Dr. Caroline Floccia is a Reader in Developmental Psychology at the University of Plymouth. She is primarily interested in early lexical and phonological development. She completed her Ph.D. at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris and was a lecturer at the Universitede Franche-Comte (France) until 2006.Dr. Tom Sambrook holds doctorates in primatology from the University of St. Andrews and neuroscience from the University of Plymouth. He is Lecturer in Psychology at the University of East Anglia.After a Ph.D. in cognitive science on referential processing and attachment ambiguities, Dr. Claire Delle Luche has been working on the acquisition of the child’s lexicon, focusing on variability in the input and phonological aspects. She is currently a Lecturer at the University of Essex.Dr. Rosa Kwok is a Research Associate at the Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement at Coventry University. Rosa’s research focuses on the interface between cognitive development and language impairment. She obtained her DPhil in Psychology from the University of York in 2014.Dr. Jeremy Goslin holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University in Sheffield and is currently an Associate Professor in Psychology at the University of Plymouth. His research interests are computational and neuroimaging approaches to psycholinguistics, and behavioral economics.Dr. Laurence White has been a Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Plymouth since 2011. He completed his Ph.D. in linguistics (Edinburgh, 2002) and carried out postdoctoral research on speech perception and production at the University of Bristol and SISSA, Trieste.Dr. Allegra Cattani obtained her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology at the University of Genova (Italy) in 1999. She is currently a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Plymouth and manager of the Plymouth Babylab. Her main research interests focus on early gestural and lexical development, and on the early screening of young children with language and communication needs.Emily Sullivan has a Masters in Behavioural Psychology from the University of Plymouth. Her research interests include the effects of infant-directed speech in young infants and homeopathic interventions on tantrum behavior in toddlers.Dr. Kirsten Abbot-Smith is Co-Director of the Kent Child Development Unit, University of Kent. She is currently primarily interested in pragmatic language development, language in individuals with autism, and how education professionals can accurately contribute to child language screening.Dr. Andrea Krott is a psycholinguist who conducted her Ph.D. project at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and was awarded her Ph.D. from the Radboud University in 2001. She is currently a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of Birmingham. Her current research interests are lexical development in children and cognitive advantages of bilingualism.Dr. Debra Mills, Ph.D., is a Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, Director of the Brain and Cognitive Development Lab, and Research Director of Tir na n-Og Child Development Centre and Nursery, in the School of Psychology at Bangor University. Her research interests are in the effects of language experience on cerebral organization for language and nonlanguage cognitive processes across the lifespan as well as links across genes, brain, and behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Williams syndrome.Prof. Caroline Rowland is the recently appointed Director of the Language Development Department at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, and a co-Director of the ESRC International Centre for Language and Communicative Development (www.lucid.ac.uk), a multi-million pound collaboration between the Universities of Manchester, Liverpool, Lancaster. Her research focuses on how children learn to communicate with language, how the developing brain supports this process, and how it is affected by cross-linguistic, cultural, and individual variation.Dr. Judit Gervain is a Senior Research Scientist at the CNRS, working at the Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception (CNRS & Universite Paris Descartes). Her research focuses on early speech perception and language acquisition.Prof. Kim Plunkett is Professor of Cognitive Science at Oxford University and Tutorial Fellow in Experimental Psychology at St Hugh’s College, Oxford. His main interest is in early lexical and cognitive development using experimental, neuro-imaging, and computational methods. He obtained his DPhil in Experimental Psychology from Sussex University in 1979 and was welcomed into the Academy of Social Sciences in 2013.Erika Hoff is Professor of Psychology at Florida Atlantic University. She is a developmental psychologist with interests in how language experience influences monolingual and bilingual development. She is currently the Principal Investigator on an ongoing longitudinal study of simultaneous Spanish-English bilingual development in children living in the United States.Cynthia Core is Associate Professor of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences at The George Washington University. She is an investigator (with Erika Hoff) on a longitudinal study of simultaneous bilingual language development of Spanish-English speaking children in the United States. She is a certified Speech-language Pathologist and Early Intervention Professional.

• CONTENTS7             I: INTRODUCTIONCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett30           II: METHODSCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett43           III: ANALYSES AND RESULTS FOR STUDY 1: ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF LINGUISTIC DISTANCE ON VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENTCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett61           IV: RESULTS FOR STUDIES 2 AND 3: THE UKBTAT MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO NONTARGET ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNERSCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett68           V: GENERAL DISCUSSIONCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett81           APPENDIX91           REFERENCES109        ACKNOWLEDGMENTSCOMMENTARY110        ADVANCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF YOUNG BILINGUALS: COMMENTS ON FLOCCIA ET AL.Erika Hoff and Cynthia Core124        CONTRIBUTORS127        SUBJECT INDEX

