About the EditorsTimothy C. Wang, MD, Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Silberberg Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.Michael Camilleri, MD, Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.Associate EditorsBenjamin Lebwohl, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.Anna Lok, MD, Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor of Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.William J. Sandborn, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.Kenneth K. Wang, MD, Russell G. and Kathleen M. Van Cleve Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.Gary D. Wu, MD, Ferdinand G. Weisbrod Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

• Contributors, ixPreface, xviiAbout the companion website, xviiiPART 1 Anatomy and development1 Esophagus: anatomy and structural anomalies, 3Ikuo Hirano2 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural anomalies, 15Erik C. von Rosenvinge and Jean-Pierre Raufman3 Small intestine: anatomy and structural anomalies, 22Deborah C. Rubin and Jacob C. Langer4 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies, 27Bo Shen5 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies, 34Kazuki N. Sugahara and John A. Chabot6 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and hernias, 40Stella Joyce, Kevin P. Murphy, Michael M. Maher, and Owen J. O'Connor7 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural anomalies, 50Theodore H. Welling8 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell types, 59Maria Westerhoff and Laura LampsPART 2 Gastrointestinal diseasesA Esophagus9 Motility disorders of the esophagus, 71Joan W. Chen, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas10 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 83Dustin A. Carlson, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas11 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 97Yael Haberman Ziv, Margaret H. Collins, Nirmala Gonsalves, David A. Katzka, and Marc E. Rothenberg12 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 100C. Mel Wilcox13 Esophageal neoplasms, 108Adam J. Bass and Anil K. Rustgi14 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus, 118Craig C. Reed, Evan S. Dellon, and Nicholas J. ShaheenB Stomach15 Disorders of gastric emptying, 131Henry P. Parkman MD16 Peptic ulcer disease, 141Jonathan R. White, Krish Ragunath, and John C. Atherton17 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 153Robert T. Jensen and David C. Metz18 Gastritis and gastropathy, 159M. Blanca Piazuelo, Richard M. Peek, Jr, and M. Kay Washington19 Tumors of the stomach, 170Philip I. Craig and Emad M. El-Omar20 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach, 177Tamas A. Gonda and Abraham KrikhelyC Small intestine21 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon, 182David O. Prichard and Lawrence Szarka22 Disorders of epithelial transport, metabolism, and digestion in the small intestine, 190Richard J. Grand23 Celiac disease, 196Daniel A. Leffler and Benjamin Lebwohl24 Short bowel syndrome and small bowel transplantation, 204John K. DiBaise, Samuel Kesseli, and Debra Sudan25 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections, 209Gail A. Hecht, Jerrold R. Turner, Phillip I. Tarr, and Mitchell B. Cohen26 Chronic infections of the small intestine, 216Beth Gordon, Mary Flanagan, and Séamus Hussey27 Tumors of the small intestine, 225Barbara H. Jung and Maria Rosario Ferreira28 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine, 231Marc S. LevinD Inflammatory bowel disease29 Ulcerative colitis: clinical manifestations and management, 239Siddharth Singh30 Crohn's disease: clinical manifestations and management, 255Gil Y. Melmed, Christina Ha, and Dermot P.B. McGovernE Colon31 Irritable bowel syndrome, 264Elizabeth J. Videlock and Lin Chang32 Diverticular disease of the colon, 280Mona Rezapour and Neil Stollman33 Anorectal diseases, 287Adil E. Bharucha and Arnold Wald34 Polyps of the colon and rectum, 304Daniel C. Chung and John J. Garber35 Malignant tumors of the colon, 309Amin K. Soltani, Jay Luther, and Andrew T. Chan36 Polyposis syndromes, 317Marcia Cruz-Correa and Gabriella Torres37 Colorectal cancer screening, 336Uri LadabaumF Pancreas38 Acute pancreatitis, 341Timothy B. Gardner39 Chronic pancreatitis, 358Mitchell L. Ramsey, Zarine K. Shah, Darwin L. Conwell, and Phil A. Hart40 Pancreatitis of genetic and complex etiologies, 365David C. Whitcomb41 Cystic lesions of the pancreas, 375James J. Farrell42 Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, 383Yasmin G. Hernandez-Barco and Daniel C. ChungG Gallbladder and biliary tract43 Gallstones, 389Piero Portincasa and David Q.