REZA K. AMINEH, PHD, is an Assistant Professor at the New York Institute of Technology. NATALIA K. NIKOLOVA, PHD, is a tenured Professor at McMaster University. MARYAM RAVAN, PHD, is an Assistant Professor at the New York Institute of Technology.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Some Emerging Applications of MMI 21.2 Quantitative Versus Qualitative MMI 71.3 Advantages of Holographic MMI Techniques 101.4 Chronological Developments in the Holographic MMI Techniques 111.5 Future Outlook for Holographic MMI for Real-Time 3D Imaging Applications 142 Microwave/Millimeter Wave Holography Based on the Concepts of Optical Holography 172.1 Microwave Hologram Formation 182.2 Microwave Detectors and Sampling Methods for Intensity Hologram Measurements 202.3 Wave Front Reconstruction 222.4 Recent Indirect Holographic Imaging Techniques 242.4.1 Producing Reference Signal with a Linear Phase Shift 252.4.2 Sample Imaging Results 283 Direct and Quasi-Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography for Far-Field Imaging Applications 333.1 Using Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Holography for Concealed Weapon Detection 333.2 Monostatic 2D SAR Imaging 343.3 Development of 3D Quasi-Holographic Imaging as a Combination of Monostatic 2D SAR Imaging and True 2D Holographic Imaging 373.3.1 Single-Frequency Holographic 2D Imaging 373.3.2 Wideband Holographic 3D Imaging with Data Collected over Rectangular Apertures 403.3.2.1 Spatial and Frequency Sampling 433.3.2.2 Range and Cross-Range Resolution 443.3.2.3 Sample Experimental Images 463.3.3 Wideband Holographic 3D Imaging with Data Collected over Cylindrical Apertures 523.3.3.1 Image Reconstruction Technique 523.3.3.2 Sampling Criteria and Spatial Resolution 553.3.3.3 Image Reconstruction Results 564 Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography for Near-Field Imaging Applications 634.1 2D Near-Field Holographic Imaging 634.1.1 Using All Reflection and Transmission S-Parameters 654.1.2 Localization of the Object Along the Range 664.1.3 Image Reconstruction Results 694.2 3D Near-Field Holographic Imaging Using Incident Field and Green’s Function 714.2.1 Image Reconstruction Results 754.2.2 Suppressing Artifacts Along Range 794.3 Microwave Holographic Imaging Employing Forward-Scattered Waves Only 824.3.1 Resolution in a Two-Antenna Configuration 834.3.2 Multiple Receiver Setup 884.3.3 Holographic Image Reconstruction 894.4 Microwave Holographic Imaging Employing PSF of the Imaging System 914.4.1 Using Measured PSF in Holographic Reconstruction 914.4.2 Using Multiple Receivers in 3D Reconstruction 924.4.3 Simulated Image Reconstruction Results 934.4.4 Experimental Results with Open-Ended Waveguides 954.4.5 3D Imaging of Small Objects with the Bow-Tie Array 994.4.6 Imaging of Large Objects with the Bow-Tie Array 1024.5 3D Near-Field Holographic Imaging with Data Acquired over Cylindrical Apertures 1024.5.1 Imaging Results 1074.6 Three-Dimensional Holographic Imaging Using Single-Frequency Microwave Data 1094.7 Microwave Holographic Imaging Using the Antenna Phaseless Radiation Pattern 1104.7.1 Using Phaseless Antenna Pattern in Holographic Reconstruction 1114.7.2 Image Reconstruction Results 1135 Increasing the Resolution and Accuracy of Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography 1195.1 Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit by Applying a SOF 1195.1.1 Design of 1D and 2D SOFs 1195.1.2 Application of the SOF to Overcome the Diffraction-Limited Resolution 1215.1.3 Sample Image Reconstruction Results 1225.2 Use of Resonant Scatterers in the Proximity of the Imaged Objects 1225.3 Quantitative Reconstruction Based on Microwave Holography 1245.4 Modifications on Holographic Imaging Improving Stability and Range Resolution 1285.4.1 Forward Model in Terms of the Open-Circuit Voltage at the Terminals of Probe Antenna 1295.4.2 Applying an Auxiliary Equation for Numerical Stability 1325.4.3 Phase Compensation Method 1325.4.4 Numerical Low-Pass Filter in Spatial-Frequency Domain 1345.4.5 Simulation Results 1366 Conclusion 139Appendix: Diffraction Limit for the Spatial Resolution in Far-Field Imaging 141References 143Index 153

