About the EditorsTimothy C. Wang, MD, Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Silberberg Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA. Michael Camilleri, MD, Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA. Associate Editors Benjamin Lebwohl, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Anna S. Lok, MD, Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor of Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. William J. Sandborn, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Kenneth K. Wang, MD, Russell G. and Kathleen M. Van Cleve Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Gary D. Wu, MD, Ferdinand G. Weisbrod Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

• Contributors xiPreface xxiiiForeword by Tadataka Yamada xxvAbout the companion website xxviiPart 1 General principles1 Development and differentiation of the gastrointestinal system 3Jianwen Que and Daniel K. Podolsky2 Gut stem cells and tissue renewal 31Johan H. van Es, Sina Bartfeld, and Hans Clevers3 Esophagus: anatomy and structural anomalies 42Ikuo Hirano4 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural anomalies 60Erik C. von Rosenvinge and Jean-Pierre Raufman5 Small intestine: anatomy and structural anomalies 72Anisa Shaker and Deborah C. Rubin6 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies 93Bo Shen7 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies 114Kazuki N. Sugahara and John A. Chabot8 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and hernias 131Stella Joyce, Kevin P. Murphy, Michael M. Maher, and Owen J. O'Connor9 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural anomalies 146Theodore H. Welling10 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell types 157Maria Westerhoff and Laura Lamps11 Gastrointestinal blood flow 168Brian D. Hosfield and Troy A. Markel12 The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract 191John B. Furness, Ruslan V. Pustovit, Linda J. Fothergill, Rachel M. McQuade, and Martin J. StebbingVolume One13 Smooth muscle and pacemakers of the gut 213Kenton M. Sanders and Brian A. Perrino14 Mucosal immune system 242Lars Eckmann and Giorgos Bamias15 Epithelia and gastrointestinal function 271Sandra D. Chanez-Paredes, and Jerrold R. Turner16 Electrolyte secretion and absorption in the small intestine and colon 283Kim E. Barrett and Stephen J. Keely17 Gastric secretions 313John Geibel18 Pancreatic secretion 334Kristyn Gumpper, Luis F. Lara, Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate, and Darwin L. Conwell19 Bile secretion and cholestasis 352James E. Squires and Andrew P. Feranchak20 General nutritional principles 376Xiaowen Fan, Rebecca Rudel, Matthew Berger, Melissa Hershman, and David S. Seres21 Nutrient digestion, absorption, and sensing 408Shrinivas Bishu and Eamonn M. M. Quigley22 Vitamins and minerals 426Berkeley N. Limketkai, Laura E. Matarese, and Gerard E. Mullin23 Nutrition Support 457Dong Wook Kim and David S. Seres24 Control of food intake 478Andres Acosta25 Eating disorders 487Leslie Sim, Jocelyn Lebow, and Janna R. Gewirtz O'Brien26 The aging gastrointestinal tract: digestive and motility problems 505Michael Camilleri27 Neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract 512E. Ramsay Camp, Denise I. Garcia, and Raymond N. DuBois28 Drug metabolism, transport, and pharmacogenomics 522Ann M. Moyer and Joel M. Reid29 Medical Decision Making 540John M. InadomiPart 2 Symptom management30 Approach to the patient with dysphagia, odynophagia, or noncardiac chest pain 551Albert J. Bredenoord31 Approach to the patient with dyspepsia and related functional gastrointestinal complaints 560Jan Tack32 Approach to the patient with unintentional weight loss 567Anupam Rej and David S. Sanders33 Approach to the patient with nausea and vomiting 577Brian E. Lacy and David Cangemi34 Approach to the patient with abdominal pain, gas, and bloating 599Amrit K. Kamboj and Amy S. Oxentenko35 Approach to the patient with diarrhea 629Gail A. Hecht and Judy A. Trieu36 Approach to the patient with constipation 653Satish S.C. Rao37 Approach to the patient with acute abdomen 680Courtney B. Sherman and Kenneth McQuaid38 Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding 697Kevin A. Ghassemi and Dennis M. Jensen39 