ALEXANDER KOSSIAKOFF (deceased) was a former Director and Chief Scientist of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and Program Chair of the MS program in Systems Engineering and Technical Management at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. SAMUEL J. SEYMOUR, PHD, (retired) former Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. He served as Systems Engineering Vice Chair under Professor Kossiakoff for over 15 years and was the lead author of the Second Edition. DAVID A. FLANIGAN, PHD, is the Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. STEVEN M. BIEMER is a Professor at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering where he teaches Systems Engineering courses. Professor Biemer assisted Professor Kossiakoff in developing the first edition of this book.

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• LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XVLIST OF TABLES XIXPREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION XXIPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXVPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XXIXPART I FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 11 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS 31.1 What is Systems Engineering? 31.2 The Systems Engineering Landscape 51.3 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 91.4 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 121.5 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering 161.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products 201.7 Systems Engineering as a Profession 201.8 Systems Engineer Career Development Model 241.9 Summary 272 STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 332.1 System Elements and Interfaces 332.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems 342.3 System Building Blocks 382.4 The System Environment 432.5 Interfaces and Interactions 512.6 Complexity in Modern Systems 542.7 Summary 573 THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 613.1 Systems Engineering Through the System Life Cycle 613.2 System Life Cycle 623.3 Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process 743.4 The Systems Engineering Method 813.5 Testing Throughout System Development 943.6 Summary 964 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 1014.1 Managing System Development 1014.2 Work Breakdown Structure 1034.3 Systems Engineering Management Plan 1084.4 Organization of Systems Engineering 1114.5 Summary 115PART II CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STAGE 1195 NEEDS ANALYSIS 1215.1 Originating a New System 1215.2 Systems Thinking 1305.3 Operations Analysis 1325.4 Feasibility Definition 1435.5 Needs Validation 1455.6 Summary 1496 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 1536.1 Developing the System Requirements 1536.2 Requirements Development and Sources 1576.3 Requirements Features and Attributes 1606.4 Requirements Development Process 1636.5 Requirements Hierarchy 1676.6 Requirements Metrics 1756.7 Requirements Verification and Validation 1776.8 Requirements Development: TSE vs. Agile 1796.9 Summary 1797 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 1837.1 Selecting the System Concept 1837.2 Functional Analysis and Formulation 1887.3 Functional Allocation 1947.4 Functional Analysis Products 1977.5 Traceability to Requirements 2027.6 Concept Development Space 2047.7 Summary 2068 EVALUATION AND SELECTION 2098.1 Evaluating and Selecting the System Concept 2098.2 Alternatives Analysis 2108.3 Operations Research Techniques 2148.4 Economics and Affordability 2188.5 Events and Decisions for Consideration 2228.6 Alternative Concept Development and Concept Selection 2248.7 Concept Validation 2298.8 Traditional vs. Agile SE Approach to Concept Evaluation 2308.9 Summary 2319 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING 2359.1 Architecture Introduction 2359.2 Types of Architecture 2369.3 Architecture Frameworks 2419.4 Architectural Views 2449.5 Architecture Development 2469.6 Architecture Traceability 2479.7 Architecture Validation 2489.8 Summary 24910 MODEL]BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (MBSE) 25310.1 MBSE Introduction 25310.2 MBSE Languages 25910.3 MBSE Tools 26010.4 MBSE Used in the SE Life Cycle 26210.5 Examples 26310.6 Summary 26711 DECISION ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT 27511.1 Decision Making 27611.2 Modeling Throughout System Development 28211.3 Modeling for Decisions 28211.4 Simulation 28711.5 Trade]Off Analysis 29611.6 Evaluation Methods 31311.7 Summary 32112 RISK MANAGEMENT 32712.1 Risk Management in the SE Life Cycle 32712.2 Risk Management 32812.3 Risk Traceability/Allocation 33712.4 Risk Analysis Techniques 33812.5 Summary 345PART III ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT PHASE 34913 ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT 35113.1 Reducing Uncertainties 35113.2 Requirements Analysis 35613.3 Functional Analysis and Design 36113.