GRAHAM DAVEY is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Sussex. He has authored or edited twenty books including Psychopathology, Clinical Psychology, Applied Psychology and Complete Psychology. Professor Davey is a former President of the British Psychological Society and has served as Editor of the Society's house journal The Psychologist. Currently he is Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Experimental Psychopathology which publishes cutting-edge experimental research on clinical psychology and mental health issues.

• ContentsList of Contributors xxiPreface xxiiiChapter 1 The Science of Psychology 1Dominic Upton, Charlotte Taylor, Felicity Penn, and Abbye AndrewsWhat Is Psychology? 2Psychology’s Roots: The Path to a Science of Mind and Behaviour 5Levels of Analysis: Types of Psychology and Their Contribution to Understanding 13Issues and Debates in Psychology 16Bias in Psychological Research 22Psychology at the Cultural Level 25Psychology Today 29Psychology in Action: Applying Psychological Science 32Future Developments 40Chapter Summary 42Chapter 2 Research Methods in Psychology 51Graham HoleThe Scientific Method 52The Dissemination of Scientific Ideas 55Quantitative Research Methods 56Analysing and Interpreting Quantitative Data 77Qualitative Research Methods 82Good and Bad Practice in Psychological Research 87Future Developments 95Chapter Summary 98Chapter 3 Evolutionary and Genetic Foundations of Psychology 107Daniel NettleIntroduction 108What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation 112Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity 120Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection 129Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation 134The Value of Evolution for Psychology 138Future Directions 147Chapter Summary 150Chapter 4 Neuroscience, the Brain, and Behaviour 157Jamie Ward and Sarah KingIntroduction 158Neurons and Synaptic Transmission 159Structure of the neuron 160An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions 173Animal Neuroscience Methods 179Human Neuroscience Methods 184Hemispheric Lateralization 192Plasticity and the Brain 196Future Directions 199Chapter Summary 200Chapter 5 Motivation 209Graham DaveyTheories of Motivation 210The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Hunger and Drinking 219The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Sex and Aggression 229Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation 240Affiliation and Achievement Motivation 243Applications of Theories of Motivation 247Chapter Summary 250Chapter 6 Consciousness: Conscious Versus Unconscious Processes 262Zoltan Dienes and Anil SethIntroduction 263Theories of Consciousness: Higher-Order Versus IntegrationConscious Versus Unconscious Memory 270Conscious Versus Unconscious Perception 279Conscious Versus Unconscious Learning 292Conscious Versus Unconscious Intentions: Volition and HypnoticConscious Versus Unconscious Attitudes and Emotions 307Functions of Consciousness and Future Directions 310Chapter Summary 312Chapter 7 Sensation and Perception 324George MatherIntroduction 325The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception 333Sensory Qualia and Modality 340Audition 347Vision: Physiology 354Visual stimulus 354Vision: Perceiving Object Properties 360Multimodal Perception 366Future Directions 372Chapter Summary 375Chapter 8 Learning 382Mark HaselgroveIntroduction: What Is Learning and Why Does It Happen? 383Types of Learning 385Human Causal Learning 404The Theoretical Basis of Learning 407The Adaptive Brain: Learning Through Connections 411Practical and Clinical Applications of Learning 413Conclusions and Future Directions 421Chapter Summary 422Chapter 9 Memory 429Chris Moulin and Lucie CorbinWhat Is Memory? 