-H. Wang44 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 408Ahmad Hassan Ali and Konstantinos N. Lazaridis45 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract, 416James L. Buxbaum and Shelly C. Lu46 Tumors of the biliary tract, 423Tushar Patel and Victoria GomezH Liver47 Acute viral hepatitis, 431Marc G. Ghany and T. Jake Liang48 Chronic hepatitis B and D, 447Grace L.H. Wong and Anna S. Lok49 Chronic hepatitis C, 456Hugo E. Vargas and Andrew W. Tai50 Drug-induced liver injury, 462Robert J. Fontana51 Autoimmune hepatitis, 471Richard Taubert and Michael P. Manns52 Primary biliary cholangitis, 476Marlyn J. Mayo53 Acute cholangitis and liver abscess, 483Roman E. Perri and David S. Raiford54 Hemochromatosis, 486Paul C. Adams55 Metabolic diseases of the liver, 490Jacob Bilhartz and Frederick K. Askari56 Alcohol-related liver disease, 496Juan Pablo Arab, Stephen R. Atkinson, and Ramon Bataller57 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 499Mohammad S. Siddiqui and Arun J. Sanyal58 Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, 506Don C. Rockey59 Ascites and its complications, 522Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao60 Vascular diseases of the liver, 532José Ferrusquía-Acosta and Laurie D. DeLeve61 Liver transplantation, 538Alyson J. Kaplan, Nicole T. Shen, Alyson N. Fox, and Robert S. Brown, Jr62 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 544Jorge A. Marrero and Nicole E. RichI Miscellaneous63 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulas, 549Ravi Pokala Kiran64 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum, 556Jennifer M. Whittington, Scott D. Stevens, and B. Mark Evers65 Obesity: treatment and complications, 564Harmeet Malhi and Andres Acosta66 Surgical complications of metabolic surgery, 575Todd A. Kellogg, Joseph N. Badaoui, and Omar M. Ghanem67 Complications of HIV/AIDS and other secondary immunodeficiency states, 588Phillip D. Smith, C. Mel Wilcox, and Edward N. Janoff68 Gastrointestinal manifestations of immunological disorders, 596Paula O'Leary and Fergus Shanahan69 Parasitic diseases: protozoa, 602Daniel P. Beiting and Audrey R. Odom John70 Parasitic diseases: helminths, 611Joel V. Weinstock71 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic diseases, 629Seth Sweetser72 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver diseases and oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases, 641Travis W. Vandergriff73 Intestinal ischemia and vasculitides, 662Juan-Ramón Malagelada and Carolina Malagelada74 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract, 677Lalitha S. Y. Nanduri, Nicole C. Panarelli, and Chandan GuhaPART 3 Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in gastroenterologyA Endoscopic75 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 687Emmanuel Coronel and Irving Waxman76 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy, 713Jonathan A. Leighton and Shabana F. Pasha77 Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy, 718Douglas K. Rex78 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 724Todd H. Baron and Ryan J. Law79 Gastrointestinal dilation and stent placement, 728Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek80 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage related to portal hypertension, 750Patrick S. Kamath and Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song81 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 769Andrew W. Yen and Joseph W. Leung82 Endoscopic management