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique 36713.5 Development Testing 37613.6 Risk Reduction 38513.7 Summary 38714 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 39314.1 Components of Software 39414.2 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction 39414.3 Nature of Software Development 39814.4 Software Development Life Cycle Models 40314.5 Software Concept Development: Analysis and Design 41214.6 Software Engineering Development: Coding and Unit Test 42414.7 Software Integration and Test 43214.8 Software Engineering Management 43514.9 Summary 44215 ENGINEERING DESIGN 44915.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks 44915.2 Requirements Analysis 45415.3 Functional Analysis and Design 45615.4 Component Design 46015.5 Design Validation 47315.6 Configuration Management 47815.7 Summary 48116 SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 48516.1 Integrating the Total System 48516.2 System Integration Hierarchy 48816.3 Types of Integration 49216.4 Integration Planning 49416.5 Integration Facilities 49416.6 Summary 49617 TEST AND EVALUATION 49917.1 Testing and Evaluating the Total System 49917.2 Developmental System Testing 50917.3 Operational Test and Evaluation 51517.4 Human Factors Testing 52317.5 Test Planning and Preparation 52417.6 Test Traceability 52917.7 System of Systems Testing 52917.8 Summary 530PART IV POST]DEVELOPMENT STAGE 53718 PRODUCTION 53918.1 Systems Engineering in the Factory 53918.2 Engineering for Production 54118.3 Transition from Development to Production 54518.4 Production Operations 54918.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base 55418.6 Summary 55719 OPERATION AND SUPPORT 56119.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System 56119.2 Installation and Test 56419.3 In]Service Support 56919.4 Major System Upgrades: Modernization 57319.5 Operational Factors in System Development 57719.6 Summary 58020 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 58320.1 System of Systems Engineering 58320.2 Differences Between SOS and TSE 58420.3 Types of SOS 58720.4 Attributes of SOS 59020.5 Challenges to System of Systems Engineering 59120.6 Summary 593PART V SYSTEMS DOMAINS 59721 ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 59921.1 Enterprise Systems Engineering 59921.2 Definitions of Enterprise Systems Engineering 60021.3 Processes and Components of Enterprise Systems Engineering 60321.4 Enterprise Systems Engineering Applications to Domains 60521.5 Challenges to Enterprise Systems Engineering 60621.6 Summary 60722 SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING 61122.1 Systems Security Engineering 61122.2 Types of Security 61322.3 Security Applications to Systems Engineering 61622.4 Security Applications to Domains 61922.5 Security Validation and Analysis 62122.6 Summary 62123 THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 62723.1 Introduction and Motivation 62723.2 Areas to Apply the Systems Engineering Approach 63023.3 Education for the Future Systems Engineer 63223.4 Concluding Remarks 63423.5 Summary 635Problems 636Further Reading 636INDEX 639WILEY SERIES IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 000

ALEXANDER KOSSIAKOFF (deceased) was a former Director and Chief Scientist of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and Program Chair of the MS program in Systems Engineering and Technical Management at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. SAMUEL J. SEYMOUR, PHD, (retired) former Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. He served as Systems Engineering Vice Chair under Professor Kossiakoff for over 15 years and was the lead author of the Second Edition. DAVID A. FLANIGAN, PHD, is the Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. STEVEN M. BIEMER is a Professor at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering where he teaches Systems Engineering courses. Professor Biemer assisted Professor Kossiakoff in developing the first edition of this book.