430Memory for Beginners: The Cognitive Psychology of Remembering 436Thinking About Memory: Models and Frameworks 443Three Dichotomies in Human Memory 449Future Directions 468Chapter Summary 472Chapter 10 Emotion 479Brian ParkinsonIntroduction 480Emotion Differentiation 481Facial Expression 496Appraisal 505What’s Different About Different Emotions? 515Conclusions and Future Directions 519Chapter Summary 521Chapter 11 Cognitive Development 529Andy BremnerIntroduction 530Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact 532Research Methods in Developmental Psychology 538Development of the Brain and Nervous System 541Multisensory Perceptual Development 547Sensorimotor Development 556Cognitive Development 562Chapter Summary 577Chapter 12 Language and Thought 589Alan GarnhamIntroduction 590Language 591Thinking 609Language and Thought 639Chapter Summary 641Chapter 13 Intelligence 650Sophie von StummIntroduction and Defining Intelligence 651History of Intelligence 654Factors of Intelligence 663Intelligence Development 671Causes of Individual Differences in Intelligence 676Alternative Models of Intelligence 684Future Directions 687Chapter Summary 689Chapter 14 Personality 693Tom FarsidesIntroduction to Personality 694Psychodynamic Personality Theory 697Trait Personality Theory 708Humanistic Personality Theory 719Social Cognitive Personality Theories 730Behaviourism 731Observational learning 732Culture and instruction 733Self-efficacy beliefs 733Goals and self-regulation 734Conclusions and Future Directions 737Chapter Summary 740Chapter 15 Mental Health and Psychopathology 750Frances Meeten and Graham DaveyIntroduction to Psychopathology 751A Brief History of Psychopathology 753Defining Psychopathology 756Explanatory Approaches to Psychopathology 760Classifying Mental Health Problems 766Mental Health and Stigma 768Psychological Disorders 771Conclusions and Future Directions 789Chapter Summary 791Chapter 16 The Treatment of Mental Health Problems 803Kate Cavanagh and Graham DaveyIntroduction 804Psychological Treatments for Mental Health Problems 809Ways of Delivering Psychological Therapy 822Social and Environmental Approaches to Treatment 825Biological Approaches to Treatment 828Evaluating Treatments for Mental Health Problems 832Conclusions and Future Directions 842Chapter Summary 843Chapter 17 Social Development 855Lance Slade, Mark Wright, and Robin BanerjeeIntroduction 856Early Emotional Development and Temperament 857Caregiver–Child Interactions and the Development of Attachment 863Social Understanding and Self-Regulation 873Socio-Moral Development 883Who Am I? The Development of Self and Identity 890Developing in a Social Context: Family, Peers, and Media 896Future Directions 907Chapter Summary 908Chapter 18 Social Cognition and Attitudes 935Russell Hutter, Chantelle Wood, Lucy Davies, and Mark ConnerSocial Thinking 936Self and Identity 939Person Perception 1: Social Inference and Attribution 944Person Perception 2: Social Cognition and Social Knowledge 948Stereotyping 952Attitudes and Attitude Change 958Automatic Processes in Social Cognition 969Future Directions 972Chapter Summary 974Chapter 19 Interpersonal, Group, and Intergroup Processes 986Rhiannon N. TurnerIntroduction 987Interpersonal Processes 987Group Processes 998Intergroup Processes 1007Future Directions 1017Chapter Summary 1018Index 1029

GRAHAM DAVEY is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Sussex. He has authored or edited twenty books including Psychopathology, Clinical Psychology, Applied Psychology and Complete Psychology. Professor Davey is a former President of the British Psychological Society and has served as Editor of the Society's house journal The Psychologist. Currently he is Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Experimental Psychopathology which publishes cutting-edge experimental research on clinical psychology and mental health issues.

