacteria 141.4 Concluding Remarks 16References 172 Prehistoric Evidence of Nanotechnology 21Aparna A Bhairappa and Madhuri Sharon2.1 Introduction 212.2 Evolutionary Study and Theories 222.2.1 Aristotelian Theory 252.2.2 Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity 252.2.3 Hubble’s Hypothesis 262.3 Prehistoric Era 282.4 What Is Nanotechnology? 292.5 Was Nature the First to Fabricate Nanomaterials? 302.6 Concluding Remarks 34References 353 Nanotechnology in Ancient India 37Vaishali A Gargade3.1 Introduction 373.2 Glimpses of Remnants of Nanotechnology-Based Materials Made in Ancient India 393.3 Advancement of Nanoscale Metallurgy in Ancient India 403.3.1 Damascus Sword 413.3.2 Iron Pillars 433.4 Applications of Nanometals in Ancient India 453.4.1 Ornaments 453.4.2 Paints and Coatings 463.5 Nanomedicine Evolved in Ancient India that Still Prevails Today 473.6 Carbon Nanoforms Used in Cosmetics in Ancient India that still Prevail Today 513.6.1 Herbal Kajal 513.7 Concluding Remarks 52References 534 Are Bhasma Nanomedicine of Ancient Times 57Archana S Injal4.1 Introduction 574.1.1 Ayurveda: An Age-Old Science That Originated in India with Dhanvantari 584.1.2 History of Ayurveda 604.2 Bhasma: An Ancient Indian Medicine Concept Also Followed by the Chinese and Egyptians 624.2.1 Types of Nano-Size Bhasma 634.2.1.1 Metal Bhasma: Element Form (Toxic), Compound Form (Safe) 634.2.1.2 Metal Mixture/Alloy Bhasma 644.2.1.3 Herbo-Mineral Bhasma 724.2.1.4 Other Bhasma 744.2.2 Properties of Bhasma 754.2.2.1 Physical Properties 754.2.2.2 Chemical Properties 774.3 The Similarity of Bhasma Preparation to Contemporary Nanoparticle Synthesis Method 784.4 Various Medicinal Uses of Bhasma 814.5 Concluding Remarks 81References 845 The Maya’s Knowledge of Nanotechnology 91Vinod P Sinoorkar5.1 Introduction 915.2 The Maya 925.2.1 Yucatec Maya 925.2.2 Chiapas 925.2.3 Belize 935.2.4 Guatemala 935.3 The Maya Civilization 945.3.1 The Maya During the Preclassic Period 955.3.1.1 The Maya of the Early Preclassic Period 955.3.1.2 The Maya During the Middle Preclassic Period 965.3.1.3 The Maya During the Late Preclassic Period 975.3.2 The Maya During the Classic Period 975.4 Some Characteristic Features of the Maya 995.4.1 Beauty Expressions 995.4.2 Jade: The Green Gold of the Maya 1005.4.3 Maya Hieroglyphics 1005.4.4 The Maya’s Eyes on the Heavens 1015.4.5 The Maya Calendar 1025.4.6 Maya Art 1035.4.7 Maya Paintings 1045.5 Maya Blue and Maya Yellow – Ancient Nanostructured Materials 1055.5.1 Resistance to Weathering 1075.5.2 Preparation of Maya Blue 1075.5.3 Chemical Composition of Maya Blue 1085.5.4 Are Maya Paintings Nano Based? 1095.6 Concluding Remarks 110References 1106 Did Nanotechnology Flourish During the Roman Empire and Medieval Periods? 113N B Patkar and Manisha Sharan6.1 Introduction 1136.1.1 Transition Elements of the d-Block Elements 1146.1.1.1 Melting and Boiling Point 1156.1.1.2 Formation of Colored Ions 1156.2 Nanotechnology During Roman Civilization 1166.2.1 Historical Records of Use of Luster Ceramics 1166.2.2 Technology of Luster Decorations of Ceramics 1186.2.3 Soluble Gold Concept and Use of Soluble Gold 1196.2.3.1 Development of the Lycurgus Cup 1226.3 Nanotechnology During the Medieval Period of European Civilization 1256.3.1 Medieval Metals and Glass 1256.3.2 Use of Gold, Silver and Other Metal Nanoparticles in the Middle Ages 1266.3.3 Purple of Cassius 1346.3.4 Contribution of Johann Kunckel 1366.4 Conclusion 136References 1377 European Nano Knowledge That Led to Faraday’s Understanding of Gold Nanoparticles 141Anil Kumar S Katti and Madhuri Sharon7.1 Introduction 1417.1.1 Reflection of Light 1427.2 Michael Faraday’s Painstaking Efforts 1467.3 The Role of Gustav Mie and Richard Gans in Understanding Metal Nanoparticles 1487.4 Zsigmondy’s Seed-Mediated Method 1497.5 Research that Led to the Understanding of Metal Nanoparticles Optical Properties 1507.5.