NATHAN BLAUNSTEIN is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication System Engineering at Ben Gurion University of the Negev.?? SHLOMO ENGELBERG is a Professor at the Jerusalem College of Technology and is the Dean of its School of Engineering and Computer Science. EVGENII KROUK is Professor at the Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia. MIKHAIL SERGEEV is Professor in the Department of Computer Systems and Networks at the St. Petersburg State University of Airspace Instrumentation, Russia.

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• Preface xiAcknowledgments xvAbbreviations xviiNomenclature xixPart I Optical Communication Link Fundamentals 11 Basic Elements of Optical Communication 31.1 Spectrum of Optical Waves 31.2 Optical Communication in Historical Perspective 41.3 Optical Communication Link Presentation 5References 82 Optical Wave Propagation 112.1 Similarity of Optical and Radio Waves 112.2 Electromagnetic Aspects of Optical Wave Propagation 132.3 Propagation of Optical Waves in Free Space 162.4 Propagation of Optical Waves Through the Boundary of Two Media 162.4.1 Boundary Conditions 162.4.2 Main Formulations of Reflection and Refraction Coefficients 172.5 Total Intrinsic Reflection in Optics 202.6 Propagation of Optical Waves in Material Media 232.6.1 Imperfect Dielectric Medium 252.6.2 Good Conductor Medium 25Problems 25References 28Part II Fundamentals of Optical Communication 293 Types of Signals in Optical Communication Channels 313.1 Types of Optical Signals 313.1.1 Narrowband Optical Signals 313.1.2 Wideband Optical Signals 343.2 Mathematical Description of Narrowband Signals 353.3 Mathematical Description of Wideband Signals 39References 414 An Introduction to the Principles of Coding and Decoding of Discrete Signals 434.1 Basic Concepts of Coding and Decoding 434.1.1 General Communication Scheme 434.1.2 The Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) 454.1.3 Channel Model with AWGN 464.2 Basic Aspects of Coding and Decoding 474.2.1 Criteria of Coding 474.2.2 Code Parameters for Error Correction 504.2.3 Linear Codes 514.2.4 Estimation of Error Probability of Decoding 544.3 Codes with Algebraic Decoding 564.3.1 Cyclic Codes 564.3.2 BCH Codes 574.3.3 Reed–Solomon Codes 594.4 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 60References 635 Coding in Optical Communication Channels 675.1 Peculiarities of Cyclic Codes in Communication Systems 675.2 Codes with Low Density of Parity Checks 685.2.1 Basic Definitions 685.2.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 725.2.3 Construction of Irregular LDPC Codes 735.2.4 Construction of Regular LDPC Codes 745.3 Methods of Combining Codes 765.4 Coding in Optical Channels 79References 836 Fading in Optical Communication Channels 876.1 Parameters of Fading in Optical Communication Channel 876.1.1 Time Dispersion Parameters 886.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth 896.1.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 896.2 Types of Small-Scale Fading 916.3 Mathematical Description of Fast Fading 936.3.1 Rayleigh PDF and CDF 946.3.2 Ricean PDF and CDF 966.3.2.1 Gamma-Gamma Distribution 996.4 Mathematical Description of Large-Scale Fading 1006.4.1 Gaussian PDF and CDF 101References 1027 Modulation of Signals in Optical Communication Links 1037.1 Analog Modulation 1047.1.1 Analog Amplitude Modulation 1047.1.2 Analog Angle Modulation – Frequency and Phase 1067.1.2.1 Phase Modulation 1077.1.3 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM or PM Signals 1077.1.4 Relations Between SNR and Bandwidth in AM and FM Signals 1087.2 Digital Signal Modulation 1097.2.1 Main Characteristics of Digital Modulation 1107.2.1.1 Power Efficiency and Bandwidth Efficiency 1107.2.1.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 1117.2.2 Linear Digital Modulation 1127.2.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation 1127.2.2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation 1137.2.2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Modulation 1147.2.3 Nonlinear Digital Modulation 1147.2.3.