• ContentsList of Contributors xxiPreface xxiiiChapter 1 The Science of Psychology 1Dominic Upton, Charlotte Taylor, Felicity Penn, and Abbye AndrewsWhat Is Psychology? 2Psychology’s Roots: The Path to a Science of Mind and Behaviour 5Levels of Analysis: Types of Psychology and Their Contribution to Understanding 13Issues and Debates in Psychology 16Bias in Psychological Research 22Psychology at the Cultural Level 25Psychology Today 29Psychology in Action: Applying Psychological Science 32Future Developments 40Chapter Summary 42Chapter 2 Research Methods in Psychology 51Graham HoleThe Scientific Method 52The Dissemination of Scientific Ideas 55Quantitative Research Methods 56Analysing and Interpreting Quantitative Data 77Qualitative Research Methods 82Good and Bad Practice in Psychological Research 87Future Developments 95Chapter Summary 98Chapter 3 Evolutionary and Genetic Foundations of Psychology 107Daniel NettleIntroduction 108What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation 112Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity 120Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection 129Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation 134The Value of Evolution for Psychology 138Future Directions 147Chapter Summary 150Chapter 4 Neuroscience, the Brain, and Behaviour 157Jamie Ward and Sarah KingIntroduction 158Neurons and Synaptic Transmission 159Structure of the neuron 160An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions 173Animal Neuroscience Methods 179Human Neuroscience Methods 184Hemispheric Lateralization 192Plasticity and the Brain 196Future Directions 199Chapter Summary 200Chapter 5 Motivation 209Graham DaveyTheories of Motivation 210The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Hunger and Drinking 219The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Sex and Aggression 229Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation 240Affiliation and Achievement Motivation 243Applications of Theories of Motivation 247Chapter Summary 250Chapter 6 Consciousness: Conscious Versus Unconscious Processes 262Zoltan Dienes and Anil SethIntroduction 263Theories of Consciousness: Higher-Order Versus IntegrationConscious Versus Unconscious Memory 270Conscious Versus Unconscious Perception 279Conscious Versus Unconscious Learning 292Conscious Versus Unconscious Intentions: Volition and HypnoticConscious Versus Unconscious Attitudes and Emotions 307Functions of Consciousness and Future Directions 310Chapter Summary 312Chapter 7 Sensation and Perception 324George MatherIntroduction 325The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception 333Sensory Qualia and Modality 340Audition 347Vision: Physiology 354Visual stimulus 354Vision: Perceiving Object Properties 360Multimodal Perception 366Future Directions 372Chapter Summary 375Chapter 8 Learning 382Mark HaselgroveIntroduction: What Is Learning and Why Does It Happen? 383Types of Learning 385Human Causal Learning 404The Theoretical Basis of Learning 407The Adaptive Brain: Learning Through Connections 411Practical and Clinical Applications of Learning 413Conclusions and Future Directions 421Chapter Summary 422Chapter 9 Memory 429Chris Moulin and Lucie CorbinWhat Is Memory? 430Memory for Beginners: The Cognitive Psychology of Remembering 436Thinking About Memory: Models and Frameworks 443Three Dichotomies in Human Memory 449Future Directions 468Chapter Summary 472Chapter 10 Emotion 479Brian ParkinsonIntroduction 480Emotion Differentiation 481Facial Expression 496Appraisal 505What’s Different About Different Emotions? 515Conclusions and Future Directions 519Chapter Summary 521Chapter 11 Cognitive Development 529Andy BremnerIntroduction 530Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact 532Research Methods in Developmental Psychology 538Development of the Brain and Nervous System 541Multisensory Perceptual Development 547Sensorimotor Development 556Cognitive Development 562Chapter Summary 577Chapter 12 Language and Thought 589Alan GarnhamIntroduction 590Language 591Thinking 609Language and Thought 639Chapter Summary 641Chapter 13 Intelligence 650Sophie von StummIntroduction and Defining Intelligence 651History of Intelligence 654Factors of Intelligence 663Intelligence Development 671Causes of Individual Differences in Intelligence 676Alternative Models of Intelligence 684Future Directions 687Chapter Summary 689Chapter 14 Personality 693Tom FarsidesIntroduction to Personality 694Psychodynamic Personality Theory 697Trait Personality Theory 708Humanistic Personality