Research in Psychology Methods and Design, 8e Custom Edition

Häftad, Engelska, 2018

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Beskrivning

An approachable, coherent, and important text, Research in Psychology: Methods and Design, 8th Edition continues to provide its readers with a clear, concise look at psychological science, experimental methods, and correlational research in this newly updated version. Helpful learning aids, step-by-step instructions, and detailed examples of real research studies makes the material easy to read and student-friendly.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2018-02-23
Mått:200 x 255 x 15 mm
Vikt:864 g
Format:Häftad
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:480
Upplaga:8
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781119510239

Utforska kategorier

Psykologi inom Psykologi och pedagogik

Innehållsförteckning

Summary of Research ExamplesPreface1 Scientific Thinking in Psychology Why Take This Course?Ways of KnowingAuthorityUse of ReasonEmpiricismThe Ways of Knowing and ScienceScience as a Way of KnowingScience Assumes DeterminismScience Makes Systematic ObservationsScience Produces Public KnowledgeBox 1.1: ORIGINS—A Taste of IntrospectionScience Produces Data]Based ConclusionsScience Produces Tentative ConclusionsScience Asks Answerable QuestionsScience Develops Theories That Can Be FalsifiedPsychological Science and PseudoscienceRecognizing PseudoscienceAssociates with True ScienceBox 1.2: CLASSIC STUDIES—Falsifying PhrenologyRelies on Anecdotal EvidenceSidesteps the Falsification RequirementReduce Complex Phenomena to Overly Simplistic ConceptsThe Goals of Research in PsychologyDescribePredictExplainApplyA Passion for Research in PsychologyEleanor Gibson (1910–2002)B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)2 Ethics in Psychological Research Box 2.1: CLASSIC STUDIES—Infants at RiskDeveloping a Code of Ethics for Psychological ScienceEthical Guidelines for Research with HumansWeighing Benefits and Costs: The Role of the IRBInformed Consent and Deception in ResearchBox 2.2: ETHICS—Historical Problems with Informed ConsentInformed Consent and Special PopulationsUse of DeceptionTreating Participants WellResearch Ethics and the InternetEthical Guidelines for Research with AnimalsAnimal RightsBox 2.3: ORIGINS—Antivivisection and the APAUsing Animals in Psychological ResearchThe APA Code for Animal ResearchJustifying the StudyCaring for the AnimalsUsing Animals for Educational PurposesScientific FraudData Falsification3 Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology Varieties of Psychological ResearchThe Goals: Basic versus Applied ResearchThe Setting: Laboratory versus Field ResearchResearch Example 1—Combining Laboratory and Field StudiesThe Data: Quantitative versus Qualitative ResearchAsking Empirical QuestionsOperational DefinitionsDeveloping Research from Observations of Behavior and SerendipityBox 3.1: ORIGINS—Serendipity and Edge DetectorsDeveloping Research from TheoryThe Nature of TheoryThe Relationship between Theory and ResearchAttributes of Good TheoriesFalsificationBox 3.2: CLASSIC STUDIES—Falsification and Der Kluge HansParsimonyCommon Misunderstandings about TheoryDeveloping Research from Other ResearchResearch Teams and the “What’s Next?” QuestionResearch Example 2 – “What’s Next?”ReplicationBox 3.3: ETHICS—Questionable Research Practices and Replication RemediesCreative Thinking in ScienceReviewing the LiteratureComputerized Database SearchesSearch TipsSearch Results4 Sampling, Measurement, and Hypothesis Testing Who to Measure—Sampling ProceduresProbability SamplingRandom SamplingStratified SamplingCluster SamplingNonprobability SamplingWhat to Measure—Varieties of BehaviorDeveloping Measures from ConstructsResearch Example 3—Testing Constructs Using HabituationResearch Example 4—Testing Constructs Using Reaction TimeBox 4.1: ORIGINS—Reaction Time: From Mental Chronometry to Mental RotationEvaluating MeasuresReliabilityValidityResearch Example 5—Construct ValidityReliability and ValidityScales of MeasurementNominal ScalesOrdinal ScalesInterval ScalesBox 4.2: CLASSIC STUDIES—Measuring Somatotypes on an Interval Scale: Hoping for 4-4-4Ratio ScalesStatistical AnalysisDescriptive and Inferential StatisticsDescriptive StatisticsBox 4.3: ETHICS—Statistics that MisleadInferential StatisticsNull Hypothesis Significance TestingType I and Type II ErrorsInterpreting