of esophageal, gastric, and duodenal lesions, 775Neal Shahidi, Sunil Gupta, and Michael J. Bourke83 Endoscopic management of colorectal lesions, 782Neal Shahidi, Sunil Gupta, and Michael J. Bourke84 Minimally invasive surgery: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery, 788Aashish Rajesh, Nizamuddin Shaikh, and David R. FarleyB Imaging85 POEM and G-POEM, 796Mary Raina Angeli Fujiyoshi, Haruhiro Inoue, Yusuke Fujiyoshi, Yuto Shimamura, Haruo Ikeda, and Manabu Onimaru86 Plain and contrast radiology, 801Stephen E. Rubesin and Marc S. Levine87 Abdominal sonography, 813Stuart Bentley-Hibbert and Dwight Aberle88 Endoscopic ultrasonography, 822Margaret G. Keane, Anne Marie Lennon, and Mouen A. Khashab89 Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract, 835Eric C. Ehman, Siva P. Raman, Karen M. Horton, Pamela T. Johnson, and Elliot K. Fishman90 Magnetic resonance imaging, 847Haresh Naringrekar91 Positron emission tomography, 870Garima Suman and Val J. Lowe92 Nuclear medicine imaging, 893Mathurika Jeyasingam and Harvey A. Ziessman93 Abdominal angiography, 910Kyung Jae ChoC Pathology94 Interventional radiology, 932Sidney Z. Brejt and Sergei A. Sobolevsky95 Liver biopsy and histopathological diagnosis, 953Sugantha Govindarajan96 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy: histopathological interpretation, 971Antonia R. Sepulveda and Sun A. KimIndex, 995

About the EditorsTimothy C. Wang, MD, Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Silberberg Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.Michael Camilleri, MD, Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.Associate EditorsBenjamin Lebwohl, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.Anna Lok, MD, Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor of Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.William J. Sandborn, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.Kenneth K. Wang, MD, Russell G. and Kathleen M. Van Cleve Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.Gary D. Wu, MD, Ferdinand G. Weisbrod Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

• Contributors, ixPreface, xviiAbout the companion website, xviiiPART 1 Anatomy and development1 Esophagus: anatomy and structural anomalies, 3Ikuo Hirano2 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural anomalies, 15Erik C. von Rosenvinge and Jean-Pierre Raufman3 Small intestine: anatomy and structural anomalies, 22Deborah C. Rubin and Jacob C. Langer4 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies, 27Bo Shen5 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies, 34Kazuki N. Sugahara and John A. Chabot6 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and hernias, 40Stella Joyce, Kevin P. Murphy, Michael M. Maher, and Owen J. O'Connor7 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural anomalies, 50Theodore H. Welling8 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell types, 59Maria Westerhoff and Laura LampsPART 2 Gastrointestinal diseasesA Esophagus9 Motility disorders of the esophagus, 71Joan W. Chen, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas10 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 83Dustin A. Carlson, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas11 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 97Yael Haberman Ziv, Margaret H. Collins, Nirmala Gonsalves, David A. Katzka, and Marc E. Rothenberg12 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 100C. Mel Wilcox13 Esophageal neoplasms, 108Adam J. Bass and Anil K. Rustgi14 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus, 118Craig C. Reed, Evan S. Dellon, and Nicholas J. ShaheenB Stomach15 Disorders of gastric emptying, 131Henry P. Parkman MD16 Peptic ulcer disease, 141Jonathan R. White, Krish Ragunath, and John C. Atherton17 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 153Robert T. Jensen and David C. Metz18 Gastritis and gastropathy, 159M. Blanca Piazuelo, Richard M. Peek, Jr, and M. Kay Washington19 Tumors of the stomach, 170Philip I. Craig and Emad M. El-Omar20 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach, 