Wilson Chin earned his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his M.Sc. at the California Institute of Technology, majoring in aerospace engineering and wave propagation before refocusing his interests toward petroleum exploration. His work in fluid mechanics, electromagnetics, formation testing and reservoir characterization is well known, forming the basis for twenty research monographs, about one hundred papers and fifty domestic and international patents. Wilson's current interests address high speed mud pulse telemetry in Measurement While Drilling (MWD) applications.

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xix1 Stories from the Field, Fundamental Questions and Solutions 11.1 Mysteries, Clues and Possibilities 11.2 Paper No. AADE-11-NTCE – 74, “High-Data-Rate MWD System for Very Deep Wells” significantly expanded with additional photographs and detailed annotations 111.2.1 Abstract 111.2.2 Introduction 111.2.3 MWD telemetry basics 131.2.4 New telemetry approach 141.2.5 New technology elements 161.2.5.1 Downhole source and signal optimization 161.2.5.2 Surface signal processing and noise removal 191.2.5.3 Pressure, torque and erosion computer modeling 201.2.5.4 Wind tunnel analysis: studying new approaches 231.2.5.5 Example test results 421.2.6 Conclusions 451.2.7 Acknowledgements 461.2.8 Credits 461.2.9 Paper references 471.3 References 482 Harmonic Analysis: Six-Segment Downhole Acoustic Waveguide 492.1 MWD Fundamentals 502.2 MWD Telemetry Concepts Re-examined 512.2.1 Conventional pulser ideas explained 512.2.2 Acoustics at higher data rates 522.2.3 High-data-rate continuous wave telemetry 542.2.4 Drillbit as a reflector 552.2.5 Source modeling subtleties and errors 562.2.6 Flowloop and field test subtleties 582.2.7 Wind tunnel testing comments 602.3 Downhole Wave Propagation Subtleties 602.3.1 Three distinct physical problems 612.3.2 Downhole source problem 622.4 Six-Segment Downhole Waveguide Model 642.4.1 Nomenclature 662.4.2 Mathematical formulation 682.5 An Example: Optimizing Pulser Signal Strength 792.5.1 Problem definition and results 792.5.2 User interface 822.5.3 Constructive interference at high frequencies 832.6 Additional Engineering Conclusions 852.7 References 873 Harmonic Analysis: Elementary Pipe and Collar Models 883.1 Constant area drillpipe wave models 883.1.1 Case (a), infinite system, both directions 893.1.2 Case (b), drillbit as a solid reflector 903.1.3 Case (c), drillbit as open-ended reflector 903.1.4 Case (d), “finite-finite” waveguide of length 2L 913.1.5 Physical Interpretation 913.2 Variable area collar-pipe wave models 943.2.1 Mathematical formulation 943.2.2 Example  calculations 963.3 References 984 Transient Constant Area Surface and Downhole Wave Models 99Overview 994.1 Method 4-1. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, no mud pump noise 1014.1.1 Physical problem 1014.1.2 Theory 1024.1.3 Run 1. Wide signal – low data rate 1034.1.4 Run 2. Narrow pulse width – high data rate 1054.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift keying or PSK 1064.1.6 Runs 4 and 5. Phase-shift keying or PSK, very high data rate 1094.2 Method 4-2. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, with mud pump noise 1104.2.1 Physical problem 1104.2.2 Software note 1114.2.3 Theory 1114.2.4 Run 1. 12 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 1124.2.5 Run 2. 24 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 1134.3 Method 4-3. Directional filtering – difference equation method requiring two transducers 1144.3.1 Physical problem 1144.3.2 Theory 1154.3.3 Run 1. Single narrow pulse, S/N = 1, approximately 1164.3.4 Run 2. Very noisy environment 1184.3.5 Run 3. Very, very noisy environment 1194.3.6 Run 4. Very, very, very noisy environment 1204.3.7 Run 5. Non-periodic background noise 1214.4 Method 4-4. Directional filtering – differential equation method requiring two transducers 1224.4.1 Physical problem 1224.4.2 Theory 1234.4.3 Run 1. Validation analysis 1244.4.4 Run 2. A very, very noisy example 1264.4.5 Note on multiple-transducer methods 1274.5 Method 4-5. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect solid reflector 1284.5.1 Software note 1284.5.2 Physical problem 1294.5.3 On solid and open reflectors 1294.5.4 Theory 1304.5.5 Run 1. Long, low data rate pulse 1324.5.6 Run 2. Higher data rate, faster valve action 1324.5.7 Run 3. PSK example, 12 Hz frequency 1334.5.8 Run 4. 24 Hz, Coarse sampling time 1344.6 Method 4-6. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect open end or zero acoustic pressure reflector  1354.6.1 Software note 1354.6.2 Physical problem 1354.6.3 Theory 1364.6.4 Run 1. Low data rate run 1374.6.5 Run 2. Higher data rate 1384.6.6 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1394.6.7 Run 4. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1394.6.8 Run 5. Phase-shift-keying, 48 Hz carrier 1404.7 References 1415 Transient Variable Area Downhole Inverse Models 1425.1 Method 5-1. Problems with acoustic impedance mismatch due to collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as open-end reflector 1445.1.1 Physical problem 1445.1.2 Theory 1455.1.3 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1495.1.4 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1495.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 1505.1.6 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 1515.2 Method 5-2. Problems with collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as closed end, solid drillbit reflector 1525.2.1 Theory 1525.2.2 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1525.2.3 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1535.2.4 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 1535.2.5 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 1535.3 References 1546 Signal Processor Design and Additional Noise Models 1556.1 Desurger Distortion 1566.1.1 Low-frequency positive pulsers 1586.1.2 Higher frequency mud sirens 1596.2 Downhole Drilling Noise 1626.2.1 Positive displacement motors 1636.2.2 Turbodrill motors 1646.2.3 Drillstring vibrations 1646.3 Attenuation Mechanisms 1666.3.1 Newtonian model 1666.3.2 Non-Newtonian fluids 1676.4 Drillpipe Attenuation and Mudpump Reflection 1696.4.1 Low-data-rate physics 1706.4.2 High data rate effects 1716.5 Applications to Negative Pulser Design in Fluid Flows and to Elastic Wave Telemetry Analysis in Drillpipe Systems 1726.6 LMS Adaptive and Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters 1746.7 Low Pass Butterworth, Low Pass FFT and Notch Filters 1766.8 Typical Frequency Spectra and MWD Signal Strength Properties 1776.9 References 1787 Mud Siren Torque and Erosion Analysis 1797.1 The Physical Problem 1797.1.1 Stable-closed designs 1817.1.2 Previous solutions 1817.1.3 Stable-opened designs 1837.1.4 Torque and its importance 1847.1.5 Numerical modeling 1857.2 Mathematical Approach 1857.2.1 Inviscid aerodynamic model 1877.2.2 Simplified boundary conditions 1887.3 Mud Siren Formulation 1907.3.1 Differential equation 1907.3.2 Pressure integral 1917.3.3 Upstream and annular boundary condition 1927.3.4 Radial variations 1947.3.5 Downstream flow deflection 1957.3.6 Lobe tangency conditions 1967.3.7 Numerical solution 1967.3.8 Interpreting torque computations 1977.3.9 Streamline tracing 1987.4 Typical Computed Results and Practical Applications 2007.4.1 Detailed engineering design suite 2007.5 Conclusions 2067.5.1 Software reference 2067.6 References 2078 Downhole Turbine Design and Short Wind Tunnel Testing 2088.1 Turbine Design Issues 2088.2 Why Wind Tunnels Work 2108.3 Turbine Model Development 2138.4 Software Reference 2178.5 Erosion and Power Evaluation 2228.6 Simplified Testing 2258.7 References 2289 Siren Design and Evaluation in Mud Flow Loops and Wind Tunnels 2299.1 Early Wind Tunnel and Modern Test Facilities 2309.1.1 Basic ideas 2319.1.2 Three