Approach to the patient with abnormal liver chemistries or jaundice 720Yumi Ando and Joseph AhnPart 3 Gastrointestinal diseases40 Approach to gastrointestinal and liver diseases in pregnancy 733Stacy Menees and Grace L. Su41 Genetic counseling for gastrointestinal patients 764Veroushka Ballester and Fay Kastrinos42 Motility Disorders of the Esophagus 787John E. Pandolfino, David A. Katzka, and Peter J. Kahrilas43 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 815Sabine Roman, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas44 Eosinophilic esophagitis 839Nirmala Gonsalves and David A. Katzka45 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 847C. Mel Wilcox46 Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 859Stuart Jon Spechler, David H. Wang, and Rhonda F. Souza47 Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and other neoplasms 894Adam J. Bass and Anil K. Rustgi48 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus: foreign bodies, physical injury, and systemic and dermatological diseases 909Craig C. Reed, Evan S. Dellon, and Nicholas J. Shaheen49 Peptic ulcer disease 924Mohammad Yaghoobi and David Armstrong50 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 977David C. Metz and Robert T. Jensen51 Gastritis and gastropathy 1004Mary Kay Washington and Richard M. Peek Jr52 Tumors of the stomach 1023Emad M. El- Omar and Howard Yim53 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach 1047Tamas A. Gonda and Abraham KrikhelyVolume TwoContributors xiPreface xxiiiForeword by Tadataka Yamada xxvAbout the companion website xxviiPart 3 Gastrointestinal diseases (Continued)54 Normal gastric emptying and disorders of gastric emptying 1061Henry P. Parkman55 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon 1093David O. Prichard and Lawrence Szarka56 Celiac disease 1122Daniel A. Leffler, Melinda Dennis, and Benjamin Lebwohl57 Disorders of epithelial transport, metabolism, and digestion in the small intestine 1137Sushila R. Dalal and Carol E. Semrad58 Bacterial overgrowth 1155Eamonn M.M. Quigley, Magnus Simrén, and Stephen J. Vanner59 Short bowel syndrome and small bowel transplantation 1168John K. DiBaise, Samuel Kesseli, and Debra Sudan60 Tumors of the small intestine 1190M. Rosario Ferreira and Barbara Jung61 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine 1213Marc S. Levin62 Inflammatory bowel diseases: pathogenesis 1232Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, Ramnik J. Xavier, and Daniel K. Podolsky63 Ulcerative colitis: clinical manifestations and management 1248Siddharth Singh and Parambir S. Dulai64 Crohn's disease: clinical manifestations and management 1294Christina Ha, Dermot McGovern, and Gil Y. Melmed65 Surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 1324Amy L. Lightner and Stefan D. Holubar66 Microscopic colitis, checkpoint inhibitor colitis, and other miscellaneous inflammatory and structural disorders of the colon 1354Amanda M. Johnson, Eugene F. Yen, Edward V. Loftus Jr, and Darrell S. Pardi67 Irritable bowel syndrome 1374Elizabeth J. Videlock and Lin Chang68 Anorectal diseases 1408Adil E. Bharucha and Robert R. Cima69 Diverticular disease of the colon 1433Mona Rezapour and Neil Stollman70 Polyps of the colon and rectum 1447John J. Garber and Daniel C. Chung71 Polyposis syndromes 1464Marcia Cruz-Correa and Lizmar Cerezo72 Malignant tumors of the colon 1490Jay Luther and Andrew T. Chan73 Colorectal cancer screening 1522Uri LadabaumPart 4 Pancreatico-biliary disease74 Acute pancreatitis 1549Timothy B. Gardner75 Autoimmune pancreatitis 1591Sushil Kumar Garg, Phil A. Hart, and Suresh T. Chari76 Chronic pancreatitis 1602Mitchell L. Ramsey, Darwin L. Conwell, and Phil A. Hart77 Pancreatitis of genetic and complex etiologies 1616David C. Whitcomb78 Cystic lesions of the pancreas 1643James J. Farrell79 Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas 1666Kazuki N. Sugahara, Paul T. Fanta, and Andrew M. Lowy80 Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas 1689Yasmin G. Hernandez-Barco and Daniel C. Chung81 Gallstones 1717Piero Portincasa and David Q.