177Tamas A. Gonda and Abraham KrikhelyC Small intestine21 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon, 182David O. Prichard and Lawrence Szarka22 Disorders of epithelial transport, metabolism, and digestion in the small intestine, 190Richard J. Grand23 Celiac disease, 196Daniel A. Leffler and Benjamin Lebwohl24 Short bowel syndrome and small bowel transplantation, 204John K. DiBaise, Samuel Kesseli, and Debra Sudan25 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections, 209Gail A. Hecht, Jerrold R. Turner, Phillip I. Tarr, and Mitchell B. Cohen26 Chronic infections of the small intestine, 216Beth Gordon, Mary Flanagan, and Séamus Hussey27 Tumors of the small intestine, 225Barbara H. Jung and Maria Rosario Ferreira28 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine, 231Marc S. LevinD Inflammatory bowel disease29 Ulcerative colitis: clinical manifestations and management, 239Siddharth Singh30 Crohn's disease: clinical manifestations and management, 255Gil Y. Melmed, Christina Ha, and Dermot P.B. McGovernE Colon31 Irritable bowel syndrome, 264Elizabeth J. Videlock and Lin Chang32 Diverticular disease of the colon, 280Mona Rezapour and Neil Stollman33 Anorectal diseases, 287Adil E. Bharucha and Arnold Wald34 Polyps of the colon and rectum, 304Daniel C. Chung and John J. Garber35 Malignant tumors of the colon, 309Amin K. Soltani, Jay Luther, and Andrew T. Chan36 Polyposis syndromes, 317Marcia Cruz-Correa and Gabriella Torres37 Colorectal cancer screening, 336Uri LadabaumF Pancreas38 Acute pancreatitis, 341Timothy B. Gardner39 Chronic pancreatitis, 358Mitchell L. Ramsey, Zarine K. Shah, Darwin L. Conwell, and Phil A. Hart40 Pancreatitis of genetic and complex etiologies, 365David C. Whitcomb41 Cystic lesions of the pancreas, 375James J. Farrell42 Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, 383Yasmin G. Hernandez-Barco and Daniel C. ChungG Gallbladder and biliary tract43 Gallstones, 389Piero Portincasa and David Q.-H. Wang44 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 408Ahmad Hassan Ali and Konstantinos N. Lazaridis45 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract, 416James L. Buxbaum and Shelly C. Lu46 Tumors of the biliary tract, 423Tushar Patel and Victoria GomezH Liver47 Acute viral hepatitis, 431Marc G. Ghany and T. Jake Liang48 Chronic hepatitis B and D, 447Grace L.H. Wong and Anna S. Lok49 Chronic hepatitis C, 456Hugo E. Vargas and Andrew W. Tai50 Drug-induced liver injury, 462Robert J. Fontana51 Autoimmune hepatitis, 471Richard Taubert and Michael P. Manns52 Primary biliary cholangitis, 476Marlyn J. Mayo53 Acute cholangitis and liver abscess, 483Roman E. Perri and David S. Raiford54 Hemochromatosis, 486Paul C. Adams55 Metabolic diseases of the liver, 490Jacob Bilhartz and Frederick K. Askari56 Alcohol-related liver disease, 496Juan Pablo Arab, Stephen R. Atkinson, and Ramon Bataller57 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 499Mohammad S. Siddiqui and Arun J. Sanyal58 Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, 506Don C. Rockey59 Ascites and its complications, 522Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao60 Vascular diseases of the liver, 532José Ferrusquía-Acosta and Laurie D. DeLeve61 Liver transplantation, 538Alyson J. Kaplan, Nicole T. Shen, Alyson N. Fox, and Robert S. Brown, Jr62 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 544Jorge A. Marrero and Nicole E. RichI Miscellaneous63 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulas, 549Ravi Pokala Kiran64 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum, 556Jennifer M. Whittington, Scott D. Stevens, and B. Mark Evers65 Obesity: treatment and complications, 564Harmeet Malhi and Andres Acosta66 Surgical complications of metabolic surgery, 575Todd A. Kellogg, Joseph N. Badaoui, and Omar M. Ghanem67 Complications of HIV/AIDS and other secondary immunodeficiency states, 588Phillip D. Smith, C. Mel Wilcox, and Edward N. Janoff68 Gastrointestinal manifestations of immunological disorders, 596Paula O'Leary and Fergus Shanahan69 Parasitic diseases: protozoa, 