types of wind tunnels 2329.1.3 Background, early short wind tunnel 2339.1.4 Modern short and long wind tunnel system 2349.1.5 Frequently asked questions 2379.2 Short wind tunnel design 2409.2.1 Siren torque testing in short wind tunnel 2449.2.2 Siren static torque testing procedure 2479.2.3 Erosion considerations 2509.3 Intermediate Wind Tunnel for Signal Strength Measurement 2519.3.1 Analytical acoustic model 2529.3.2 Single transducer test using speaker source 2559.3.3 Siren Δp procedure using single and differential transducers 2559.3.4 Intermediate wind tunnel test procedure 2579.3.5 Predicting mud flow Δp’s from wind tunnel data 2619.4 Long Wind Tunnel for Telemetry Modeling 2639.4.1 Early construction approach - basic ideas 2639.4.2 Evaluating new telemetry concepts 2689.5 Water and Mud Flow Loop Testing 2689.6 References 27610 Advanced System Summary and Modern MWD Developments 27710.1 Overall Telemetry Summary 27810.1.1 Optimal pulser placement for wave interference 27810.1.2 Telemetry design using FSK 28110.1.3 Sirens in tandem or “sirens in series” 28310.1.4 Attenuation misinterpretation 28410.1.5 Surface signal processing 28810.1.6 Attenuation, distance and frequency 29110.1.7 Ghost signals and echoes 29410.2 Sirens, Turbines and Batteries 29510.3 References 29911 MWD Signal Processing in China 30012 Sensor Developments in China 31812.1 DRGDS Near-bit Geosteering Drilling System 31812.1.1 Overview 31812.1.2 DRGDS tool architecture 31912.1.3 Functions of DRGDS 32712.2 DRGRT Natural Azi-Gamma Ray Measurement 33212.3 DRNBLog Geological Log 33612.4 DRMPR Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity 33812.5 DRNP Neutron Porosity 33912.6 DRMWD Positive Mud Pulser 34312.7 DREMWD Electromagnetic MWD 34412.8 DRPWD Pressure While Drilling 34712.9 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-1 35012.10 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-2 35413 Sinopec MWD Research 35513.1 Engineering and Design Highlights 35613.2 Credits 36414 Gyrodata MWD Research 36514.1 Short and Long Wind Tunnel Facilities 36614.2 Credits 37515 GE Oil & Gas MWD Developments (BakerHughes, a GE Company) 37615.1 Recent Patent Publications 37715.2 Credits 39115.3 References 39116 MWD Turbosiren - Principles, Design and Development 39216.1 Background and Motivation 39216.1.1 Mud siren background 39316.1.2 Enter the turbosiren 39816.1.3 General unanswered questions 40416.2 Prototype Turbosirens and Experimental Notes 40516.2.1 Single-stage turbosiren 40516.2.2 Basic measurements 40616.2.3 Dual-stage turbosiren 40916.2.4 Three-stage turbosiren 41016.2.5 Complementary reference turbine 41116.5 References 43917 Design of Miniature Sirens 44017.1 Siren flowmeter applications 44117.2 Mini-siren prototypes 44217.3 Cardboard test prototyping 44817.4 Credits 45018 Wave-Based Directional Filtering 45118.1 Background 45118.2 Theory and Difference-Delay Equations 45218.3 Calculated Results 45518.3.1 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07D.FOR) 45618.3.2 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07E.FOR) 46018.3.3 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07F.FOR) 46318.3.4 Method 4-4, Differential equation (Software reference, SAS14D.FOR Option 3 identical to SIGPROC-1.FOR) 46618.4 Conclusions 47218.5 References 472Cumulative References 473Index 478About the Author 489

Wilson Chin earned his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his M.Sc. at the California Institute of Technology, majoring in aerospace engineering and wave propagation before refocusing his interests toward petroleum exploration. His work in fluid mechanics, electromagnetics, formation testing and reservoir characterization is well known, forming the basis for twenty research monographs, about one hundred papers and fifty domestic and international patents. Wilson's current interests address high speed mud pulse telemetry in Measurement While Drilling (MWD) applications.