Theory 719Social Cognitive Personality Theories 730Behaviourism 731Observational learning 732Culture and instruction 733Self-efficacy beliefs 733Goals and self-regulation 734Conclusions and Future Directions 737Chapter Summary 740Chapter 15 Mental Health and Psychopathology 750Frances Meeten and Graham DaveyIntroduction to Psychopathology 751A Brief History of Psychopathology 753Defining Psychopathology 756Explanatory Approaches to Psychopathology 760Classifying Mental Health Problems 766Mental Health and Stigma 768Psychological Disorders 771Conclusions and Future Directions 789Chapter Summary 791Chapter 16 The Treatment of Mental Health Problems 803Kate Cavanagh and Graham DaveyIntroduction 804Psychological Treatments for Mental Health Problems 809Ways of Delivering Psychological Therapy 822Social and Environmental Approaches to Treatment 825Biological Approaches to Treatment 828Evaluating Treatments for Mental Health Problems 832Conclusions and Future Directions 842Chapter Summary 843Chapter 17 Social Development 855Lance Slade, Mark Wright, and Robin BanerjeeIntroduction 856Early Emotional Development and Temperament 857Caregiver–Child Interactions and the Development of Attachment 863Social Understanding and Self-Regulation 873Socio-Moral Development 883Who Am I? The Development of Self and Identity 890Developing in a Social Context: Family, Peers, and Media 896Future Directions 907Chapter Summary 908Chapter 18 Social Cognition and Attitudes 935Russell Hutter, Chantelle Wood, Lucy Davies, and Mark ConnerSocial Thinking 936Self and Identity 939Person Perception 1: Social Inference and Attribution 944Person Perception 2: Social Cognition and Social Knowledge 948Stereotyping 952Attitudes and Attitude Change 958Automatic Processes in Social Cognition 969Future Directions 972Chapter Summary 974Chapter 19 Interpersonal, Group, and Intergroup Processes 986Rhiannon N. TurnerIntroduction 987Interpersonal Processes 987Group Processes 998Intergroup Processes 1007Future Directions 1017Chapter Summary 1018Index 1029

GRAHAM DAVEY is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Sussex. He has authored or edited twenty books including Psychopathology, Clinical Psychology, Applied Psychology and Complete Psychology. Professor Davey is a former President of the British Psychological Society and has served as Editor of the Society's house journal The Psychologist. Currently he is Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Experimental Psychopathology which publishes cutting-edge experimental research on clinical psychology and mental health issues.

• ContentsList of Contributors xxiPreface xxiiiChapter 1 The Science of Psychology 1Dominic Upton, Charlotte Taylor, Felicity Penn, and Abbye AndrewsWhat Is Psychology? 2Psychology’s Roots: The Path to a Science of Mind and Behaviour 5Levels of Analysis: Types of Psychology and Their Contribution to Understanding 13Issues and Debates in Psychology 16Bias in Psychological Research 22Psychology at the Cultural Level 25Psychology Today 29Psychology in Action: Applying Psychological Science 32Future Developments 40Chapter Summary 42Chapter 2 Research Methods in Psychology 51Graham HoleThe Scientific Method 52The Dissemination of Scientific Ideas 55Quantitative Research Methods 56Analysing and Interpreting Quantitative Data 77Qualitative Research Methods 82Good and Bad Practice in Psychological Research 87Future Developments 95Chapter Summary 98Chapter 3 Evolutionary and Genetic Foundations of Psychology 107Daniel NettleIntroduction 108What Makes You Unique? The Origins of Variation 112Passing It On: The Mechanisms of Heredity 120Staying Alive: The Operation of Natural Selection 129Staying Alive: Selection of Behaviours and Adaptation 134The Value of Evolution for Psychology 138Future Directions 147Chapter Summary 150Chapter 4 Neuroscience, the Brain, and Behaviour 157Jamie Ward and Sarah KingIntroduction 158Neurons and Synaptic Transmission 159Structure of the neuron 160An Overview of Brain Structures and Their Functions 173Animal Neuroscience Methods 179Human Neuroscience Methods 184Hemispheric Lateralization 192Plasticity and the Brain 196Future Directions 199Chapter Summary 200Chapter 5 Motivation 209Graham DaveyTheories of Motivation 210The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Hunger and Drinking 219The Biological Bases of Primary Motivations: Sex and Aggression 229Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation 240Affiliation and Achievement Motivation 243Applications of Theories of Motivation 247Chapter