602Daniel P. Beiting and Audrey R. Odom John70 Parasitic diseases: helminths, 611Joel V. Weinstock71 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic diseases, 629Seth Sweetser72 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver diseases and oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases, 641Travis W. Vandergriff73 Intestinal ischemia and vasculitides, 662Juan-Ramón Malagelada and Carolina Malagelada74 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract, 677Lalitha S. Y. Nanduri, Nicole C. Panarelli, and Chandan GuhaPART 3 Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in gastroenterologyA Endoscopic75 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 687Emmanuel Coronel and Irving Waxman76 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy, 713Jonathan A. Leighton and Shabana F. Pasha77 Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy, 718Douglas K. Rex78 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 724Todd H. Baron and Ryan J. Law79 Gastrointestinal dilation and stent placement, 728Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek80 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage related to portal hypertension, 750Patrick S. Kamath and Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song81 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 769Andrew W. Yen and Joseph W. Leung82 Endoscopic management of esophageal, gastric, and duodenal lesions, 775Neal Shahidi, Sunil Gupta, and Michael J. Bourke83 Endoscopic management of colorectal lesions, 782Neal Shahidi, Sunil Gupta, and Michael J. Bourke84 Minimally invasive surgery: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery, 788Aashish Rajesh, Nizamuddin Shaikh, and David R. FarleyB Imaging85 POEM and G-POEM, 796Mary Raina Angeli Fujiyoshi, Haruhiro Inoue, Yusuke Fujiyoshi, Yuto Shimamura, Haruo Ikeda, and Manabu Onimaru86 Plain and contrast radiology, 801Stephen E. Rubesin and Marc S. Levine87 Abdominal sonography, 813Stuart Bentley-Hibbert and Dwight Aberle88 Endoscopic ultrasonography, 822Margaret G. Keane, Anne Marie Lennon, and Mouen A. Khashab89 Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract, 835Eric C. Ehman, Siva P. Raman, Karen M. Horton, Pamela T. Johnson, and Elliot K. Fishman90 Magnetic resonance imaging, 847Haresh Naringrekar91 Positron emission tomography, 870Garima Suman and Val J. Lowe92 Nuclear medicine imaging, 893Mathurika Jeyasingam and Harvey A. Ziessman93 Abdominal angiography, 910Kyung Jae ChoC Pathology94 Interventional radiology, 932Sidney Z. Brejt and Sergei A. Sobolevsky95 Liver biopsy and histopathological diagnosis, 953Sugantha Govindarajan96 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy: histopathological interpretation, 971Antonia R. Sepulveda and Sun A. KimIndex, 995

About the EditorsTimothy C. Wang, MD, Chief, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Silberberg Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.Michael Camilleri, MD, Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.Associate EditorsBenjamin Lebwohl, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.Anna Lok, MD, Alice Lohrman Andrews Research Professor of Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.William J. Sandborn, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.Kenneth K. Wang, MD, Russell G. and Kathleen M. Van Cleve Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.Gary D. Wu, MD, Ferdinand G. Weisbrod Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