Dr. Caroline Floccia is a Reader in Developmental Psychology at the University of Plymouth. She is primarily interested in early lexical and phonological development. She completed her Ph.D. at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris and was a lecturer at the Universitede Franche-Comte (France) until 2006.Dr. Tom Sambrook holds doctorates in primatology from the University of St. Andrews and neuroscience from the University of Plymouth. He is Lecturer in Psychology at the University of East Anglia.After a Ph.D. in cognitive science on referential processing and attachment ambiguities, Dr. Claire Delle Luche has been working on the acquisition of the child’s lexicon, focusing on variability in the input and phonological aspects. She is currently a Lecturer at the University of Essex.Dr. Rosa Kwok is a Research Associate at the Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement at Coventry University. Rosa’s research focuses on the interface between cognitive development and language impairment. She obtained her DPhil in Psychology from the University of York in 2014.Dr. Jeremy Goslin holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University in Sheffield and is currently an Associate Professor in Psychology at the University of Plymouth. His research interests are computational and neuroimaging approaches to psycholinguistics, and behavioral economics.Dr. Laurence White has been a Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Plymouth since 2011. He completed his Ph.D. in linguistics (Edinburgh, 2002) and carried out postdoctoral research on speech perception and production at the University of Bristol and SISSA, Trieste.Dr. Allegra Cattani obtained her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology at the University of Genova (Italy) in 1999. She is currently a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Plymouth and manager of the Plymouth Babylab. Her main research interests focus on early gestural and lexical development, and on the early screening of young children with language and communication needs.Emily Sullivan has a Masters in Behavioural Psychology from the University of Plymouth. Her research interests include the effects of infant-directed speech in young infants and homeopathic interventions on tantrum behavior in toddlers.Dr. Kirsten Abbot-Smith is Co-Director of the Kent Child Development Unit, University of Kent. She is currently primarily interested in pragmatic language development, language in individuals with autism, and how education professionals can accurately contribute to child language screening.Dr. Andrea Krott is a psycholinguist who conducted her Ph.D. project at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and was awarded her Ph.D. from the Radboud University in 2001. She is currently a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of Birmingham. Her current research interests are lexical development in children and cognitive advantages of bilingualism.Dr. Debra Mills, Ph.D., is a Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, Director of the Brain and Cognitive Development Lab, and Research Director of Tir na n-Og Child Development Centre and Nursery, in the School of Psychology at Bangor University. Her research interests are in the effects of language experience on cerebral organization for language and nonlanguage cognitive processes across the lifespan as well as links across genes, brain, and behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Williams syndrome.Prof. Caroline Rowland is the recently appointed Director of the Language Development Department at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, and a co-Director of the ESRC International Centre for Language and Communicative Development (www.lucid.ac.uk), a multi-million pound collaboration between the Universities of Manchester, Liverpool, Lancaster. Her research focuses on how children learn to communicate with language, how the developing brain supports this process, and how it is affected by cross-linguistic, cultural, and individual variation.Dr. Judit Gervain is a Senior Research Scientist at the CNRS, working at the Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception (CNRS & Universite Paris Descartes). Her research focuses on early speech perception and language acquisition.Prof. Kim Plunkett is Professor of Cognitive Science at Oxford University and Tutorial Fellow in Experimental Psychology at St Hugh’s College, Oxford. His main interest is in early lexical and cognitive development using experimental, neuro-imaging, and computational methods. He obtained his DPhil in Experimental Psychology from Sussex University in 1979 and was welcomed into the Academy of Social Sciences in 2013.Erika Hoff is Professor of Psychology at Florida Atlantic University. She is a developmental psychologist with interests in how language experience influences monolingual and bilingual development. She is currently the Principal Investigator on an ongoing longitudinal study of simultaneous Spanish-English bilingual development in children living in the United States.Cynthia Core is Associate Professor of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences at The George Washington University. She is an investigator (with Erika Hoff) on a longitudinal study of simultaneous bilingual language development of Spanish-English speaking children in the United States. She is a certified Speech-language Pathologist and Early Intervention Professional.

• CONTENTS7             I: INTRODUCTIONCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett30           II: METHODSCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett43           III: ANALYSES AND RESULTS FOR STUDY 1: ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF LINGUISTIC DISTANCE ON VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENTCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett61           IV: RESULTS FOR STUDIES 2 AND 3: THE UKBTAT MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO NONTARGET ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNERSCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett68           V: GENERAL DISCUSSIONCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett81           APPENDIX91           REFERENCES109        ACKNOWLEDGMENTSCOMMENTARY110        ADVANCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF YOUNG BILINGUALS: COMMENTS ON FLOCCIA ET AL.Erika Hoff and Cynthia Core124        CONTRIBUTORS127        SUBJECT INDEX