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance and Plasmonics 1507.5.2 Quantum Confinement Effect 1557.6 Approaches to Fabricate Nanomaterials 1597.7 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods of Nanoparticles 1617.7.1 Physical Methods 1617.7.1.1 Mechanical 1617.7.1.2 Melt Mixing 1657.7.1.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis 1667.7.1.4 Templating 1667.7.1.5 Electron Beam Lithography 1687.7.1.6 Vapor Phase Synthesis 1697.7.1.7 Gas Phase Methods 1717.7.1.8 Thermal Decomposition and Combustion 1737.7.1.9 Sputtering 1747.7.1.10 Arc Discharge 1777.7.1.11 Laser Ablation and Pulsed Laser Ablation 1807.7.1.12 Ion Implantation 1817.7.1.13 Synthesis of Nanoporous Polymers Using Membranes 1827.7.2 Chemical Methods 1847.7.2.1 Colloidal Methods 1847.7.2.2 Conventional Sol-Gel Method 1847.7.2.3 LB Technique 1857.7.2.4 Microemulsion-Based Methods 1867.7.3 Biosynthesis or Biological Methods of Synthesizing Nanoparticles 1877.7.3.1 Nanometal Synthesis Using Microorganisms 1877.7.3.2 Nanometal Synthesis Using Fungi and Actinomycetes 1927.7.3.3 Nanometals Synthesis Using Plants 1937.7.3.4 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using Algae 1947.7.3.5 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using DNA 1957.7.3.6 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using Enzymes 1967.7.4 Hybrid Methods 1977.8 Concluding Observations 197References 1988 Contemporary History of Nanotechnology 213CH Godale and Madhuri Sharon8.1 Introduction to the Concept of Nano after 1959 2148.2 Feynman’s Idea: Entry of Nanotechnology in Modern Science 2158.3 Drexler’s Engines of Creation 2178.4 Impetus Given by SEM, TEM and AFM 2188.5 The Entry of Nano Forms of Carbon 2198.5.1 Fullerene: The First Fabricated Carbon Nanomaterial 2218.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 2258.5.3 Graphene 2308.6 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods 2328.7 Immeasurable Applications of Nanotechnology in All Fields of Science 2338.7.1 Electronics 2338.7.2 Energy 2368.7.3 The Environment 2378.7.4 Automobiles 2398.7.5 Agriculture and Food 2408.7.6 Industries 2418.7.7 Textiles 2428.7.8 Cosmetics 2428.7.9 Domestic Appliances 2448.7.10 Space and Defense 2468.7.11 Therapeutics and Diagnostics 2498.7.11.1 Early Detection of Cancer 2498.7.11.2 Bioimaging and Biological Labeling 2518.7.11.3 Targeted Drug Delivery 2518.7.11.4 Photothermal Therapy 2528.7.11.5 Tissue Engineering and Better Body Implants 2528.7.11.6 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays 2538.7.11.7 Nanotechnology-Based Cytogenetics 2548.7.11.8 Nanotechnology for Protein Detection 2548.7.11.9 Nanoparticles for Tracking Stem Cells 2558.7.11.10 Nanonephrology: A New Attempt at Tackling Renal Disease 2558.7.11.11 Nano Intervention for Neurodegenerative Diseases 2568.7.11.12 Possibility of Medical Application of Molecular Nanotechnology 2578.7.11.13 Nanorobots and Theranostics 2588.7.11.14 Nanomachines for Cell Repairs 2588.8 Important Milestones of Nanotechnology 2598.9 Summary 259References 264Index 271

Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director at Reliance Industries), PhD from Leicester University UK, postdoctoral research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is currently the Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Managing Director of Monad Nanotech as well as Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai & Professor-Emeritus JJT University, India. She has published more than 130 papers, 4 books and 11 patents. Her research focuses on the synthesis, biosynthesis and application of various nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon dots, carbon nanomaterials and nanometals) in drug-delivery.