-H. Wang82 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 1745Ahmad H. Ali and Konstantinos N. LazaridisPart 5 Liver diseases83 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract 1761James Buxbaum and Shelly C. Lu84 Tumors of the biliary tract 1773Tushar Patel and Victoria Gómez85 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and postcholecystectomy syndrome 1792John O. Clarke, Anthony N. Kalloo, and Simon K. Lo86 Acute viral hepatitis 1804Marc G. Ghany, and T. Jake Liang87 Chronic hepatitis B and D 1841Grace L.H. Wong and Anna S. Lok88 Chronic hepatitis C 1861Andrew W. Tai and Hugo E. Vargas89 Drug-induced liver injury 1878Amoah Yeboah-Korang and Robert J. Fontana90 Acute liver failure 1889William M. Lee91 Autoimmune hepatitis 1906Richard Taubert and Michael P. Manns92 Primary biliary cholangitis 1918Marlyn J. Mayo93 Hemochromatosis 1932Paul C. Adams94 Metabolic diseases of the liver 1942Jacob Bilhartz and Fred Askari95 Alcohol-related liver disease 1966Juan Pablo Arab, Stephen R. Atkinson, and Ramon BatallerVolume ThreeContributors xiPreface xxiiiForeword by Tadataka Yamada xxvAbout the companion website xxvii96 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 1979M. Shadab Siddiqui and Arun J. Sanyal97 Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis 2000Don C. Rockey98 Ascites and its complications 2024Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao99 Central nervous system and pulmonary complications of end-stage liver disease 2044Chathur Acharya and Jasmohan S. Bajaj100 Liver transplantation 2063Nicole T. Shen, Alyson J. Kaplan, Alyson N. Fox, and Robert S. Brown, Jr101 Hepatocellular carcinoma 2082Nicole E. Rich and Jorge A. Marrero102 Acute cholangitis and liver abscess 2104Roman Perri and David S. Raiford103 Vascular diseases of the liver 2108José Ferrusquía-Acosta and Laurie D. DeLeve104 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulae 2122Ravi Pokala Kiran105 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum 2135Amanda K. ArringtonPart 6 Obesity106 Gastrointestinal and liver complications of obesity 2153Harmeet Malhi and Andres Acosta107 The role of the gastroenterologist in the management of obesity 2161George Cholankeril, Andrew A. Li, and Sarah Streett108 Bariatric endoscopy 2168Thomas R. McCarty and Christopher C. Thompson109 Bariatric surgery 2187Todd A. Kellogg and Omar M. GhanemPart 7 Gut and liver in systemic diseases110 Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of specific genetic disorders 2207Sonia S. Kupfer111 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic diseases 2231Seth Sweetser112 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver diseases 2274Travis W. Vandergriff113 Gastrointestinal vascular malformations and neoplasms: arterial, venous, arteriovenous, and capillary 2293Badr Al-Bawardy and Deborah D. Proctor114 Intestinal ischemia and vasculitides 2315Juan-R. Malagelada and Carolina Malagelada115 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract 2334Shilpa Kulkarni and Chandan Guha116 Complementary and alternative medicine and CBT in gastroenterology 2347Anthony Lembo, Jesse Katon, and Sarah BallouPart 8 Endoscopy117 General approach to endoscopy: sedation, monitoring, and preparation 2363Vaibhav Wadhwa and John J. Vargo118 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 2375Emmanuel Coronel and Irving Waxman119 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy 2388Jonathan A. Leighton and Shabana F. Pasha120 Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy 2400Douglas K. Rex121 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 2419Todd H. Baron and Ryan J. Law122 Gastrointestinal dilation and stenting 2439Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek123 Endoscopic approaches to enteral nutrition 2458Lucian Panait and Stephen A. McClave124 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage related to portal hypertension 2475Patrick S. Kamath and Louis M. Wong Kee Song125 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 2503Andrew W. Yen and Joseph W. Leung126 Endoscopic therapy for colorectal lesions 2519Neal Shahidi and Michael J. Bourke127 Minimally invasive surgery: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery 2532Aashish Rajesh, Rafael U. deAzevedo, Nizamuddin Shaikh, and David R. Farley128 Endoscopic submucosal dissection 2547Yuri Hanada, Luo Xiao Bei, and Kenneth K. Wang129 POEM and G-POEM 2554Mary