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• LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XVLIST OF TABLES XIXPREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION XXIPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXVPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XXIXPART I FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 11 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS 31.1 What is Systems Engineering? 31.2 The Systems Engineering Landscape 51.3 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 91.4 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 121.5 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering 161.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products 201.7 Systems Engineering as a Profession 201.8 Systems Engineer Career Development Model 241.9 Summary 272 STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 332.1 System Elements and Interfaces 332.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems 342.3 System Building Blocks 382.4 The System Environment 432.5 Interfaces and Interactions 512.6 Complexity in Modern Systems 542.7 Summary 573 THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 613.1 Systems Engineering Through the System Life Cycle 613.2 System Life Cycle 623.3 Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process 743.4 The Systems Engineering Method 813.5 Testing Throughout System Development 943.6 Summary 964 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 1014.1 Managing System Development 1014.2 Work Breakdown Structure 1034.3 Systems Engineering Management Plan 1084.4 Organization of Systems Engineering 1114.5 Summary 115PART II CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STAGE 1195 NEEDS ANALYSIS 1215.1 Originating a New System 1215.2 Systems Thinking 1305.3 Operations Analysis 1325.4 Feasibility Definition 1435.5 Needs Validation 1455.6 Summary 1496 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 1536.1 Developing the System Requirements 1536.2 Requirements Development and Sources 1576.3 Requirements Features and Attributes 1606.4 Requirements Development Process 1636.5 Requirements Hierarchy 1676.6 Requirements Metrics 1756.7 Requirements Verification and Validation 1776.8 Requirements Development: TSE vs. Agile 1796.9 Summary 1797 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 1837.1 Selecting the System Concept 1837.2 Functional Analysis and Formulation 1887.3 Functional Allocation 1947.4 Functional Analysis Products 1977.5 Traceability to Requirements 2027.6 Concept Development Space 2047.7 Summary 2068 EVALUATION AND SELECTION 2098.1 Evaluating and Selecting the System Concept 2098.2 Alternatives Analysis 2108.3 Operations Research Techniques 2148.4 Economics and Affordability 2188.5 Events and Decisions for Consideration 2228.6 Alternative Concept Development and Concept Selection 2248.7 Concept Validation 2298.8 Traditional vs. Agile SE Approach to Concept Evaluation 2308.9 Summary 2319 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING 2359.1 Architecture Introduction 2359.2 Types of Architecture 2369.3 Architecture Frameworks 2419.4 Architectural Views 2449.5 Architecture Development 2469.6 Architecture Traceability 2479.7 Architecture Validation 2489.8 Summary 24910 MODEL]BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (MBSE) 25310.1 MBSE Introduction 25310.2 MBSE Languages 25910.3 MBSE Tools 26010.4 MBSE Used in the SE Life Cycle 26210.5 Examples 26310.6 Summary 26711 DECISION ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT 27511.1 Decision Making 27611.2 Modeling Throughout System Development 28211.3 Modeling for Decisions 28211.4 Simulation 28711.5 Trade]Off Analysis 29611.6 Evaluation Methods 31311.7 Summary 32112 RISK MANAGEMENT 32712.1 Risk Management in the SE Life Cycle 32712.2 Risk Management 32812.3 Risk Traceability/Allocation 33712.4 Risk Analysis Techniques 33812.5 Summary 345PART III ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT PHASE 34913 ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT 35113.1 Reducing Uncertainties 35113.2 Requirements Analysis 35613.3 Functional Analysis and Design 36113.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique 36713.5 Development Testing 37613.6 Risk Reduction 38513.7 Summary 38714 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 39314.1 Components of Software 39414.2 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction 39414.3 Nature of Software Development 39814.4 Software Development Life Cycle Models 40314.5 Software Concept Development: Analysis and Design 41214.6 Software Engineering Development: Coding and Unit Test 42414.7 Software Integration and Test 43214.8 Software Engineering Management 43514.9 Summary 44215 ENGINEERING DESIGN 44915.