Dr. Caroline Floccia is a Reader in Developmental Psychology at the University of Plymouth. She is primarily interested in early lexical and phonological development. She completed her Ph.D. at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris and was a lecturer at the Universitede Franche-Comte (France) until 2006.Dr. Tom Sambrook holds doctorates in primatology from the University of St. Andrews and neuroscience from the University of Plymouth. He is Lecturer in Psychology at the University of East Anglia.After a Ph.D. in cognitive science on referential processing and attachment ambiguities, Dr. Claire Delle Luche has been working on the acquisition of the child’s lexicon, focusing on variability in the input and phonological aspects. She is currently a Lecturer at the University of Essex.Dr. Rosa Kwok is a Research Associate at the Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement at Coventry University. Rosa’s research focuses on the interface between cognitive development and language impairment. She obtained her DPhil in Psychology from the University of York in 2014.Dr. Jeremy Goslin holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University in Sheffield and is currently an Associate Professor in Psychology at the University of Plymouth. His research interests are computational and neuroimaging approaches to psycholinguistics, and behavioral economics.Dr. Laurence White has been a Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Plymouth since 2011. He completed his Ph.D. in linguistics (Edinburgh, 2002) and carried out postdoctoral research on speech perception and production at the University of Bristol and SISSA, Trieste.Dr. Allegra Cattani obtained her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology at the University of Genova (Italy) in 1999. She is currently a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Plymouth and manager of the Plymouth Babylab. Her main research interests focus on early gestural and lexical development, and on the early screening of young children with language and communication needs.Emily Sullivan has a Masters in Behavioural Psychology from the University of Plymouth. Her research interests include the effects of infant-directed speech in young infants and homeopathic interventions on tantrum behavior in toddlers.Dr. Kirsten Abbot-Smith is Co-Director of the Kent Child Development Unit, University of Kent. She is currently primarily interested in pragmatic language development, language in individuals with autism, and how education professionals can accurately contribute to child language screening.Dr. Andrea Krott is a psycholinguist who conducted her Ph.D. project at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and was awarded her Ph.D. from the Radboud University in 2001. She is currently a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of Birmingham. Her current research interests are lexical development in children and cognitive advantages of bilingualism.Dr. Debra Mills, Ph.D., is a Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience, Director of the Brain and Cognitive Development Lab, and Research Director of Tir na n-Og Child Development Centre and Nursery, in the School of Psychology at Bangor University. Her research interests are in the effects of language experience on cerebral organization for language and nonlanguage cognitive processes across the lifespan as well as links across genes, brain, and behavior in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Williams syndrome.Prof. Caroline Rowland is the recently appointed Director of the Language Development Department at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, and a co-Director of the ESRC International Centre for Language and Communicative Development (www.lucid.ac.uk), a multi-million pound collaboration between the Universities of Manchester, Liverpool, Lancaster. Her research focuses on how children learn to communicate with language, how the developing brain supports this process, and how it is affected by cross-linguistic, cultural, and individual variation.Dr. Judit Gervain is a Senior Research Scientist at the CNRS, working at the Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception (CNRS & Universite Paris Descartes). Her research focuses on early speech perception and language acquisition.Prof. Kim Plunkett is Professor of Cognitive Science at Oxford University and Tutorial Fellow in Experimental Psychology at St Hugh’s College, Oxford. His main interest is in early lexical and cognitive development using experimental, neuro-imaging, and computational methods. He obtained his DPhil in Experimental Psychology from Sussex University in 1979 and was welcomed into the Academy of Social Sciences in 2013.Erika Hoff is Professor of Psychology at Florida Atlantic University. She is a developmental psychologist with interests in how language experience influences monolingual and bilingual development. She is currently the Principal Investigator on an ongoing longitudinal study of simultaneous Spanish-English bilingual development in children living in the United States.Cynthia Core is Associate Professor of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences at The George Washington University. She is an investigator (with Erika Hoff) on a longitudinal study of simultaneous bilingual language development of Spanish-English speaking children in the United States. She is a certified Speech-language Pathologist and Early Intervention Professional.

• CONTENTS7             I: INTRODUCTIONCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett30           II: METHODSCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett43           III: ANALYSES AND RESULTS FOR STUDY 1: ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF LINGUISTIC DISTANCE ON VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENTCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett61           IV: RESULTS FOR STUDIES 2 AND 3: THE UKBTAT MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION TO NONTARGET ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNERSCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett68           V: GENERAL DISCUSSIONCaroline Floccia, Thomas D. Sambrook, Claire Delle Luche, Rosa Kwok, Jeremy Goslin, Laurence White, Allegra Cattani, Emily Sullivan, Kirsten Abbot-Smith, Andrea Krott, Debbie Mills, Caroline Rowland, Judit Gervain, and Kim Plunkett81           APPENDIX91           REFERENCES109        ACKNOWLEDGMENTSCOMMENTARY110        ADVANCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF YOUNG BILINGUALS: COMMENTS ON FLOCCIA ET AL.Erika Hoff and Cynthia Core124        CONTRIBUTORS127        SUBJECT INDEX