Raina Angeli Abad, Haruhiro Inoue, Yuto Shimamura, Haruo Ikeda, and Manabu OnimaruPart 9 Imaging130 Plain and contrast radiology 2563Marc S. Levine and Stephen E. Rubesin131 Abdominal sonography 2583Stuart Bentley-Hibbert and Dwight Aberle132 Endoscopic ultrasonography 2606Margaret G. Keane, Anne Marie Lennon, and Mouen A. Khashab133 Endoscope reprocessing 2635Kavel H. Visrodia and Bret T. Petersen134 Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract 2642Eric C. Ehman and Elliot K. Fishman135 Magnetic resonance imaging 2672Haresh Naringrekar, Diane Bergin, and Donald G. Mitchell136 Positron emission tomography 2719Ishan Garg and Val J. Lowe137 Radionuclide imaging in the gastrointestinal tract 2732Harvey A. Ziessman138 Abdominal angiography 2751Kyung Jae Cho139 Interventional radiology 2774Sidney Z. Brejt, Sergei A. Sobolevsky, Todd R. Schlachter, Julius Chapiro, Rafael Duran, Vania Tacher, Camila Zamboni, Luke Higgins, and Jean-Francois Henri Geschwind140 Confocal laser endomicroscopy 2804Kazuki Sumiyama141 Liver biopsy and histopathological diagnosis 2814Sugantha Govindarajan, Yuna Gong, and Maurizio Bonacini142 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy – pathology and biomarker testing 2846Antonia R. Sepulveda and Sun A. KimPart 10 Infection, immunology, and microbiome143 Structure and function of the human microbiome: implications for health and disease 2931Allen A. Lee, John Y. Kao, and Vincent B. Young144 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections 2947Mitchell B. Cohen145 Chronic infections of the small intestine 3006Mary Flanagan and Séamus Hussey146 Parasitic diseases: protozoa 3022Daniel P. Beiting and Audrey R. Odom John147 Parasitic diseases: helminths 3039Joel Weinstock and John Leung148 Immunological disorders: (a) food allergy and hypersensitivity 3079Peter Capucilli, Jonathan O'B. Hourihane, and Jonathan M. Spergel149 Immunological disorders: (b) immunodeficiencies and gastrointestinal complications of organ transplantation 3086Paula O'Leary150 Complications of HIV/AIDS and other secondary immunodeficiencies 3105Edward N. Janoff and Phillip D. SmithIndex 3125

About the EditorsTimothy C. Wang, MD, Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Silberberg Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA. Michael Camilleri, MD, Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA. Associate Editors Benjamin Lebwohl, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Anna S. Lok, MD, Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor of Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. William J. Sandborn, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. Kenneth K. Wang, MD, Russell G. and Kathleen M. Van Cleve Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Gary D. Wu, MD, Ferdinand G. Weisbrod Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

• Contributors xiPreface xxiiiForeword by Tadataka Yamada xxvAbout the companion website xxviiPart 1 General principles1 Development and differentiation of the gastrointestinal system 3Jianwen Que and Daniel K. Podolsky2 Gut stem cells and tissue renewal 31Johan H. van Es, Sina Bartfeld, and Hans Clevers3 Esophagus: anatomy and structural anomalies 42Ikuo Hirano4 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural anomalies 60Erik C. von Rosenvinge and Jean-Pierre Raufman5 Small intestine: anatomy and structural anomalies 72Anisa Shaker and Deborah C. Rubin6 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies 93Bo Shen7 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies 114Kazuki N. Sugahara and John A. Chabot8 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and hernias 131Stella Joyce, Kevin P. Murphy, Michael M. Maher, and Owen J. O'Connor9 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural anomalies 146Theodore H. Welling10 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell types 157Maria Westerhoff and Laura Lamps11 Gastrointestinal blood flow 168Brian D. Hosfield and Troy A. Markel12 The innervation of the gastrointestinal tract 191John B. Furness, Ruslan V. Pustovit, Linda J. Fothergill, Rachel M. McQuade, and Martin J. StebbingVolume One13 Smooth muscle and pacemakers of the gut 213Kenton M. Sanders and Brian A. Perrino14 Mucosal immune system 242Lars