REZA K. AMINEH, PHD, is an Assistant Professor at the New York Institute of Technology. NATALIA K. NIKOLOVA, PHD, is a tenured Professor at McMaster University. MARYAM RAVAN, PHD, is an Assistant Professor at the New York Institute of Technology.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Some Emerging Applications of MMI 21.2 Quantitative Versus Qualitative MMI 71.3 Advantages of Holographic MMI Techniques 101.4 Chronological Developments in the Holographic MMI Techniques 111.5 Future Outlook for Holographic MMI for Real-Time 3D Imaging Applications 142 Microwave/Millimeter Wave Holography Based on the Concepts of Optical Holography 172.1 Microwave Hologram Formation 182.2 Microwave Detectors and Sampling Methods for Intensity Hologram Measurements 202.3 Wave Front Reconstruction 222.4 Recent Indirect Holographic Imaging Techniques 242.4.1 Producing Reference Signal with a Linear Phase Shift 252.4.2 Sample Imaging Results 283 Direct and Quasi-Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography for Far-Field Imaging Applications 333.1 Using Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Holography for Concealed Weapon Detection 333.2 Monostatic 2D SAR Imaging 343.3 Development of 3D Quasi-Holographic Imaging as a Combination of Monostatic 2D SAR Imaging and True 2D Holographic Imaging 373.3.1 Single-Frequency Holographic 2D Imaging 373.3.2 Wideband Holographic 3D Imaging with Data Collected over Rectangular Apertures 403.3.2.1 Spatial and Frequency Sampling 433.3.2.2 Range and Cross-Range Resolution 443.3.2.3 Sample Experimental Images 463.3.3 Wideband Holographic 3D Imaging with Data Collected over Cylindrical Apertures 523.3.3.1 Image Reconstruction Technique 523.3.3.2 Sampling Criteria and Spatial Resolution 553.3.3.3 Image Reconstruction Results 564 Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography for Near-Field Imaging Applications 634.1 2D Near-Field Holographic Imaging 634.1.1 Using All Reflection and Transmission S-Parameters 654.1.2 Localization of the Object Along the Range 664.1.3 Image Reconstruction Results 694.2 3D Near-Field Holographic Imaging Using Incident Field and Green’s Function 714.2.1 Image Reconstruction Results 754.2.2 Suppressing Artifacts Along Range 794.3 Microwave Holographic Imaging Employing Forward-Scattered Waves Only 824.3.1 Resolution in a Two-Antenna Configuration 834.3.2 Multiple Receiver Setup 884.3.3 Holographic Image Reconstruction 894.4 Microwave Holographic Imaging Employing PSF of the Imaging System 914.4.1 Using Measured PSF in Holographic Reconstruction 914.4.2 Using Multiple Receivers in 3D Reconstruction 924.4.3 Simulated Image Reconstruction Results 934.4.4 Experimental Results with Open-Ended Waveguides 954.4.5 3D Imaging of Small Objects with the Bow-Tie Array 994.4.6 Imaging of Large Objects with the Bow-Tie Array 1024.5 3D Near-Field Holographic Imaging with Data Acquired over Cylindrical Apertures 1024.5.1 Imaging Results 1074.6 Three-Dimensional Holographic Imaging Using Single-Frequency Microwave Data 1094.7 Microwave Holographic Imaging Using the Antenna Phaseless Radiation Pattern 1104.7.1 Using Phaseless Antenna Pattern in Holographic Reconstruction 1114.7.2 Image Reconstruction Results 1135 Increasing the Resolution and Accuracy of Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography 1195.1 Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit by Applying a SOF 1195.1.1 Design of 1D and 2D SOFs 1195.1.2 Application of the SOF to Overcome the Diffraction-Limited Resolution 1215.1.3 Sample Image Reconstruction Results 1225.2 Use of Resonant Scatterers in the Proximity of the Imaged Objects 1225.3 Quantitative Reconstruction Based on Microwave Holography 1245.4 Modifications on Holographic Imaging Improving Stability and Range Resolution 1285.4.1 Forward Model in Terms of the Open-Circuit Voltage at the Terminals of Probe Antenna 1295.4.2 Applying an Auxiliary Equation for Numerical Stability 1325.4.3 Phase Compensation Method 1325.4.4 Numerical Low-Pass Filter in Spatial-Frequency Domain 1345.4.5 Simulation Results 1366 Conclusion 139Appendix: Diffraction Limit for the Spatial Resolution in Far-Field Imaging 141References 143Index 153