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks 44915.2 Requirements Analysis 45415.3 Functional Analysis and Design 45615.4 Component Design 46015.5 Design Validation 47315.6 Configuration Management 47815.7 Summary 48116 SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 48516.1 Integrating the Total System 48516.2 System Integration Hierarchy 48816.3 Types of Integration 49216.4 Integration Planning 49416.5 Integration Facilities 49416.6 Summary 49617 TEST AND EVALUATION 49917.1 Testing and Evaluating the Total System 49917.2 Developmental System Testing 50917.3 Operational Test and Evaluation 51517.4 Human Factors Testing 52317.5 Test Planning and Preparation 52417.6 Test Traceability 52917.7 System of Systems Testing 52917.8 Summary 530PART IV POST]DEVELOPMENT STAGE 53718 PRODUCTION 53918.1 Systems Engineering in the Factory 53918.2 Engineering for Production 54118.3 Transition from Development to Production 54518.4 Production Operations 54918.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base 55418.6 Summary 55719 OPERATION AND SUPPORT 56119.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System 56119.2 Installation and Test 56419.3 In]Service Support 56919.4 Major System Upgrades: Modernization 57319.5 Operational Factors in System Development 57719.6 Summary 58020 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 58320.1 System of Systems Engineering 58320.2 Differences Between SOS and TSE 58420.3 Types of SOS 58720.4 Attributes of SOS 59020.5 Challenges to System of Systems Engineering 59120.6 Summary 593PART V SYSTEMS DOMAINS 59721 ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 59921.1 Enterprise Systems Engineering 59921.2 Definitions of Enterprise Systems Engineering 60021.3 Processes and Components of Enterprise Systems Engineering 60321.4 Enterprise Systems Engineering Applications to Domains 60521.5 Challenges to Enterprise Systems Engineering 60621.6 Summary 60722 SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING 61122.1 Systems Security Engineering 61122.2 Types of Security 61322.3 Security Applications to Systems Engineering 61622.4 Security Applications to Domains 61922.5 Security Validation and Analysis 62122.6 Summary 62123 THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 62723.1 Introduction and Motivation 62723.2 Areas to Apply the Systems Engineering Approach 63023.3 Education for the Future Systems Engineer 63223.4 Concluding Remarks 63423.5 Summary 635Problems 636Further Reading 636INDEX 639WILEY SERIES IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 000

ALEXANDER KOSSIAKOFF (deceased) was a former Director and Chief Scientist of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and Program Chair of the MS program in Systems Engineering and Technical Management at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. SAMUEL J. SEYMOUR, PHD, (retired) former Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. He served as Systems Engineering Vice Chair under Professor Kossiakoff for over 15 years and was the lead author of the Second Edition. DAVID A. FLANIGAN, PHD, is the Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. STEVEN M. BIEMER is a Professor at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering where he teaches Systems Engineering courses. Professor Biemer assisted Professor Kossiakoff in developing the first edition of this book.

Select Guide Rating

• LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XVLIST OF TABLES XIXPREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION XXIPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXVPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XXIXPART I FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 11 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS 31.1 What is Systems Engineering? 31.2 The Systems Engineering Landscape 51.3 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 91.4 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 121.5 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering 161.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products 201.7 Systems Engineering as a Profession 201.8 Systems Engineer Career Development Model 241.9 Summary 272 STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 332.1 System Elements and Interfaces 332.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems 342.3 System Building Blocks 382.4 The System Environment 432.5 Interfaces and Interactions 512.6 Complexity in Modern Systems 542.7 Summary 573 THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 613.1 Systems Engineering Through the System Life Cycle 613.2 System Life Cycle 623.3 Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process 743.4 The Systems Engineering Method 813.5 Testing Throughout System Development 943.6 Summary 964 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 1014.1 Managing System Development 1014.2 Work Breakdown Structure 1034.3 Systems Engineering Management Plan 1084.4 Organization of Systems Engineering 1114.5 Summary 115PART II CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STAGE 1195 NEEDS ANALYSIS 1215.1 Originating a New System 1215.2 Systems Thinking 1305.3 Operations Analysis 1325.4 Feasibility Definition 1435.5 Needs Validation 1455.6 Summary 1496 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 1536.1 Developing the System Requirements 1536.2 Requirements Development and Sources 1576.3 Requirements Features and Attributes 1606.4 Requirements Development Process 1636.5 Requirements Hierarchy 1676.6 Requirements