Eckmann and Giorgos Bamias15 Epithelia and gastrointestinal function 271Sandra D. Chanez-Paredes, and Jerrold R. Turner16 Electrolyte secretion and absorption in the small intestine and colon 283Kim E. Barrett and Stephen J. Keely17 Gastric secretions 313John Geibel18 Pancreatic secretion 334Kristyn Gumpper, Luis F. Lara, Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate, and Darwin L. Conwell19 Bile secretion and cholestasis 352James E. Squires and Andrew P. Feranchak20 General nutritional principles 376Xiaowen Fan, Rebecca Rudel, Matthew Berger, Melissa Hershman, and David S. Seres21 Nutrient digestion, absorption, and sensing 408Shrinivas Bishu and Eamonn M. M. Quigley22 Vitamins and minerals 426Berkeley N. Limketkai, Laura E. Matarese, and Gerard E. Mullin23 Nutrition Support 457Dong Wook Kim and David S. Seres24 Control of food intake 478Andres Acosta25 Eating disorders 487Leslie Sim, Jocelyn Lebow, and Janna R. Gewirtz O'Brien26 The aging gastrointestinal tract: digestive and motility problems 505Michael Camilleri27 Neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract 512E. Ramsay Camp, Denise I. Garcia, and Raymond N. DuBois28 Drug metabolism, transport, and pharmacogenomics 522Ann M. Moyer and Joel M. Reid29 Medical Decision Making 540John M. InadomiPart 2 Symptom management30 Approach to the patient with dysphagia, odynophagia, or noncardiac chest pain 551Albert J. Bredenoord31 Approach to the patient with dyspepsia and related functional gastrointestinal complaints 560Jan Tack32 Approach to the patient with unintentional weight loss 567Anupam Rej and David S. Sanders33 Approach to the patient with nausea and vomiting 577Brian E. Lacy and David Cangemi34 Approach to the patient with abdominal pain, gas, and bloating 599Amrit K. Kamboj and Amy S. Oxentenko35 Approach to the patient with diarrhea 629Gail A. Hecht and Judy A. Trieu36 Approach to the patient with constipation 653Satish S.C. Rao37 Approach to the patient with acute abdomen 680Courtney B. Sherman and Kenneth McQuaid38 Approach to the patient with gastrointestinal bleeding 697Kevin A. Ghassemi and Dennis M. Jensen39 Approach to the patient with abnormal liver chemistries or jaundice 720Yumi Ando and Joseph AhnPart 3 Gastrointestinal diseases40 Approach to gastrointestinal and liver diseases in pregnancy 733Stacy Menees and Grace L. Su41 Genetic counseling for gastrointestinal patients 764Veroushka Ballester and Fay Kastrinos42 Motility Disorders of the Esophagus 787John E. Pandolfino, David A. Katzka, and Peter J. Kahrilas43 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 815Sabine Roman, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas44 Eosinophilic esophagitis 839Nirmala Gonsalves and David A. Katzka45 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 847C. Mel Wilcox46 Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma 859Stuart Jon Spechler, David H. Wang, and Rhonda F. Souza47 Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and other neoplasms 894Adam J. Bass and Anil K. Rustgi48 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus: foreign bodies, physical injury, and systemic and dermatological diseases 909Craig C. Reed, Evan S. Dellon, and Nicholas J. Shaheen49 Peptic ulcer disease 924Mohammad Yaghoobi and David Armstrong50 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 977David C. Metz and Robert T. Jensen51 Gastritis and gastropathy 1004Mary Kay Washington and Richard M. Peek Jr52 Tumors of the stomach 1023Emad M. El- Omar and Howard Yim53 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach 1047Tamas A. Gonda and Abraham KrikhelyVolume TwoContributors xiPreface xxiiiForeword by Tadataka Yamada xxvAbout the companion website xxviiPart 3 Gastrointestinal diseases (Continued)54 Normal gastric emptying and disorders of gastric emptying 1061Henry P. Parkman55 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon 1093David O. Prichard and Lawrence Szarka56 Celiac disease 1122Daniel A. Leffler, Melinda Dennis, and Benjamin Lebwohl57 Disorders of epithelial transport, metabolism, and digestion in the small intestine 1137Sushila R. Dalal and Carol E. Semrad58 Bacterial overgrowth 1155Eamonn M.M. Quigley, Magnus Simrén, and Stephen J. Vanner59 Short bowel syndrome and small bowel