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xix1 Stories from the Field, Fundamental Questions and Solutions 11.1 Mysteries, Clues and Possibilities 11.2 Paper No. AADE-11-NTCE – 74, “High-Data-Rate MWD System for Very Deep Wells” significantly expanded with additional photographs and detailed annotations 111.2.1 Abstract 111.2.2 Introduction 111.2.3 MWD telemetry basics 131.2.4 New telemetry approach 141.2.5 New technology elements 161.2.5.1 Downhole source and signal optimization 161.2.5.2 Surface signal processing and noise removal 191.2.5.3 Pressure, torque and erosion computer modeling 201.2.5.4 Wind tunnel analysis: studying new approaches 231.2.5.5 Example test results 421.2.6 Conclusions 451.2.7 Acknowledgements 461.2.8 Credits 461.2.9 Paper references 471.3 References 482 Harmonic Analysis: Six-Segment Downhole Acoustic Waveguide 492.1 MWD Fundamentals 502.2 MWD Telemetry Concepts Re-examined 512.2.1 Conventional pulser ideas explained 512.2.2 Acoustics at higher data rates 522.2.3 High-data-rate continuous wave telemetry 542.2.4 Drillbit as a reflector 552.2.5 Source modeling subtleties and errors 562.2.6 Flowloop and field test subtleties 582.2.7 Wind tunnel testing comments 602.3 Downhole Wave Propagation Subtleties 602.3.1 Three distinct physical problems 612.3.2 Downhole source problem 622.4 Six-Segment Downhole Waveguide Model 642.4.1 Nomenclature 662.4.2 Mathematical formulation 682.5 An Example: Optimizing Pulser Signal Strength 792.5.1 Problem definition and results 792.5.2 User interface 822.5.3 Constructive interference at high frequencies 832.6 Additional Engineering Conclusions 852.7 References 873 Harmonic Analysis: Elementary Pipe and Collar Models 883.1 Constant area drillpipe wave models 883.1.1 Case (a), infinite system, both directions 893.1.2 Case (b), drillbit as a solid reflector 903.1.3 Case (c), drillbit as open-ended reflector 903.1.4 Case (d), “finite-finite” waveguide of length 2L 913.1.5 Physical Interpretation 913.2 Variable area collar-pipe wave models 943.2.1 Mathematical formulation 943.2.2 Example  calculations 963.3 References 984 Transient Constant Area Surface and Downhole Wave Models 99Overview 994.1 Method 4-1. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, no mud pump noise 1014.1.1 Physical problem 1014.1.2 Theory 1024.1.3 Run 1. Wide signal – low data rate 1034.1.4 Run 2. Narrow pulse width – high data rate 1054.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift keying or PSK 1064.1.6 Runs 4 and 5. Phase-shift keying or PSK, very high data rate 1094.2 Method 4-2. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, with mud pump noise 1104.2.1 Physical problem 1104.2.2 Software note 1114.2.3 Theory 1114.2.4 Run 1. 12 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 1124.2.5 Run 2. 24 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 1134.3 Method 4-3. Directional filtering – difference equation method requiring two transducers 1144.3.1 Physical problem 1144.3.2 Theory 1154.3.3 Run 1. Single narrow pulse, S/N = 1, approximately 1164.3.4 Run 2. Very noisy environment 1184.3.5 Run 3. Very, very noisy environment 1194.3.6 Run 4. Very, very, very noisy environment 1204.3.7 Run 5. Non-periodic background noise 1214.4 Method 4-4. Directional filtering – differential equation method requiring two transducers 1224.4.1 Physical problem 1224.4.2 Theory 1234.4.3 Run 1. Validation analysis 1244.4.4 Run 2. A very, very noisy example 1264.4.5 Note on multiple-transducer methods 1274.5 Method 4-5. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect solid reflector 1284.5.1 Software note 1284.5.2 Physical problem 1294.5.3 On solid and open reflectors 1294.5.4 Theory 1304.5.5 Run 1. Long, low data rate pulse 1324.5.6 Run 2. Higher data rate, faster valve action 1324.5.7 Run 3. PSK example, 12 Hz frequency 1334.5.8 Run 4. 24 Hz, Coarse sampling time 1344.6 Method 4-6. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect open end or zero acoustic pressure reflector  1354.6.1 Software note 1354.6.2 Physical problem 1354.6.3 Theory 1364.6.4 Run 1. Low data rate run 1374.6.5 Run 2. Higher data rate 1384.6.6 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1394.6.7 Run 4. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1394.6.8 Run 5. Phase-shift-keying, 48 Hz carrier 1404.7 References 1415 Transient Variable Area Downhole Inverse Models 1425.1 Method 5-1. Problems with acoustic impedance mismatch due to collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as open-end reflector 1445.1.1 Physical problem 1445.1.2 Theory 1455.1.3 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1495.1.4 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1495.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 1505.1.6 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 1515.2 Method 5-2. Problems with collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as closed end, solid drillbit reflector 1525.2.1 Theory 1525.2.2 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1525.2.3 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1535.2.4 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 1535.2.5 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 1535.3 References 1546 Signal Processor Design and Additional Noise Models 1556.1 Desurger Distortion 1566.1.1 Low-frequency positive pulsers 1586.1.2 Higher frequency mud sirens 1596.2 Downhole Drilling Noise 1626.2.1 Positive displacement motors 1636.2.2 Turbodrill motors 1646.2.3 Drillstring vibrations 1646.3 Attenuation Mechanisms 1666.3.1 Newtonian model 1666.3.2 Non-Newtonian fluids 1676.4 Drillpipe Attenuation and Mudpump Reflection 1696.4.1 Low-data-rate physics 1706.4.2 High data rate effects 1716.5 Applications to Negative Pulser Design in Fluid Flows and to Elastic Wave Telemetry Analysis in Drillpipe Systems 1726.6 LMS Adaptive and Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters 1746.7 Low Pass Butterworth, Low Pass FFT and Notch Filters 1766.8 Typical Frequency Spectra and MWD Signal Strength Properties 1776.9 References 1787 Mud Siren Torque and Erosion Analysis 1797.1 The Physical Problem 1797.1.1 Stable-closed designs 1817.1.2 Previous solutions 1817.1.3 Stable-opened designs 1837.1.4 Torque and its importance 1847.1.5 Numerical modeling 1857.2 Mathematical Approach 1857.2.1 Inviscid aerodynamic model 1877.2.2 Simplified boundary conditions 1887.3 Mud Siren Formulation 1907.3.1 Differential equation 1907.3.2 Pressure integral 1917.3.3 Upstream and annular boundary condition 1927.3.4 Radial variations 1947.3.5 Downstream flow deflection 1957.3.6 Lobe tangency conditions 1967.3.7 Numerical solution 1967.3.8 Interpreting torque computations 1977.3.9 Streamline tracing 1987.4 Typical Computed Results and Practical Applications 2007.4.1 Detailed engineering design suite 2007.5 Conclusions 2067.5.1 Software reference 2067.6 References 2078 Downhole Turbine Design and Short Wind Tunnel Testing 2088.1 Turbine Design Issues 2088.2 Why Wind Tunnels Work 2108.3 Turbine Model Development 2138.4 Software Reference 2178.5 Erosion and Power Evaluation 2228.6 Simplified Testing 2258.7 References 2289 Siren Design and Evaluation in Mud Flow Loops and Wind Tunnels 2299.1 Early Wind Tunnel and Modern Test Facilities 2309.1.1 Basic ideas 2319.1.2 Three types of wind tunnels 2329.1.3 Background, early short wind tunnel 2339.1.4 Modern short and long wind tunnel system 2349.1.5 Frequently asked questions 2379.2 Short wind tunnel design 2409.2.1 Siren torque testing in short wind tunnel 2449.2.2 Siren static torque testing procedure 2479.2.3 Erosion considerations 2509.3 Intermediate Wind Tunnel for Signal Strength Measurement 2519.3.1 Analytical acoustic model 2529.3.2 Single transducer test using speaker source 2559.3.3 Siren Δp procedure using single and differential transducers 2559.3.4 Intermediate wind tunnel test procedure 2579.3.5 Predicting mud flow Δp’s from wind tunnel data 2619.4 Long Wind Tunnel for Telemetry Modeling 2639.4.1 Early construction approach - basic ideas 2639.4.2 Evaluating new telemetry concepts 2689.5 Water and Mud Flow Loop Testing 2689.6 References 27610 Advanced System Summary and Modern MWD Developments 27710.1 Overall Telemetry Summary 27810.1.1 Optimal pulser placement for wave interference 27810.1.2 Telemetry design using FSK 28110.1.3 Sirens in tandem or “sirens in series” 28310.1.4 Attenuation misinterpretation 28410.1.5 Surface signal processing 28810.1.6 Attenuation, distance and frequency 29110.1.7 Ghost signals and echoes 29410.2 Sirens, Turbines and Batteries 29510.3 References 29911 MWD Signal Processing in China 30012 Sensor Developments in China 31812.1 DRGDS Near-bit Geosteering Drilling System 31812.1.1 Overview 31812.1.2 DRGDS tool architecture 