Metrics 1756.7 Requirements Verification and Validation 1776.8 Requirements Development: TSE vs. Agile 1796.9 Summary 1797 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 1837.1 Selecting the System Concept 1837.2 Functional Analysis and Formulation 1887.3 Functional Allocation 1947.4 Functional Analysis Products 1977.5 Traceability to Requirements 2027.6 Concept Development Space 2047.7 Summary 2068 EVALUATION AND SELECTION 2098.1 Evaluating and Selecting the System Concept 2098.2 Alternatives Analysis 2108.3 Operations Research Techniques 2148.4 Economics and Affordability 2188.5 Events and Decisions for Consideration 2228.6 Alternative Concept Development and Concept Selection 2248.7 Concept Validation 2298.8 Traditional vs. Agile SE Approach to Concept Evaluation 2308.9 Summary 2319 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING 2359.1 Architecture Introduction 2359.2 Types of Architecture 2369.3 Architecture Frameworks 2419.4 Architectural Views 2449.5 Architecture Development 2469.6 Architecture Traceability 2479.7 Architecture Validation 2489.8 Summary 24910 MODEL]BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (MBSE) 25310.1 MBSE Introduction 25310.2 MBSE Languages 25910.3 MBSE Tools 26010.4 MBSE Used in the SE Life Cycle 26210.5 Examples 26310.6 Summary 26711 DECISION ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT 27511.1 Decision Making 27611.2 Modeling Throughout System Development 28211.3 Modeling for Decisions 28211.4 Simulation 28711.5 Trade]Off Analysis 29611.6 Evaluation Methods 31311.7 Summary 32112 RISK MANAGEMENT 32712.1 Risk Management in the SE Life Cycle 32712.2 Risk Management 32812.3 Risk Traceability/Allocation 33712.4 Risk Analysis Techniques 33812.5 Summary 345PART III ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT PHASE 34913 ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT 35113.1 Reducing Uncertainties 35113.2 Requirements Analysis 35613.3 Functional Analysis and Design 36113.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique 36713.5 Development Testing 37613.6 Risk Reduction 38513.7 Summary 38714 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 39314.1 Components of Software 39414.2 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction 39414.3 Nature of Software Development 39814.4 Software Development Life Cycle Models 40314.5 Software Concept Development: Analysis and Design 41214.6 Software Engineering Development: Coding and Unit Test 42414.7 Software Integration and Test 43214.8 Software Engineering Management 43514.9 Summary 44215 ENGINEERING DESIGN 44915.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks 44915.2 Requirements Analysis 45415.3 Functional Analysis and Design 45615.4 Component Design 46015.5 Design Validation 47315.6 Configuration Management 47815.7 Summary 48116 SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 48516.1 Integrating the Total System 48516.2 System Integration Hierarchy 48816.3 Types of Integration 49216.4 Integration Planning 49416.5 Integration Facilities 49416.6 Summary 49617 TEST AND EVALUATION 49917.1 Testing and Evaluating the Total System 49917.2 Developmental System Testing 50917.3 Operational Test and Evaluation 51517.4 Human Factors Testing 52317.5 Test Planning and Preparation 52417.6 Test Traceability 52917.7 System of Systems Testing 52917.8 Summary 530PART IV POST]DEVELOPMENT STAGE 53718 PRODUCTION 53918.1 Systems Engineering in the Factory 53918.2 Engineering for Production 54118.3 Transition from Development to Production 54518.4 Production Operations 54918.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base 55418.6 Summary 55719 OPERATION AND SUPPORT 56119.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System 56119.2 Installation and Test 56419.3 In]Service Support 56919.4 Major System Upgrades: Modernization 57319.5 Operational Factors in System Development 57719.6 Summary 58020 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 58320.1 System of Systems Engineering 58320.2 Differences Between SOS and TSE 58420.3 Types of SOS 58720.4 Attributes of SOS 59020.5 Challenges to System of Systems Engineering 59120.6 Summary 593PART V SYSTEMS DOMAINS 59721 ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 59921.1 Enterprise Systems Engineering 59921.2 Definitions of Enterprise Systems Engineering 60021.3 Processes and Components of Enterprise Systems Engineering 60321.4 Enterprise Systems Engineering Applications to Domains 60521.5 Challenges to Enterprise Systems Engineering 60621.6 Summary 60722 SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING 61122.1 Systems Security Engineering 61122.2 Types of Security 61322.3 Security Applications to Systems Engineering 61622.4 Security Applications to Domains 61922.5 Security Validation and Analysis 62122.6 Summary 62123 THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 62723.1 Introduction and Motivation 62723.2 Areas to Apply the Systems Engineering Approach 63023.3 Education for the Future Systems Engineer 63223.4 Concluding Remarks 63423.5 Summary 635Problems 636Further Reading 636INDEX 639WILEY SERIES IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 000