transplantation 1168John K. DiBaise, Samuel Kesseli, and Debra Sudan60 Tumors of the small intestine 1190M. Rosario Ferreira and Barbara Jung61 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine 1213Marc S. Levin62 Inflammatory bowel diseases: pathogenesis 1232Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan, Ramnik J. Xavier, and Daniel K. Podolsky63 Ulcerative colitis: clinical manifestations and management 1248Siddharth Singh and Parambir S. Dulai64 Crohn's disease: clinical manifestations and management 1294Christina Ha, Dermot McGovern, and Gil Y. Melmed65 Surgical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease 1324Amy L. Lightner and Stefan D. Holubar66 Microscopic colitis, checkpoint inhibitor colitis, and other miscellaneous inflammatory and structural disorders of the colon 1354Amanda M. Johnson, Eugene F. Yen, Edward V. Loftus Jr, and Darrell S. Pardi67 Irritable bowel syndrome 1374Elizabeth J. Videlock and Lin Chang68 Anorectal diseases 1408Adil E. Bharucha and Robert R. Cima69 Diverticular disease of the colon 1433Mona Rezapour and Neil Stollman70 Polyps of the colon and rectum 1447John J. Garber and Daniel C. Chung71 Polyposis syndromes 1464Marcia Cruz-Correa and Lizmar Cerezo72 Malignant tumors of the colon 1490Jay Luther and Andrew T. Chan73 Colorectal cancer screening 1522Uri LadabaumPart 4 Pancreatico-biliary disease74 Acute pancreatitis 1549Timothy B. Gardner75 Autoimmune pancreatitis 1591Sushil Kumar Garg, Phil A. Hart, and Suresh T. Chari76 Chronic pancreatitis 1602Mitchell L. Ramsey, Darwin L. Conwell, and Phil A. Hart77 Pancreatitis of genetic and complex etiologies 1616David C. Whitcomb78 Cystic lesions of the pancreas 1643James J. Farrell79 Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas 1666Kazuki N. Sugahara, Paul T. Fanta, and Andrew M. Lowy80 Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas 1689Yasmin G. Hernandez-Barco and Daniel C. Chung81 Gallstones 1717Piero Portincasa and David Q.-H. Wang82 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 1745Ahmad H. Ali and Konstantinos N. LazaridisPart 5 Liver diseases83 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract 1761James Buxbaum and Shelly C. Lu84 Tumors of the biliary tract 1773Tushar Patel and Victoria Gómez85 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and postcholecystectomy syndrome 1792John O. Clarke, Anthony N. Kalloo, and Simon K. Lo86 Acute viral hepatitis 1804Marc G. Ghany, and T. Jake Liang87 Chronic hepatitis B and D 1841Grace L.H. Wong and Anna S. Lok88 Chronic hepatitis C 1861Andrew W. Tai and Hugo E. Vargas89 Drug-induced liver injury 1878Amoah Yeboah-Korang and Robert J. Fontana90 Acute liver failure 1889William M. Lee91 Autoimmune hepatitis 1906Richard Taubert and Michael P. Manns92 Primary biliary cholangitis 1918Marlyn J. Mayo93 Hemochromatosis 1932Paul C. Adams94 Metabolic diseases of the liver 1942Jacob Bilhartz and Fred Askari95 Alcohol-related liver disease 1966Juan Pablo Arab, Stephen R. Atkinson, and Ramon BatallerVolume ThreeContributors xiPreface xxiiiForeword by Tadataka Yamada xxvAbout the companion website xxvii96 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 1979M. Shadab Siddiqui and Arun J. Sanyal97 Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis 2000Don C. Rockey98 Ascites and its complications 2024Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao99 Central nervous system and pulmonary complications of end-stage liver disease 2044Chathur Acharya and Jasmohan S. Bajaj100 Liver transplantation 2063Nicole T. Shen, Alyson J. Kaplan, Alyson N. Fox, and Robert S. Brown, Jr101 Hepatocellular carcinoma 2082Nicole E. Rich and Jorge A. Marrero102 Acute cholangitis and liver abscess 2104Roman Perri and David S. Raiford103 Vascular diseases of the liver 2108José Ferrusquía-Acosta and Laurie D. DeLeve104 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulae 2122Ravi Pokala Kiran105 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum 2135Amanda K. ArringtonPart 6 Obesity106 Gastrointestinal and liver complications of obesity 2153Harmeet Malhi and Andres Acosta107 The role of the gastroenterologist in the management of obesity 2161George Cholankeril, Andrew A. Li, and Sarah Streett108 Bariatric endoscopy 2168Thomas R. McCarty and