• Contributors, ixPreface, xviiAbout the companion website, xviiiPART 1 Anatomy and development1 Esophagus: anatomy and structural anomalies, 3Ikuo Hirano2 Stomach and duodenum: anatomy and structural anomalies, 15Erik C. von Rosenvinge and Jean-Pierre Raufman3 Small intestine: anatomy and structural anomalies, 22Deborah C. Rubin and Jacob C. Langer4 Colon: anatomy and structural anomalies, 27Bo Shen5 Pancreas: anatomy and structural anomalies, 34Kazuki N. Sugahara and John A. Chabot6 Abdominal cavity: anatomy, structural anomalies, and hernias, 40Stella Joyce, Kevin P. Murphy, Michael M. Maher, and Owen J. O'Connor7 Gallbladder and biliary tract: anatomy and structural anomalies, 50Theodore H. Welling8 Liver: anatomy, microscopic structure, and cell types, 59Maria Westerhoff and Laura LampsPART 2 Gastrointestinal diseasesA Esophagus9 Motility disorders of the esophagus, 71Joan W. Chen, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas10 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 83Dustin A. Carlson, John E. Pandolfino, and Peter J. Kahrilas11 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 97Yael Haberman Ziv, Margaret H. Collins, Nirmala Gonsalves, David A. Katzka, and Marc E. Rothenberg12 Esophageal infections and disorders associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 100C. Mel Wilcox13 Esophageal neoplasms, 108Adam J. Bass and Anil K. Rustgi14 Miscellaneous diseases of the esophagus, 118Craig C. Reed, Evan S. Dellon, and Nicholas J. ShaheenB Stomach15 Disorders of gastric emptying, 131Henry P. Parkman MD16 Peptic ulcer disease, 141Jonathan R. White, Krish Ragunath, and John C. Atherton17 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 153Robert T. Jensen and David C. Metz18 Gastritis and gastropathy, 159M. Blanca Piazuelo, Richard M. Peek, Jr, and M. Kay Washington19 Tumors of the stomach, 170Philip I. Craig and Emad M. El-Omar20 Miscellaneous diseases of the stomach, 177Tamas A. Gonda and Abraham KrikhelyC Small intestine21 Dysmotility of the small intestine and colon, 182David O. Prichard and Lawrence Szarka22 Disorders of epithelial transport, metabolism, and digestion in the small intestine, 190Richard J. Grand23 Celiac disease, 196Daniel A. Leffler and Benjamin Lebwohl24 Short bowel syndrome and small bowel transplantation, 204John K. DiBaise, Samuel Kesseli, and Debra Sudan25 Bacterial, viral, and toxic causes of diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and anorectal infections, 209Gail A. Hecht, Jerrold R. Turner, Phillip I. Tarr, and Mitchell B. Cohen26 Chronic infections of the small intestine, 216Beth Gordon, Mary Flanagan, and Séamus Hussey27 Tumors of the small intestine, 225Barbara H. Jung and Maria Rosario Ferreira28 Miscellaneous diseases of the small intestine, 231Marc S. LevinD Inflammatory bowel disease29 Ulcerative colitis: clinical manifestations and management, 239Siddharth Singh30 Crohn's disease: clinical manifestations and management, 255Gil Y. Melmed, Christina Ha, and Dermot P.B. McGovernE Colon31 Irritable bowel syndrome, 264Elizabeth J. Videlock and Lin Chang32 Diverticular disease of the colon, 280Mona Rezapour and Neil Stollman33 Anorectal diseases, 287Adil E. Bharucha and Arnold Wald34 Polyps of the colon and rectum, 304Daniel C. Chung and John J. Garber35 Malignant tumors of the colon, 309Amin K. Soltani, Jay Luther, and Andrew T. Chan36 Polyposis syndromes, 317Marcia Cruz-Correa and Gabriella Torres37 Colorectal cancer screening, 336Uri LadabaumF Pancreas38 Acute pancreatitis, 341Timothy B. Gardner39 Chronic pancreatitis, 358Mitchell L. Ramsey, Zarine K. Shah, Darwin L. Conwell, and Phil A. Hart40 Pancreatitis of genetic and complex etiologies, 365David C. Whitcomb41 Cystic lesions of the pancreas, 375James J. Farrell42 Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas, 383Yasmin G. Hernandez-Barco and Daniel C. ChungG Gallbladder and biliary tract43 Gallstones, 389Piero Portincasa and David Q.-H. Wang44 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 408Ahmad Hassan Ali and Konstantinos N. Lazaridis45 Cystic diseases of the liver and biliary tract, 416James L. Buxbaum and Shelly C. Lu46 Tumors of the biliary tract, 423Tushar Patel and Victoria GomezH Liver47 Acute viral hepatitis, 431Marc G. Ghany and T. Jake Liang48 Chronic hepatitis B and D, 447Grace L.H. Wong and Anna S. Lok49 Chronic hepatitis C, 456Hugo E. Vargas and Andrew W. Tai50 Drug-induced liver injury, 462Robert J. Fontana51 Autoimmune hepatitis, 471Richard Taubert and Michael P. Manns52 Primary biliary cholangitis, 476Marlyn J. Mayo53 Acute cholangitis and liver abscess, 483Roman E. Perri and David S. Raiford54 Hemochromatosis, 486Paul C. Adams55 Metabolic diseases