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface xiForeword xiii1 How Old is Nanotechnology? 1Mrinal Chakre and Madhuri SharonPreamble 11.1 Introduction 31.2 Nano-Geosystem for Abiotic Nanoparticles Formation 51.2.1 Nanoparticles Occuring in Mineral Composites 71.2.1.1 Allophane and Smectites 71.2.1.2 Opal 81.2.2 Nanoparticles From Volcanic Activities 91.2.3 Nanoparticles From Dust of Cosmic Sources 91.2.4 Nanoparticles From Desert Surfaces 101.3 Nano-Biosystem Consisting of Biotic Nanoparticles 111.3.1 Nanobe 121.3.2 Virus 131.3.3 Bacteria 141.4 Concluding Remarks 16References 172 Prehistoric Evidence of Nanotechnology 21Aparna A Bhairappa and Madhuri Sharon2.1 Introduction 212.2 Evolutionary Study and Theories 222.2.1 Aristotelian Theory 252.2.2 Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity 252.2.3 Hubble’s Hypothesis 262.3 Prehistoric Era 282.4 What Is Nanotechnology? 292.5 Was Nature the First to Fabricate Nanomaterials? 302.6 Concluding Remarks 34References 353 Nanotechnology in Ancient India 37Vaishali A Gargade3.1 Introduction 373.2 Glimpses of Remnants of Nanotechnology-Based Materials Made in Ancient India 393.3 Advancement of Nanoscale Metallurgy in Ancient India 403.3.1 Damascus Sword 413.3.2 Iron Pillars 433.4 Applications of Nanometals in Ancient India 453.4.1 Ornaments 453.4.2 Paints and Coatings 463.5 Nanomedicine Evolved in Ancient India that Still Prevails Today 473.6 Carbon Nanoforms Used in Cosmetics in Ancient India that still Prevail Today 513.6.1 Herbal Kajal 513.7 Concluding Remarks 52References 534 Are Bhasma Nanomedicine of Ancient Times 57Archana S Injal4.1 Introduction 574.1.1 Ayurveda: An Age-Old Science That Originated in India with Dhanvantari 584.1.2 History of Ayurveda 604.2 Bhasma: An Ancient Indian Medicine Concept Also Followed by the Chinese and Egyptians 624.2.1 Types of Nano-Size Bhasma 634.2.1.1 Metal Bhasma: Element Form (Toxic), Compound Form (Safe) 634.2.1.2 Metal Mixture/Alloy Bhasma 644.2.1.3 Herbo-Mineral Bhasma 724.2.1.4 Other Bhasma 744.2.2 Properties of Bhasma 754.2.2.1 Physical Properties 754.2.2.2 Chemical Properties 774.3 The Similarity of Bhasma Preparation to Contemporary Nanoparticle Synthesis Method 784.4 Various Medicinal Uses of Bhasma 814.5 Concluding Remarks 81References 845 The Maya’s Knowledge of Nanotechnology 91Vinod P Sinoorkar5.1 Introduction 915.2 The Maya 925.2.1 Yucatec Maya 925.2.2 Chiapas 925.2.3 Belize 935.2.4 Guatemala 935.3 The Maya Civilization 945.3.1 The Maya During the Preclassic Period 955.3.1.1 The Maya of the Early Preclassic Period 955.3.1.2 The Maya During the Middle Preclassic Period 965.3.1.3 The Maya During the Late Preclassic Period 975.3.2 The Maya During the Classic Period 975.4 Some Characteristic Features of the Maya 995.4.1 Beauty Expressions 995.4.2 Jade: The Green Gold of the Maya 1005.4.3 Maya Hieroglyphics 1005.4.4 The Maya’s Eyes on the Heavens 1015.4.5 The Maya Calendar 1025.4.6 Maya Art 1035.4.7 Maya Paintings 1045.5 Maya Blue and Maya Yellow – Ancient Nanostructured Materials 1055.5.1 Resistance to Weathering 1075.5.2 Preparation of Maya Blue 1075.5.3 Chemical Composition of Maya Blue 1085.5.4 Are Maya Paintings Nano Based? 1095.6 Concluding Remarks 110References 1106 Did Nanotechnology Flourish During the Roman Empire and Medieval Periods? 