Christopher C. Thompson109 Bariatric surgery 2187Todd A. Kellogg and Omar M. GhanemPart 7 Gut and liver in systemic diseases110 Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of specific genetic disorders 2207Sonia S. Kupfer111 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic diseases 2231Seth Sweetser112 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver diseases 2274Travis W. Vandergriff113 Gastrointestinal vascular malformations and neoplasms: arterial, venous, arteriovenous, and capillary 2293Badr Al-Bawardy and Deborah D. Proctor114 Intestinal ischemia and vasculitides 2315Juan-R. Malagelada and Carolina Malagelada115 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract 2334Shilpa Kulkarni and Chandan Guha116 Complementary and alternative medicine and CBT in gastroenterology 2347Anthony Lembo, Jesse Katon, and Sarah BallouPart 8 Endoscopy117 General approach to endoscopy: sedation, monitoring, and preparation 2363Vaibhav Wadhwa and John J. Vargo118 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 2375Emmanuel Coronel and Irving Waxman119 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy 2388Jonathan A. Leighton and Shabana F. Pasha120 Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy 2400Douglas K. Rex121 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 2419Todd H. Baron and Ryan J. Law122 Gastrointestinal dilation and stenting 2439Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek123 Endoscopic approaches to enteral nutrition 2458Lucian Panait and Stephen A. McClave124 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage related to portal hypertension 2475Patrick S. Kamath and Louis M. Wong Kee Song125 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 2503Andrew W. Yen and Joseph W. Leung126 Endoscopic therapy for colorectal lesions 2519Neal Shahidi and Michael J. Bourke127 Minimally invasive surgery: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery 2532Aashish Rajesh, Rafael U. deAzevedo, Nizamuddin Shaikh, and David R. Farley128 Endoscopic submucosal dissection 2547Yuri Hanada, Luo Xiao Bei, and Kenneth K. Wang129 POEM and G-POEM 2554Mary Raina Angeli Abad, Haruhiro Inoue, Yuto Shimamura, Haruo Ikeda, and Manabu OnimaruPart 9 Imaging130 Plain and contrast radiology 2563Marc S. Levine and Stephen E. Rubesin131 Abdominal sonography 2583Stuart Bentley-Hibbert and Dwight Aberle132 Endoscopic ultrasonography 2606Margaret G. Keane, Anne Marie Lennon, and Mouen A. Khashab133 Endoscope reprocessing 2635Kavel H. Visrodia and Bret T. Petersen134 Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract 2642Eric C. Ehman and Elliot K. Fishman135 Magnetic resonance imaging 2672Haresh Naringrekar, Diane Bergin, and Donald G. Mitchell136 Positron emission tomography 2719Ishan Garg and Val J. Lowe137 Radionuclide imaging in the gastrointestinal tract 2732Harvey A. Ziessman138 Abdominal angiography 2751Kyung Jae Cho139 Interventional radiology 2774Sidney Z. Brejt, Sergei A. Sobolevsky, Todd R. Schlachter, Julius Chapiro, Rafael Duran, Vania Tacher, Camila Zamboni, Luke Higgins, and Jean-Francois Henri Geschwind140 Confocal laser endomicroscopy 2804Kazuki Sumiyama141 Liver biopsy and histopathological diagnosis 2814Sugantha Govindarajan, Yuna Gong, and Maurizio Bonacini142 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy – pathology and biomarker testing 2846Antonia R. Sepulveda and Sun A. KimPart 10 Infection, immunology, and microbiome143 Structure and function of the human microbiome: implications for health and disease 2931Allen A. Lee, John Y. Kao, and Vincent B. Young144 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections 2947Mitchell B. Cohen145 Chronic infections of the small intestine 3006Mary Flanagan and Séamus Hussey146 Parasitic diseases: protozoa 3022Daniel P. Beiting and Audrey R. Odom John147 Parasitic diseases: helminths 3039Joel Weinstock and John Leung148 Immunological disorders: (a) food allergy and hypersensitivity 3079Peter Capucilli, Jonathan O'B. Hourihane, and Jonathan M. Spergel149 Immunological disorders: (b) immunodeficiencies and gastrointestinal complications of organ transplantation 3086Paula O'Leary150 Complications of HIV/AIDS and other secondary immunodeficiencies 3105Edward N. Janoff and Phillip D. SmithIndex 3125