31912.1.3 Functions of DRGDS 32712.2 DRGRT Natural Azi-Gamma Ray Measurement 33212.3 DRNBLog Geological Log 33612.4 DRMPR Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity 33812.5 DRNP Neutron Porosity 33912.6 DRMWD Positive Mud Pulser 34312.7 DREMWD Electromagnetic MWD 34412.8 DRPWD Pressure While Drilling 34712.9 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-1 35012.10 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-2 35413 Sinopec MWD Research 35513.1 Engineering and Design Highlights 35613.2 Credits 36414 Gyrodata MWD Research 36514.1 Short and Long Wind Tunnel Facilities 36614.2 Credits 37515 GE Oil & Gas MWD Developments (BakerHughes, a GE Company) 37615.1 Recent Patent Publications 37715.2 Credits 39115.3 References 39116 MWD Turbosiren - Principles, Design and Development 39216.1 Background and Motivation 39216.1.1 Mud siren background 39316.1.2 Enter the turbosiren 39816.1.3 General unanswered questions 40416.2 Prototype Turbosirens and Experimental Notes 40516.2.1 Single-stage turbosiren 40516.2.2 Basic measurements 40616.2.3 Dual-stage turbosiren 40916.2.4 Three-stage turbosiren 41016.2.5 Complementary reference turbine 41116.5 References 43917 Design of Miniature Sirens 44017.1 Siren flowmeter applications 44117.2 Mini-siren prototypes 44217.3 Cardboard test prototyping 44817.4 Credits 45018 Wave-Based Directional Filtering 45118.1 Background 45118.2 Theory and Difference-Delay Equations 45218.3 Calculated Results 45518.3.1 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07D.FOR) 45618.3.2 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07E.FOR) 46018.3.3 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07F.FOR) 46318.3.4 Method 4-4, Differential equation (Software reference, SAS14D.FOR Option 3 identical to SIGPROC-1.FOR) 46618.4 Conclusions 47218.5 References 472Cumulative References 473Index 478About the Author 489

Wilson Chin earned his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his M.Sc. at the California Institute of Technology, majoring in aerospace engineering and wave propagation before refocusing his interests toward petroleum exploration. His work in fluid mechanics, electromagnetics, formation testing and reservoir characterization is well known, forming the basis for twenty research monographs, about one hundred papers and fifty domestic and international patents. Wilson's current interests address high speed mud pulse telemetry in Measurement While Drilling (MWD) applications.

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xix1 Stories from the Field, Fundamental Questions and Solutions 11.1 Mysteries, Clues and Possibilities 11.2 Paper No. AADE-11-NTCE – 74, “High-Data-Rate MWD System for Very Deep Wells” significantly expanded with additional photographs and detailed annotations 111.2.1 Abstract 111.2.2 Introduction 111.2.3 MWD telemetry basics 131.2.4 New telemetry approach 141.2.5 New technology elements 161.2.5.1 Downhole source and signal optimization 161.2.5.2 Surface signal processing and noise removal 191.2.5.3 Pressure, torque and erosion computer modeling 201.2.5.4 Wind tunnel analysis: studying new approaches 231.2.5.5 Example test results 421.2.6 Conclusions 451.2.7 Acknowledgements 461.2.8 Credits 461.2.9 Paper references 471.3 References 482 Harmonic Analysis: Six-Segment Downhole Acoustic Waveguide 492.1 MWD Fundamentals 502.2 MWD Telemetry Concepts Re-examined 512.2.1 Conventional pulser ideas explained 512.2.2 Acoustics at higher data rates 522.2.3 High-data-rate continuous wave telemetry 542.2.4 Drillbit as a reflector 552.2.5 Source modeling subtleties and errors 562.2.6 Flowloop and field test subtleties 582.2.7 Wind tunnel testing comments 602.3 Downhole Wave Propagation Subtleties 602.3.1 Three distinct physical problems 612.3.2 Downhole source problem 622.4 Six-Segment Downhole Waveguide Model 642.4.1 Nomenclature 662.4.2 Mathematical formulation 682.5 An Example: Optimizing Pulser Signal Strength 792.5.1 Problem definition and results 792.5.2 User interface 822.5.3 Constructive interference at high frequencies 832.6 Additional Engineering Conclusions 852.7 References 873 Harmonic Analysis: Elementary Pipe and Collar Models 883.1 Constant area drillpipe wave models 883.1.1 Case (a), infinite system, both directions 893.1.2 Case (b), drillbit as a solid reflector 903.1.3 Case (c), drillbit as open-ended reflector 903.1.4 Case (d), “finite-finite” waveguide of length 2L 913.1.5 Physical Interpretation 913.2 Variable area collar-pipe wave models 943.2.1 Mathematical formulation 943.2.2 Example  calculations 963.3 References 984 Transient Constant Area Surface and Downhole Wave Models 99Overview 994.1 Method 4-1. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, no mud pump noise 1014.1.1 Physical problem 1014.1.2 Theory 1024.1.3 Run 1. Wide signal – low data rate 1034.1.4 Run 2. Narrow pulse width – high data rate 1054.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift keying or PSK 1064.1.6 Runs 4 and 5. Phase-shift keying or PSK, very high data rate 1094.2 Method 4-2. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, with mud pump noise 1104.2.1 Physical problem 1104.2.2 Software note 1114.2.3 Theory 1114.2.4 Run 1. 12 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 1124.2.5 Run 2. 24 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 1134.3 Method 4-3. Directional filtering – difference equation method requiring two transducers 1144.3.1 Physical problem 1144.3.2 Theory 1154.3.3 Run 1. Single narrow pulse, S/N = 1, approximately 1164.3.4 Run 2. Very noisy environment 1184.3.5 Run 3. Very, very noisy environment 1194.3.6 Run 4. Very, very, very noisy environment 1204.3.7 Run 5. Non-periodic background noise 1214.4 Method 4-4. Directional filtering – differential equation method requiring two transducers 1224.4.1 Physical problem 1224.4.2 Theory 1234.4.3 Run 1. Validation analysis 1244.4.4 Run 2. A very, very noisy example 1264.4.5 Note on multiple-transducer methods 1274.5 Method 4-5. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect solid reflector 1284.5.1 Software note 1284.5.2 Physical problem 1294.5.3 On solid and open reflectors 1294.5.4 Theory 1304.5.5 Run 1. Long, low data rate pulse 1324.5.6 Run 2. Higher data rate, faster valve action 1324.5.7 Run 3. PSK example, 12 Hz frequency 1334.5.8 Run 4. 24 Hz, Coarse sampling time 1344.6 Method 4-6. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect open end or zero acoustic pressure reflector  1354.6.1 Software note 1354.6.2 Physical problem 1354.6.3 Theory 1364.6.4 Run 1. Low data rate run 1374.6.5 Run 2. Higher data rate 1384.6.6 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1394.6.7 Run 4. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1394.6.8 Run 5. Phase-shift-keying, 48 Hz carrier 1404.7 References 1415 Transient Variable Area Downhole Inverse Models 1425.1 Method 5-1. Problems with acoustic impedance mismatch due to collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as open-end reflector 1445.1.1 Physical problem 1445.1.2 Theory 1455.1.3 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1495.1.4 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1495.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 1505.1.6 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 1515.2 Method 5-2. Problems with collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as closed end, solid drillbit reflector 1525.2.1 Theory 1525.2.2 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 1525.2.3 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 1535.2.4 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 1535.2.5 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 1535.3 References 1546 Signal Processor Design and Additional Noise Models 1556.1 Desurger Distortion 1566.1.1 Low-frequency positive pulsers 1586.1.2 Higher frequency mud sirens 1596.2 Downhole Drilling Noise 1626.2.1 Positive displacement motors 1636.2.2 Turbodrill motors 1646.2.3 Drillstring vibrations 1646.3 Attenuation Mechanisms 1666.3.1 Newtonian model 1666.3.2 Non-Newtonian fluids 1676.4 Drillpipe Attenuation and Mudpump Reflection 1696.4.1 Low-data-rate physics 1706.4.2 High data rate effects 1716.5 Applications to Negative Pulser Design in Fluid Flows and to Elastic Wave Telemetry Analysis in Drillpipe Systems 1726.6 LMS Adaptive and Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters 1746.7 Low Pass Butterworth, Low Pass FFT and Notch Filters 1766.8 Typical Frequency Spectra and MWD Signal Strength Properties 1776.9 References 1787 Mud Siren Torque and Erosion Analysis 1797.1 The Physical Problem 1797.1.1 Stable-closed designs 1817.1.2 Previous solutions 1817.1.3 Stable-opened designs 1837.1.4 Torque and its importance 1847.1.5 Numerical