REZA K. AMINEH, PHD, is an Assistant Professor at the New York Institute of Technology. NATALIA K. NIKOLOVA, PHD, is a tenured Professor at McMaster University. MARYAM RAVAN, PHD, is an Assistant Professor at the New York Institute of Technology.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Some Emerging Applications of MMI 21.2 Quantitative Versus Qualitative MMI 71.3 Advantages of Holographic MMI Techniques 101.4 Chronological Developments in the Holographic MMI Techniques 111.5 Future Outlook for Holographic MMI for Real-Time 3D Imaging Applications 142 Microwave/Millimeter Wave Holography Based on the Concepts of Optical Holography 172.1 Microwave Hologram Formation 182.2 Microwave Detectors and Sampling Methods for Intensity Hologram Measurements 202.3 Wave Front Reconstruction 222.4 Recent Indirect Holographic Imaging Techniques 242.4.1 Producing Reference Signal with a Linear Phase Shift 252.4.2 Sample Imaging Results 283 Direct and Quasi-Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography for Far-Field Imaging Applications 333.1 Using Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Holography for Concealed Weapon Detection 333.2 Monostatic 2D SAR Imaging 343.3 Development of 3D Quasi-Holographic Imaging as a Combination of Monostatic 2D SAR Imaging and True 2D Holographic Imaging 373.3.1 Single-Frequency Holographic 2D Imaging 373.3.2 Wideband Holographic 3D Imaging with Data Collected over Rectangular Apertures 403.3.2.1 Spatial and Frequency Sampling 433.3.2.2 Range and Cross-Range Resolution 443.3.2.3 Sample Experimental Images 463.3.3 Wideband Holographic 3D Imaging with Data Collected over Cylindrical Apertures 523.3.3.1 Image Reconstruction Technique 523.3.3.2 Sampling Criteria and Spatial Resolution 553.3.3.3 Image Reconstruction Results 564 Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography for Near-Field Imaging Applications 634.1 2D Near-Field Holographic Imaging 634.1.1 Using All Reflection and Transmission S-Parameters 654.1.2 Localization of the Object Along the Range 664.1.3 Image Reconstruction Results 694.2 3D Near-Field Holographic Imaging Using Incident Field and Green’s Function 714.2.1 Image Reconstruction Results 754.2.2 Suppressing Artifacts Along Range 794.3 Microwave Holographic Imaging Employing Forward-Scattered Waves Only 824.3.1 Resolution in a Two-Antenna Configuration 834.3.2 Multiple Receiver Setup 884.3.3 Holographic Image Reconstruction 894.4 Microwave Holographic Imaging Employing PSF of the Imaging System 914.4.1 Using Measured PSF in Holographic Reconstruction 914.4.2 Using Multiple Receivers in 3D Reconstruction 924.4.3 Simulated Image Reconstruction Results 934.4.4 Experimental Results with Open-Ended Waveguides 954.4.5 3D Imaging of Small Objects with the Bow-Tie Array 994.4.6 Imaging of Large Objects with the Bow-Tie Array 1024.5 3D Near-Field Holographic Imaging with Data Acquired over Cylindrical Apertures 1024.5.1 Imaging Results 1074.6 Three-Dimensional Holographic Imaging Using Single-Frequency Microwave Data 1094.7 Microwave Holographic Imaging Using the Antenna Phaseless Radiation Pattern 1104.7.1 Using Phaseless Antenna Pattern in Holographic Reconstruction 1114.7.2 Image Reconstruction Results 1135 Increasing the Resolution and Accuracy of Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Holography 1195.1 Imaging Beyond the Diffraction Limit by Applying a SOF 1195.1.1 Design of 1D and 2D SOFs 1195.1.2 Application of the SOF to Overcome the Diffraction-Limited Resolution 1215.1.3 Sample Image Reconstruction Results 1225.2 Use of Resonant Scatterers in the Proximity of the Imaged Objects 1225.3 Quantitative Reconstruction Based on Microwave Holography 1245.4 Modifications on Holographic Imaging Improving Stability and Range Resolution 1285.4.1 Forward Model in Terms of the Open-Circuit Voltage at the Terminals of Probe Antenna 1295.4.2 Applying an Auxiliary Equation for Numerical Stability 1325.4.3 Phase Compensation Method 1325.4.4 Numerical Low-Pass Filter in Spatial-Frequency Domain 1345.4.5 Simulation Results 1366 Conclusion 139Appendix: Diffraction Limit for the Spatial Resolution in Far-Field Imaging 141References 143Index 153