of the liver, 490Jacob Bilhartz and Frederick K. Askari56 Alcohol-related liver disease, 496Juan Pablo Arab, Stephen R. Atkinson, and Ramon Bataller57 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 499Mohammad S. Siddiqui and Arun J. Sanyal58 Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, 506Don C. Rockey59 Ascites and its complications, 522Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao60 Vascular diseases of the liver, 532José Ferrusquía-Acosta and Laurie D. DeLeve61 Liver transplantation, 538Alyson J. Kaplan, Nicole T. Shen, Alyson N. Fox, and Robert S. Brown, Jr62 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 544Jorge A. Marrero and Nicole E. RichI Miscellaneous63 Intraabdominal abscesses and fistulas, 549Ravi Pokala Kiran64 Diseases of the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mesentery, and omentum, 556Jennifer M. Whittington, Scott D. Stevens, and B. Mark Evers65 Obesity: treatment and complications, 564Harmeet Malhi and Andres Acosta66 Surgical complications of metabolic surgery, 575Todd A. Kellogg, Joseph N. Badaoui, and Omar M. Ghanem67 Complications of HIV/AIDS and other secondary immunodeficiency states, 588Phillip D. Smith, C. Mel Wilcox, and Edward N. Janoff68 Gastrointestinal manifestations of immunological disorders, 596Paula O'Leary and Fergus Shanahan69 Parasitic diseases: protozoa, 602Daniel P. Beiting and Audrey R. Odom John70 Parasitic diseases: helminths, 611Joel V. Weinstock71 Gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic diseases, 629Seth Sweetser72 Skin lesions associated with gastrointestinal and liver diseases and oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases, 641Travis W. Vandergriff73 Intestinal ischemia and vasculitides, 662Juan-Ramón Malagelada and Carolina Malagelada74 Radiation injury in the gastrointestinal tract, 677Lalitha S. Y. Nanduri, Nicole C. Panarelli, and Chandan GuhaPART 3 Diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in gastroenterologyA Endoscopic75 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 687Emmanuel Coronel and Irving Waxman76 Capsule and small bowel endoscopy, 713Jonathan A. Leighton and Shabana F. Pasha77 Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy, 718Douglas K. Rex78 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 724Todd H. Baron and Ryan J. Law79 Gastrointestinal dilation and stent placement, 728Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek80 Management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage related to portal hypertension, 750Patrick S. Kamath and Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song81 Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 769Andrew W. Yen and Joseph W. Leung82 Endoscopic management of esophageal, gastric, and duodenal lesions, 775Neal Shahidi, Sunil Gupta, and Michael J. Bourke83 Endoscopic management of colorectal lesions, 782Neal Shahidi, Sunil Gupta, and Michael J. Bourke84 Minimally invasive surgery: laparotomy, laparoscopy, and robotic surgery, 788Aashish Rajesh, Nizamuddin Shaikh, and David R. FarleyB Imaging85 POEM and G-POEM, 796Mary Raina Angeli Fujiyoshi, Haruhiro Inoue, Yusuke Fujiyoshi, Yuto Shimamura, Haruo Ikeda, and Manabu Onimaru86 Plain and contrast radiology, 801Stephen E. Rubesin and Marc S. Levine87 Abdominal sonography, 813Stuart Bentley-Hibbert and Dwight Aberle88 Endoscopic ultrasonography, 822Margaret G. Keane, Anne Marie Lennon, and Mouen A. Khashab89 Computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract, 835Eric C. Ehman, Siva P. Raman, Karen M. Horton, Pamela T. Johnson, and Elliot K. Fishman90 Magnetic resonance imaging, 847Haresh Naringrekar91 Positron emission tomography, 870Garima Suman and Val J. Lowe92 Nuclear medicine imaging, 893Mathurika Jeyasingam and Harvey A. Ziessman93 Abdominal angiography, 910Kyung Jae ChoC Pathology94 Interventional radiology, 932Sidney Z. Brejt and Sergei A. Sobolevsky95 Liver biopsy and histopathological diagnosis, 953Sugantha Govindarajan96 Endoscopic mucosal biopsy: histopathological interpretation, 971Antonia R. Sepulveda and Sun A. KimIndex, 995