modeling 1857.2 Mathematical Approach 1857.2.1 Inviscid aerodynamic model 1877.2.2 Simplified boundary conditions 1887.3 Mud Siren Formulation 1907.3.1 Differential equation 1907.3.2 Pressure integral 1917.3.3 Upstream and annular boundary condition 1927.3.4 Radial variations 1947.3.5 Downstream flow deflection 1957.3.6 Lobe tangency conditions 1967.3.7 Numerical solution 1967.3.8 Interpreting torque computations 1977.3.9 Streamline tracing 1987.4 Typical Computed Results and Practical Applications 2007.4.1 Detailed engineering design suite 2007.5 Conclusions 2067.5.1 Software reference 2067.6 References 2078 Downhole Turbine Design and Short Wind Tunnel Testing 2088.1 Turbine Design Issues 2088.2 Why Wind Tunnels Work 2108.3 Turbine Model Development 2138.4 Software Reference 2178.5 Erosion and Power Evaluation 2228.6 Simplified Testing 2258.7 References 2289 Siren Design and Evaluation in Mud Flow Loops and Wind Tunnels 2299.1 Early Wind Tunnel and Modern Test Facilities 2309.1.1 Basic ideas 2319.1.2 Three types of wind tunnels 2329.1.3 Background, early short wind tunnel 2339.1.4 Modern short and long wind tunnel system 2349.1.5 Frequently asked questions 2379.2 Short wind tunnel design 2409.2.1 Siren torque testing in short wind tunnel 2449.2.2 Siren static torque testing procedure 2479.2.3 Erosion considerations 2509.3 Intermediate Wind Tunnel for Signal Strength Measurement 2519.3.1 Analytical acoustic model 2529.3.2 Single transducer test using speaker source 2559.3.3 Siren Δp procedure using single and differential transducers 2559.3.4 Intermediate wind tunnel test procedure 2579.3.5 Predicting mud flow Δp’s from wind tunnel data 2619.4 Long Wind Tunnel for Telemetry Modeling 2639.4.1 Early construction approach - basic ideas 2639.4.2 Evaluating new telemetry concepts 2689.5 Water and Mud Flow Loop Testing 2689.6 References 27610 Advanced System Summary and Modern MWD Developments 27710.1 Overall Telemetry Summary 27810.1.1 Optimal pulser placement for wave interference 27810.1.2 Telemetry design using FSK 28110.1.3 Sirens in tandem or “sirens in series” 28310.1.4 Attenuation misinterpretation 28410.1.5 Surface signal processing 28810.1.6 Attenuation, distance and frequency 29110.1.7 Ghost signals and echoes 29410.2 Sirens, Turbines and Batteries 29510.3 References 29911 MWD Signal Processing in China 30012 Sensor Developments in China 31812.1 DRGDS Near-bit Geosteering Drilling System 31812.1.1 Overview 31812.1.2 DRGDS tool architecture 31912.1.3 Functions of DRGDS 32712.2 DRGRT Natural Azi-Gamma Ray Measurement 33212.3 DRNBLog Geological Log 33612.4 DRMPR Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity 33812.5 DRNP Neutron Porosity 33912.6 DRMWD Positive Mud Pulser 34312.7 DREMWD Electromagnetic MWD 34412.8 DRPWD Pressure While Drilling 34712.9 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-1 35012.10 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-2 35413 Sinopec MWD Research 35513.1 Engineering and Design Highlights 35613.2 Credits 36414 Gyrodata MWD Research 36514.1 Short and Long Wind Tunnel Facilities 36614.2 Credits 37515 GE Oil & Gas MWD Developments (BakerHughes, a GE Company) 37615.1 Recent Patent Publications 37715.2 Credits 39115.3 References 39116 MWD Turbosiren - Principles, Design and Development 39216.1 Background and Motivation 39216.1.1 Mud siren background 39316.1.2 Enter the turbosiren 39816.1.3 General unanswered questions 40416.2 Prototype Turbosirens and Experimental Notes 40516.2.1 Single-stage turbosiren 40516.2.2 Basic measurements 40616.2.3 Dual-stage turbosiren 40916.2.4 Three-stage turbosiren 41016.2.5 Complementary reference turbine 41116.5 References 43917 Design of Miniature Sirens 44017.1 Siren flowmeter applications 44117.2 Mini-siren prototypes 44217.3 Cardboard test prototyping 44817.4 Credits 45018 Wave-Based Directional Filtering 45118.1 Background 45118.2 Theory and Difference-Delay Equations 45218.3 Calculated Results 45518.3.1 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07D.FOR) 45618.3.2 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07E.FOR) 46018.3.3 Method 4-3, Difference equation(Software reference, 2XDCR07F.FOR) 46318.3.4 Method 4-4, Differential equation (Software reference, SAS14D.FOR Option 3 identical to SIGPROC-1.FOR) 46618.4 Conclusions 47218.5 References 472Cumulative References 473Index 478About the Author 489