About the Author Ceri Davies, Dip.Orth Ther RCSEd, is an Orthodontic Therapist at a private specialist orthodontic practice, and a Lecturer of Orthodontic Therapy at the Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.

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• Foreword xxvAcknowledgements xxix1 History of Orthodontics 12 Patient Assessment 113 Classification of Malocclusion 194 Aetiology of Malocclusion 255 Class I Malocclusion 316 Class II Div I Malocclusion 357 Class II Div II Malocclusion 418 Class III Malocclusion 479 Prevalences 5310 Hypodontia 5511 Supernumeraries 6312 Impacted Canines 6913 Impacted Teeth 7714 Deepbites 8115 Openbites: Anterior and Posterior 8716 Crossbites 9317 Centreline 10118 Overjets 10319 Bimaxillary Proclination 10720 Growth Rotations 10921 Tooth Movement 11122 Impressions 12323 Study Models 12724 Radiographs 12925 Cephalometrics 13726 Removable Appliances 14927 Functional Appliances 16528 Fixed Appliances 17929 Headgear 20730 Instructions for all Appliances 21531 Uncommon Removable Appliances 21932 Anchorage 22133 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) 22934 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) 23335 Space Analysis 23936 Cleft Lip and Palate 24537 Orthognathic Surgery 25138 Retention and Stability 25939 Interceptive Treatment 27140 Adult Orthodontics 28341 Orthodontic Materials 28742 Archwire Ligation 29343 Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment 29544 Oral Hygiene 29945 Decalcification 30546 Fluorosis 30747 Fluoride 30948 Hypoplastic Enamel 31149 Hyperplastic Enamel 31350 General Dental Council (GDC) 31551 Sharps Injury 32552 Health and Safety 32753 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 32954 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences (RIDDOR) 33155 Consent 33356 Pain and Anxiety Control 33757 Emergency Care 34158 Orthodontic Instruments 34759 Medical Emergencies 36360 Eruption Dates 37161 Extraction Patterns 37362 Tooth Fusion and Gemination 37563 Extra Notes 37764 Definitions 381Index 385

About the Author Ceri Davies, Dip.Orth Ther RCSEd, is an Orthodontic Therapist at a private specialist orthodontic practice, and a Lecturer of Orthodontic Therapy at the Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.

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• Foreword xxvAcknowledgements xxix1 History of Orthodontics 12 Patient Assessment 113 Classification of Malocclusion 194 Aetiology of Malocclusion 255 Class I Malocclusion 316 Class II Div I Malocclusion 357 Class II Div II Malocclusion 418 Class III Malocclusion 479 Prevalences 5310 Hypodontia 5511 Supernumeraries 6312 Impacted Canines 6913 Impacted Teeth 7714 Deepbites 8115 Openbites: Anterior and Posterior 8716 Crossbites 9317 Centreline 10118 Overjets 10319 Bimaxillary Proclination 10720 Growth Rotations 10921 Tooth Movement 11122 Impressions 12323 Study Models 12724 Radiographs 12925 Cephalometrics 13726 Removable Appliances 14927 Functional Appliances 16528 Fixed Appliances 17929 Headgear 20730 Instructions for all Appliances 21531 Uncommon Removable Appliances 21932 Anchorage 22133 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) 22934 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) 23335 Space Analysis 23936 Cleft Lip and Palate 24537 Orthognathic Surgery 25138 Retention and Stability 25939 Interceptive Treatment 27140 Adult Orthodontics 28341 Orthodontic Materials 28742 Archwire Ligation 29343 Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment 29544 Oral Hygiene 29945 Decalcification 30546 Fluorosis 30747 Fluoride 30948 Hypoplastic Enamel 31149 Hyperplastic Enamel 31350 General Dental Council (GDC) 31551 Sharps Injury 32552 Health and Safety 32753 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 32954 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences (RIDDOR) 33155 Consent 33356 Pain and Anxiety Control 33757 Emergency Care 34158 Orthodontic Instruments 34759 Medical Emergencies 36360 Eruption Dates 37161 Extraction Patterns 37362 Tooth Fusion and Gemination 37563 Extra Notes 37764 Definitions 381Index 385

About the Author Ceri Davies, Dip.Orth Ther RCSEd, is an Orthodontic Therapist at a private specialist orthodontic practice, and a Lecturer of Orthodontic Therapy at the Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.

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• Foreword xxvAcknowledgements xxix1 History of Orthodontics 12 Patient Assessment 113 Classification of Malocclusion 194 Aetiology of Malocclusion 255 Class I Malocclusion 316 Class II Div I Malocclusion 357 Class II Div II Malocclusion 418 Class III Malocclusion 479 Prevalences 5310 Hypodontia 5511 Supernumeraries 6312 Impacted Canines 6913 Impacted Teeth 7714 Deepbites 8115 Openbites: Anterior and Posterior 8716 Crossbites 9317 Centreline 10118 Overjets 10319 Bimaxillary Proclination 10720 Growth Rotations 10921 Tooth Movement 11122 Impressions 12323 Study Models 12724 Radiographs 12925 Cephalometrics 13726 Removable Appliances 14927 Functional Appliances 16528 Fixed Appliances 17929 Headgear 20730 Instructions for all Appliances 21531 Uncommon Removable Appliances 21932 Anchorage 22133 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) 22934 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) 23335 Space Analysis 23936 Cleft Lip and Palate 24537 Orthognathic Surgery 25138 Retention and Stability 25939 Interceptive Treatment 27140 Adult Orthodontics 28341 Orthodontic Materials 28742 Archwire Ligation 29343 Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment 29544 Oral Hygiene 29945 Decalcification 30546 Fluorosis 30747 Fluoride 30948 Hypoplastic Enamel 31149 Hyperplastic Enamel 31350 General Dental Council (GDC) 31551 Sharps Injury 32552 Health and Safety 32753 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 32954 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences (RIDDOR) 33155 Consent 33356 Pain and Anxiety Control 33757 Emergency Care 34158 Orthodontic Instruments 34759 Medical Emergencies 36360 Eruption Dates 37161 Extraction Patterns 37362 Tooth Fusion and Gemination 37563 Extra Notes 37764 Definitions 381Index 385