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 114Problems 115References 1158 Optical Sources and Detectors 1178.1 Emission and Absorption of Optical Waves 1178.2 Operational Characteristics of Laser 1198.3 Light-Emitting Sources and Detectors 1228.3.1 Light-Emitting p–n Type Diode 1228.3.2 Laser p–n Type Diode 1248.3.3 Photodiode 1258.3.4 PiN and p–n Photodiodes – Principle of Operation 1268.4 Operational Characteristics of Light Diodes 129References 130Part III Wired Optical Communication Links 1339 Light Waves in Fiber Optic Guiding Structures 1359.1 Propagation of Light in Fiber Optic Structures 1359.1.1 Types of Optical Fibers 1359.1.2 Propagation of Optical Wave Inside the Fiber Optic Structure 137References 13910 Dispersion Properties of Fiber Optic Structures 14110.1 Characteristic Parameters of Fiber Optic Structures 14110.2 Dispersion of Optical Signal in Fiber Optic Structures 14210.2.1 Material Dispersion 14210.2.2 Modal Dispersion 143Problems 145References 146Part IV Wireless Optical Channels 14711 Atmospheric Communication Channels 14911.1 Basic Characteristics of Atmospheric Channel 14911.2 Effects of Aerosols on Atmospheric Communication Links 15011.2.1 Aerosol Dimensions 15011.2.2 Aerosol Altitudes Localization 15111.2.3 Aerosol Concentration 15211.2.4 Aerosol Size Distribution and Spectral Extinction 15211.3 Effects of Hydrometeors 15411.3.1 Effects of Fog 15411.3.2 Effects of Rain 15511.3.3 Effects of Clouds 15711.3.3.1 Snow 15811.4 Effects of Turbulent Gaseous Structures on Optical Waves Propagation 15811.4.1 Turbulence Phenomenon 15811.4.2 Scintillation Phenomenon of Optical Wave Passing the Turbulent Atmosphere 16111.4.3 Scintillation Index 16211.4.4 Signal Intensity Scintillations in the Turbulent Atmosphere 16211.4.5 Effects of Atmosphere Turbulences on Signal Fading 16511.5 Optical Waves Propagation Caused by Atmospheric Scattering 166References 168Part V Data Stream Parameters in Atmospheric and Fiber Optic Communication Links with Fading 17312 Transmission of Information Data in Optical Channels: Atmospheric and Fiber Optics 17512.1 Characteristics of Information Signal Data in Optical Communication Links 17612.2 Bit Error Rate in Optical Communication Channel 18112.3 Relations Between Signal Data Parameters and Fading Parameters in Atmospheric Links 18312.4 Effects of Fading in Fiber Optic Communication Link 188References 191Index 195

NATHAN BLAUNSTEIN is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication System Engineering at Ben Gurion University of the Negev.?? SHLOMO ENGELBERG is a Professor at the Jerusalem College of Technology and is the Dean of its School of Engineering and Computer Science. EVGENII KROUK is Professor at the Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia. MIKHAIL SERGEEV is Professor in the Department of Computer Systems and Networks at the St. Petersburg State University of Airspace Instrumentation, Russia.

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• Preface xiAcknowledgments xvAbbreviations xviiNomenclature xixPart I Optical Communication Link Fundamentals 11 Basic Elements of Optical Communication 31.1 Spectrum of Optical Waves 31.2 Optical Communication in Historical Perspective 41.3 Optical Communication Link Presentation 5References 82 Optical Wave Propagation 112.1 Similarity of Optical and Radio Waves 112.2 Electromagnetic Aspects of Optical Wave Propagation 132.3 Propagation of Optical Waves in Free Space 162.4 Propagation of Optical Waves Through the Boundary of Two Media 162.4.1 Boundary Conditions 162.4.2 Main Formulations of Reflection and Refraction Coefficients 172.5 Total Intrinsic Reflection in Optics 202.6 Propagation of Optical Waves in Material Media 232.6.1 Imperfect Dielectric Medium 252.6.2 Good Conductor Medium 25Problems 25References 28Part II Fundamentals of Optical Communication 293 Types of Signals in Optical Communication Channels 313.1 Types of Optical Signals 313.1.1 Narrowband Optical Signals 313.1.2 Wideband Optical Signals 343.2 Mathematical Description of Narrowband Signals 353.3 Mathematical Description of Wideband Signals 39References 