113N B Patkar and Manisha Sharan6.1 Introduction 1136.1.1 Transition Elements of the d-Block Elements 1146.1.1.1 Melting and Boiling Point 1156.1.1.2 Formation of Colored Ions 1156.2 Nanotechnology During Roman Civilization 1166.2.1 Historical Records of Use of Luster Ceramics 1166.2.2 Technology of Luster Decorations of Ceramics 1186.2.3 Soluble Gold Concept and Use of Soluble Gold 1196.2.3.1 Development of the Lycurgus Cup 1226.3 Nanotechnology During the Medieval Period of European Civilization 1256.3.1 Medieval Metals and Glass 1256.3.2 Use of Gold, Silver and Other Metal Nanoparticles in the Middle Ages 1266.3.3 Purple of Cassius 1346.3.4 Contribution of Johann Kunckel 1366.4 Conclusion 136References 1377 European Nano Knowledge That Led to Faraday’s Understanding of Gold Nanoparticles 141Anil Kumar S Katti and Madhuri Sharon7.1 Introduction 1417.1.1 Reflection of Light 1427.2 Michael Faraday’s Painstaking Efforts 1467.3 The Role of Gustav Mie and Richard Gans in Understanding Metal Nanoparticles 1487.4 Zsigmondy’s Seed-Mediated Method 1497.5 Research that Led to the Understanding of Metal Nanoparticles Optical Properties 1507.5.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance and Plasmonics 1507.5.2 Quantum Confinement Effect 1557.6 Approaches to Fabricate Nanomaterials 1597.7 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods of Nanoparticles 1617.7.1 Physical Methods 1617.7.1.1 Mechanical 1617.7.1.2 Melt Mixing 1657.7.1.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis 1667.7.1.4 Templating 1667.7.1.5 Electron Beam Lithography 1687.7.1.6 Vapor Phase Synthesis 1697.7.1.7 Gas Phase Methods 1717.7.1.8 Thermal Decomposition and Combustion 1737.7.1.9 Sputtering 1747.7.1.10 Arc Discharge 1777.7.1.11 Laser Ablation and Pulsed Laser Ablation 1807.7.1.12 Ion Implantation 1817.7.1.13 Synthesis of Nanoporous Polymers Using Membranes 1827.7.2 Chemical Methods 1847.7.2.1 Colloidal Methods 1847.7.2.2 Conventional Sol-Gel Method 1847.7.2.3 LB Technique 1857.7.2.4 Microemulsion-Based Methods 1867.7.3 Biosynthesis or Biological Methods of Synthesizing Nanoparticles 1877.7.3.1 Nanometal Synthesis Using Microorganisms 1877.7.3.2 Nanometal Synthesis Using Fungi and Actinomycetes 1927.7.3.3 Nanometals Synthesis Using Plants 1937.7.3.4 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using Algae 1947.7.3.5 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using DNA 1957.7.3.6 Nanometals Biosynthesis Using Enzymes 1967.7.4 Hybrid Methods 1977.8 Concluding Observations 197References 1988 Contemporary History of Nanotechnology 213CH Godale and Madhuri Sharon8.1 Introduction to the Concept of Nano after 1959 2148.2 Feynman’s Idea: Entry of Nanotechnology in Modern Science 2158.3 Drexler’s Engines of Creation 2178.4 Impetus Given by SEM, TEM and AFM 2188.5 The Entry of Nano Forms of Carbon 2198.5.1 Fullerene: The First Fabricated Carbon Nanomaterial 2218.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 2258.5.3 Graphene 2308.6 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods 2328.7 Immeasurable Applications of Nanotechnology in All Fields of Science 2338.7.1 Electronics 2338.7.2 Energy 2368.7.3 The Environment 2378.7.4 Automobiles 2398.7.5 Agriculture and Food 2408.7.6 Industries 2418.7.7 Textiles 2428.7.8 Cosmetics 2428.7.9 Domestic Appliances 2448.7.10 Space and Defense 2468.7.11 Therapeutics and Diagnostics 2498.7.11.1 Early Detection of Cancer 2498.7.11.2 Bioimaging and Biological Labeling 2518.7.11.3 Targeted Drug Delivery 2518.7.11.4 Photothermal Therapy 2528.7.11.5 Tissue Engineering and Better Body Implants 2528.7.11.6 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays 2538.7.11.7 Nanotechnology-Based Cytogenetics 2548.7.11.8 Nanotechnology for Protein Detection 2548.7.11.9 Nanoparticles for Tracking Stem Cells 2558.7.11.10 Nanonephrology: A New Attempt at Tackling Renal Disease 2558.7.11.11 Nano Intervention for Neurodegenerative Diseases 2568.7.11.12 Possibility of Medical Application of Molecular Nanotechnology 2578.7.11.13 Nanorobots and Theranostics 2588.7.11.14 Nanomachines for Cell Repairs 2588.8 Important Milestones of Nanotechnology 2598.9 Summary 259References 264Index 271