Wenbin Wang, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA.Yongliang Zhang, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA.

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• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere1 Joule Heating in the ThermosphereArthur D. Richmond 32 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind SystemYoung-Sil Kwak and Arthur D. Richmond 193 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and EffectsWenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Jing Liu 414 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-ThermosphereYue Deng, Cissi Y. Lin, Qingyu Zhu, and Cheng Sheng 655 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind DynamoAstrid Maute 79Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition6 Neutral Composition in the Upper AtmosphereAlan G. Burns, Wenbin Wang, and Liying Qian 1077 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper AtmosphereYongliang Zhang and Larry J. Paxton 1158 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based PerspectiveEdwin Mierkiewicz 135Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar TidesJeffrey M. Forbes 15910 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and IonosphereJia Yue, Ruth Lieberman, and Loren C. Chang 18311 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA SimulationYasunobu Miyoshi 217Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability12 Equatorial Thermosphere AnomalyJiuhou Lei 22913 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A ReviewJing Liu, Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Qinghe Zhang 23914 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and IonosphereLiying Qian and Thomas N. Woods 25315 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and IonosphereHuixin Liu, Yosuke Yamazaki, and Jiuhou Lei 27516 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar FluxesLibo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le 30117 Long-Term Trends in the Upper AtmosphereJan Lastovicka 325Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass DensityTomoko Matsuo and Chih-Ting Hsu 345Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational ResultsJiyao Xu, Qinzeng Li, Longchang Sun, Xiao Liu, Wei Yuan, Wenbin Wang, Jia Yue, Shunrong Zhang, Weijun Liu, Guoying Jiang, Kun Wu, Hong Gao, and Chang Lai 36720 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric LidarsChiao-Yao She, Alan Z. Liu, Tao Yuan, Jia Yue, Tao Li, Chao Ban, and Jonathan S. Friedman 39521 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor DesignJeng-Hwa Yee, Jesper Gjerloev, and Dong Wu 45122 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor DesignJeng-Hwa Yee, Imran Mehdi, Darren Hayton, Jose Siles, and Dong Wu 46923 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote SensingLarry J. Paxton, Yongliang Zhang, Hyosub Kil, and Robert K. Schaefer 487Index 523

Wenbin Wang, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA.Yongliang Zhang, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA.

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• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere1 Joule Heating in the ThermosphereArthur D. Richmond 32 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind SystemYoung-Sil Kwak and Arthur D. Richmond 193 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and EffectsWenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Jing Liu 414 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-ThermosphereYue Deng, Cissi Y. Lin, Qingyu Zhu, and Cheng Sheng 655 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind DynamoAstrid Maute 79Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition6 Neutral Composition in the Upper AtmosphereAlan G. Burns, Wenbin Wang, and Liying Qian 1077 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper AtmosphereYongliang Zhang and Larry J. Paxton 1158 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based PerspectiveEdwin Mierkiewicz 135Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar TidesJeffrey M. Forbes 15910 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and IonosphereJia Yue, Ruth Lieberman, and Loren C. Chang 18311 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA SimulationYasunobu Miyoshi 217Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability12 Equatorial Thermosphere AnomalyJiuhou Lei 22913 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A ReviewJing Liu, Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Qinghe Zhang 23914 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and IonosphereLiying Qian and Thomas N. Woods 25315 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and IonosphereHuixin Liu, Yosuke Yamazaki, and Jiuhou Lei 27516 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar FluxesLibo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le 30117 Long-Term Trends in the Upper AtmosphereJan Lastovicka 325Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass DensityTomoko Matsuo and Chih-Ting Hsu 345Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational ResultsJiyao Xu, Qinzeng Li, Longchang Sun, Xiao Liu, Wei Yuan, Wenbin Wang, Jia Yue, Shunrong Zhang, Weijun Liu, Guoying Jiang, Kun Wu, Hong Gao, and Chang Lai 36720 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric LidarsChiao-Yao She, Alan Z. Liu, Tao Yuan, Jia Yue, Tao Li, Chao Ban, and Jonathan S. Friedman 39521 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor DesignJeng-Hwa Yee, Jesper Gjerloev, and Dong Wu 45122 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor DesignJeng-Hwa Yee, Imran Mehdi, Darren Hayton, Jose Siles, and Dong Wu 46923 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote SensingLarry J. Paxton, Yongliang Zhang, Hyosub Kil, and Robert K. Schaefer 487Index 523

Wenbin Wang, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA.Yongliang Zhang, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA.

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• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere1 Joule Heating in the ThermosphereArthur D. Richmond 32 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind SystemYoung-Sil Kwak and Arthur D. Richmond 193 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and EffectsWenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Jing Liu 414 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-ThermosphereYue Deng, Cissi Y. Lin, Qingyu Zhu, and Cheng Sheng 655 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind DynamoAstrid Maute 79Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition6 Neutral Composition in the Upper AtmosphereAlan G. Burns, Wenbin Wang, and Liying Qian 1077 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper AtmosphereYongliang Zhang and Larry J. Paxton 1158 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based PerspectiveEdwin Mierkiewicz 135Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar TidesJeffrey M. Forbes 15910 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and IonosphereJia Yue, Ruth Lieberman, and Loren C. Chang 18311 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA SimulationYasunobu Miyoshi 217Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability12 Equatorial Thermosphere AnomalyJiuhou Lei 22913 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A ReviewJing Liu, Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Qinghe Zhang 23914 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and IonosphereLiying Qian and Thomas N. Woods 25315 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and IonosphereHuixin Liu, Yosuke Yamazaki, and Jiuhou Lei 27516 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar FluxesLibo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le 30117 Long-Term Trends in the Upper AtmosphereJan Lastovicka 325Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass DensityTomoko Matsuo and Chih-Ting Hsu 345Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational ResultsJiyao Xu, Qinzeng Li, Longchang Sun, Xiao Liu, Wei Yuan, Wenbin Wang, Jia Yue, Shunrong Zhang, Weijun Liu, Guoying Jiang, Kun Wu, Hong Gao, and Chang Lai 36720 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric LidarsChiao-Yao She, Alan Z. Liu, Tao Yuan, Jia Yue, Tao Li, Chao Ban, and Jonathan S. Friedman 39521 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor DesignJeng-Hwa Yee, Jesper Gjerloev, and Dong Wu 45122 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor DesignJeng-Hwa Yee, Imran Mehdi, Darren Hayton, Jose Siles, and Dong Wu 46923 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote SensingLarry J. Paxton, Yongliang Zhang, Hyosub Kil, and Robert K. Schaefer 487Index 523