Summary 250Chapter 6 Consciousness: Conscious Versus Unconscious Processes 262Zoltan Dienes and Anil SethIntroduction 263Theories of Consciousness: Higher-Order Versus IntegrationConscious Versus Unconscious Memory 270Conscious Versus Unconscious Perception 279Conscious Versus Unconscious Learning 292Conscious Versus Unconscious Intentions: Volition and HypnoticConscious Versus Unconscious Attitudes and Emotions 307Functions of Consciousness and Future Directions 310Chapter Summary 312Chapter 7 Sensation and Perception 324George MatherIntroduction 325The Neuroscience of Sensation and Perception 333Sensory Qualia and Modality 340Audition 347Vision: Physiology 354Visual stimulus 354Vision: Perceiving Object Properties 360Multimodal Perception 366Future Directions 372Chapter Summary 375Chapter 8 Learning 382Mark HaselgroveIntroduction: What Is Learning and Why Does It Happen? 383Types of Learning 385Human Causal Learning 404The Theoretical Basis of Learning 407The Adaptive Brain: Learning Through Connections 411Practical and Clinical Applications of Learning 413Conclusions and Future Directions 421Chapter Summary 422Chapter 9 Memory 429Chris Moulin and Lucie CorbinWhat Is Memory? 430Memory for Beginners: The Cognitive Psychology of Remembering 436Thinking About Memory: Models and Frameworks 443Three Dichotomies in Human Memory 449Future Directions 468Chapter Summary 472Chapter 10 Emotion 479Brian ParkinsonIntroduction 480Emotion Differentiation 481Facial Expression 496Appraisal 505What’s Different About Different Emotions? 515Conclusions and Future Directions 519Chapter Summary 521Chapter 11 Cognitive Development 529Andy BremnerIntroduction 530Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact 532Research Methods in Developmental Psychology 538Development of the Brain and Nervous System 541Multisensory Perceptual Development 547Sensorimotor Development 556Cognitive Development 562Chapter Summary 577Chapter 12 Language and Thought 589Alan GarnhamIntroduction 590Language 591Thinking 609Language and Thought 639Chapter Summary 641Chapter 13 Intelligence 650Sophie von StummIntroduction and Defining Intelligence 651History of Intelligence 654Factors of Intelligence 663Intelligence Development 671Causes of Individual Differences in Intelligence 676Alternative Models of Intelligence 684Future Directions 687Chapter Summary 689Chapter 14 Personality 693Tom FarsidesIntroduction to Personality 694Psychodynamic Personality Theory 697Trait Personality Theory 708Humanistic Personality Theory 719Social Cognitive Personality Theories 730Behaviourism 731Observational learning 732Culture and instruction 733Self-efficacy beliefs 733Goals and self-regulation 734Conclusions and Future Directions 737Chapter Summary 740Chapter 15 Mental Health and Psychopathology 750Frances Meeten and Graham DaveyIntroduction to Psychopathology 751A Brief History of Psychopathology 753Defining Psychopathology 756Explanatory Approaches to Psychopathology 760Classifying Mental Health Problems 766Mental Health and Stigma 768Psychological Disorders 771Conclusions and Future Directions 789Chapter Summary 791Chapter 16 The Treatment of Mental Health Problems 803Kate Cavanagh and Graham DaveyIntroduction 804Psychological Treatments for Mental Health Problems 809Ways of Delivering Psychological Therapy 822Social and Environmental Approaches to Treatment 825Biological Approaches to Treatment 828Evaluating Treatments for Mental Health Problems 832Conclusions and Future Directions 842Chapter Summary 843Chapter 17 Social Development 855Lance Slade, Mark Wright, and Robin BanerjeeIntroduction 856Early Emotional Development and Temperament 857Caregiver–Child Interactions and the Development of Attachment 863Social Understanding and Self-Regulation 873Socio-Moral Development 883Who Am I? The Development of Self and Identity 890Developing in a Social Context: Family, Peers, and Media 896Future Directions 907Chapter Summary 908Chapter 18 Social Cognition and Attitudes 935Russell Hutter, Chantelle Wood, Lucy Davies, and Mark ConnerSocial Thinking 936Self and Identity 939Person Perception 1: Social Inference and Attribution 944Person Perception 2: Social Cognition and Social Knowledge 948Stereotyping 952Attitudes and Attitude Change 958Automatic Processes in Social Cognition 969Future Directions 972Chapter Summary 974Chapter 19 Interpersonal, Group, and Intergroup Processes 986Rhiannon N. TurnerIntroduction 987Interpersonal Processes 987Group Processes 998Intergroup Processes 1007Future Directions 1017Chapter Summary 1018Index 1029