Failures to Reject H0Beyond Null Hypothesis Significance TestingEffect SizeConfidence IntervalsPower5 Introduction to Experimental Research Essential Features of Experimental ResearchBox 5.1: ORIGINS—John Stuart Mill and the Rules of Inductive LogicEstablishing Independent VariablesVarieties of Manipulated Independent VariablesControl GroupsResearch Example 6—Experimental and Control GroupsControlling Extraneous VariablesMeasuring Dependent VariablesSubject VariablesResearch Example 7—Using Subject VariablesDrawing Conclusions When Using Subject VariablesBox 5.2: CLASSIC STUDIES—Bobo Dolls and AggressionThe Validity of Experimental ResearchStatistical Conclusion ValidityConstruct ValidityExternal ValidityOther PopulationsBox 5.3: ETHICS—Recruiting Participants: Everyone’s in the PoolOther EnvironmentsOther TimesA Note of Caution about External ValidityInternal ValidityThreats to Internal ValidityStudies Extending Over TimeHistory and MaturationRegression to the MeanTesting and InstrumentationParticipant ProblemsSubject Selection EffectsAttritionA Final Note on Internal Validity, Confounding, and External Validity6 Methodological Control in Experimental Research Between]Subjects DesignsCreating Equivalent GroupsRandom AssignmentMatchingWithin]Subjects DesignsControlling Order EffectsTesting Once per ConditionComplete CounterbalancingPartial CounterbalancingTesting More than Once per ConditionReverse CounterbalancingBlock RandomizationResearch Example 8—Counterbalancing with Block RandomizationMethodological Control in Developmental ResearchBox 6.1: CLASSIC STUDIES—The Record for Repeated MeasuresControlling for the Effects of BiasExperimenter BiasControlling for Experimenter BiasResearch Example 9—Using a Double Blind ProcedureParticipant BiasBox 6.2: ORIGINS—Productivity at Western ElectricResearch Example 10—Demand CharacteristicsControlling for Participant BiasBox 6.3: ETHICS—Research Participants Have Responsibilities Too7 Experimental Design I: Single]Factor Designs Single Factor—Two LevelsBetween]Subjects, Single]Factor DesignsResearch Example 11—Two-Level Independent Groups DesignResearch Example 12— Two-Level Matched Groups DesignResearch Example 13— Two-Level Ex Post Facto DesignWithin]Subjects, Single]Factor DesignsBox 7.1: CLASSIC STUDIES—Psychology’s Most Widely Replicated Finding?Research Example 14—Two-Level Repeated Measures DesignSingle Factor—More Than Two LevelsBetween]Subjects, Multilevel DesignsResearch Example 15—Multilevel Independent Groups DesignWithin]Subjects, Multilevel DesignsResearch Example 16—Multilevel Repeated Measures DesignAnalyzing Data from Single]Factor DesignsPresenting the DataTypes of GraphsBox 7.2: ORIGINS—The Ebbinghaus Forgetting CurveAnalyzing the DataStatistics for Single-Factor, Two-Level DesignsStatistics for Single-Factor, Two-Level DesignsSpecial]Purpose Control Group DesignsPlacebo Control Group DesignsWait List Control Group DesignsBox 7.3: ETHICS—Who’s in the Control Group?Research Example 17—Using Both Placebo and Wait List Control GroupsYoked Control Group DesignsResearch Example 18—A Yoked Control Group8 Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs Essentials of Factorial DesignsIdentifying Factorial DesignsOutcomes—Main Effects and InteractionsMain EffectsResearch Example 19—Main EffectsInteractionsResearch Example 20—An Interaction with No Main EffectsInteractions Sometimes Trump Main EffectsCombinations of Main Effects and InteractionsCreating Graphs for the Results of Factorial DesignsBox 8.1: CLASSIC STUDIES—To Sleep, Perchance to RecallVarieties of Factorial DesignsMixed Factorial DesignsResearch Example 21—A Mixed Factorial with CounterbalancingResearch Example 22—A Mixed Factorial without CounterbalancingFactorials with Subject and Manipulated Variables: P × E DesignsResearch Example 23—A Factorial Design with a P × E InteractionResearch Example 24—A Mixed P × E Factorial with Two Main EffectsRecruiting Participants for Factorial DesignsBox 8.2: ETHICS—On Being a Competent and Ethical ResearcherAnalyzing Data from Factorial DesignsBox 8.3: ORIGINS—Factorials Down on the Farm9 Non]Experimental Design I: Survey Methods Survey ResearchBox 9.1: ORIGINS—Creating the “Questionary”Sampling Issues in Survey ResearchSurveys versus Psychological AssessmentCreating an Effective SurveyTypes of Survey Questions or StatementsAssessing Memory and KnowledgeAdding Demographic InformationA Key Problem: Survey WordingCollecting Survey DataIn-Person InterviewsMailed Written SurveysPhone SurveysOnline SurveysEthical ConsiderationsBox 9.2: ETHICS—Using and Abusing SurveysResearch Example 25—A Survey of College Students’ Study StrategiesAnalyzing Data from Non]Experimental MethodsCorrelation: Describing RelationshipsScatterplotsCorrelation CoefficientsCoefficient of DeterminationBe Aware of OutliersRegression: Making PredictionsResearch Example 26 – Regression and Multiple RegressionInterpreting Correlational ResultsDirectionalityResearch Example 27—Correlations and DirectionalityThird VariablesCombining Non]Experimental and Experimental MethodsResearch Example 28—Combining Methods10 Non]Experimental Design II: Observational and Archival Methods Observational ResearchVarieties of Observational ResearchNaturalistic ObservationParticipant ObservationBox 10.1: CLASSIC STUDIES—When Prophecy FailsChallenges Facing Observational MethodsAbsence of ControlObserver BiasParticipant ReactivityEthicsBox 10.2: ETHICS—A Matter of PrivacyResearch Example 29—A Naturalistic ObservationResearch Example 30—A Covert Participant ObservationAnalyzing Qualitative Data from Non]Experimental DesignsArchival ResearchArchival DataResearch Example 31—A Non-Experimental DesignUsing Archival DataAnalyzing Archival DataMeta]Analysis—A Special Case of Archival ResearchResearch Example 32—Meta-analysis and Psychology’s First Registered Replication Report (RRR)11 Quasi]Experimental Designs and Applied Research Beyond the LaboratoryResearch Example 33—Applied ResearchApplied Psychology in Historical ContextBox 11.1: CLASSIC STUDIES—The Hollingworth’s, Applied Psychology, and Coca-ColaDesign Problems in Applied ResearchQuasi]Experimental DesignsNonequivalent Control Group DesignsOutcomesRegression to the Mean and MatchingResearch Example 34—A Nonequivalent Control Group DesignResearch Example 35—A Nonequivalent Control Group Design Without PretestsInterrupted Time Series DesignsOutcomesResearch Example 36—An Interrupted Time Series DesignVariations on the Basic Time Series DesignProgram EvaluationBox 11.2: ORIGINS—Reforms as ExperimentsPlanning for Programs—Needs AnalysisResearch Example 37—Assessing Need in Program EvaluationMonitoring Programs—Formative EvaluationEvaluating Outcomes—Summative EvaluationWeighing Costs—Cost]Effectiveness AnalysisA Note on Qualitative Data AnalysisBox 11.3: ETHICS—Evaluation Research and Ethics12 Small N DesignsResearch in Psychology Began with Small NBox 12.1: ORIGINS—Cats in Puzzle BoxesReasons for Small N DesignsOccasional Misleading Results from Statistical Summaries of Grouped DataPractical and Philosophical Problems with Large N DesignsThe Experimental Analysis of BehaviorApplied Behavior AnalysisBox 12.2: ETHICS—Controlling Human BehaviorSmall N Designs in Applied Behavior AnalysisElements of Single]Subject DesignsWithdrawal DesignsResearch Example 38—An A–B–A–B DesignMultiple Baseline DesignsResearch Example 39—A Multiple Baseline DesignChanging Criterion DesignsResearch Example 40—A Changing Criterion DesignAlternating Treatments DesignsResearch Example 41—An Alternating Treatments DesignEvaluating Single]Subject DesignsCase Study DesignsResearch Example 42—A Case StudyBox 12.3: CLASSIC STUDIES—The Mind of a MnemonistEvaluating Case StudiesEpilogue: What I Learned in My Research Methods CourseAppendix A Communicating the Results of Research in PsychologyResearch Reports and APA-StyleGeneral GuidelinesWriting StyleUsing NumbersReducing Bias in LanguageAvoiding PlagiarismMain Sections of the Research ReportPresentations and PostersTips for Presenting a PaperTips for Presenting a PosterAppendix B Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Applications ExercisesChapter 1. Scientific Thinking in PsychologyChapter 2. Ethics in Psychological ResearchChapter 3. Developing Ideas for Research in PsychologyChapter 4. Sampling, Measurement, and Hypothesis TestingChapter 5. Introduction to Experimental ResearchChapter 6. Methodological Control in Experimental ResearchChapter 7. Experimental Design I: Single]Factor DesignsChapter 8. Experimental Design II: Factorial DesignsChapter 9. Non]Experimental Design I: Survey MethodsChapter 10. Non]Experimental Design II: Observational and Archival MethodsChapter 11. Quasi]Experimental Designs and Applied ResearchChapter 12. Small N DesignsAppendix A. Communicating the Results of Research in PsychologyGlossaryReferencesIndex