414 An Introduction to the Principles of Coding and Decoding of Discrete Signals 434.1 Basic Concepts of Coding and Decoding 434.1.1 General Communication Scheme 434.1.2 The Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) 454.1.3 Channel Model with AWGN 464.2 Basic Aspects of Coding and Decoding 474.2.1 Criteria of Coding 474.2.2 Code Parameters for Error Correction 504.2.3 Linear Codes 514.2.4 Estimation of Error Probability of Decoding 544.3 Codes with Algebraic Decoding 564.3.1 Cyclic Codes 564.3.2 BCH Codes 574.3.3 Reed–Solomon Codes 594.4 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 60References 635 Coding in Optical Communication Channels 675.1 Peculiarities of Cyclic Codes in Communication Systems 675.2 Codes with Low Density of Parity Checks 685.2.1 Basic Definitions 685.2.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 725.2.3 Construction of Irregular LDPC Codes 735.2.4 Construction of Regular LDPC Codes 745.3 Methods of Combining Codes 765.4 Coding in Optical Channels 79References 836 Fading in Optical Communication Channels 876.1 Parameters of Fading in Optical Communication Channel 876.1.1 Time Dispersion Parameters 886.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth 896.1.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 896.2 Types of Small-Scale Fading 916.3 Mathematical Description of Fast Fading 936.3.1 Rayleigh PDF and CDF 946.3.2 Ricean PDF and CDF 966.3.2.1 Gamma-Gamma Distribution 996.4 Mathematical Description of Large-Scale Fading 1006.4.1 Gaussian PDF and CDF 101References 1027 Modulation of Signals in Optical Communication Links 1037.1 Analog Modulation 1047.1.1 Analog Amplitude Modulation 1047.1.2 Analog Angle Modulation – Frequency and Phase 1067.1.2.1 Phase Modulation 1077.1.3 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM or PM Signals 1077.1.4 Relations Between SNR and Bandwidth in AM and FM Signals 1087.2 Digital Signal Modulation 1097.2.1 Main Characteristics of Digital Modulation 1107.2.1.1 Power Efficiency and Bandwidth Efficiency 1107.2.1.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 1117.2.2 Linear Digital Modulation 1127.2.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation 1127.2.2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation 1137.2.2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Modulation 1147.2.3 Nonlinear Digital Modulation 1147.2.3.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 114Problems 115References 1158 Optical Sources and Detectors 1178.1 Emission and Absorption of Optical Waves 1178.2 Operational Characteristics of Laser 1198.3 Light-Emitting Sources and Detectors 1228.3.1 Light-Emitting p–n Type Diode 1228.3.2 Laser p–n Type Diode 1248.3.3 Photodiode 1258.3.4 PiN and p–n Photodiodes – Principle of Operation 1268.4 Operational Characteristics of Light Diodes 129References 130Part III Wired Optical Communication Links 1339 Light Waves in Fiber Optic Guiding Structures 1359.1 Propagation of Light in Fiber Optic Structures 1359.1.1 Types of Optical Fibers 1359.1.2 Propagation of Optical Wave Inside the Fiber Optic Structure 137References 13910 Dispersion Properties of Fiber Optic Structures 14110.1 Characteristic Parameters of Fiber Optic Structures 14110.2 Dispersion of Optical Signal in Fiber Optic Structures 14210.2.1 Material Dispersion 14210.2.2 Modal Dispersion 143Problems 145References 146Part IV Wireless Optical Channels 14711 Atmospheric Communication Channels 14911.1 Basic Characteristics of Atmospheric Channel 14911.2 Effects of Aerosols on Atmospheric Communication Links 15011.2.1 Aerosol Dimensions 15011.2.2 Aerosol Altitudes Localization 15111.2.3 Aerosol Concentration 15211.2.4 Aerosol Size Distribution and Spectral Extinction 15211.3 Effects of Hydrometeors 15411.3.1 Effects of Fog 15411.3.2 Effects of Rain 15511.3.3 Effects of Clouds 15711.3.3.1 Snow 15811.4 Effects of Turbulent Gaseous Structures on Optical Waves Propagation 15811.4.1 Turbulence Phenomenon 15811.4.2 Scintillation Phenomenon of Optical Wave Passing the Turbulent Atmosphere 16111.4.3 Scintillation Index 16211.4.4 Signal Intensity Scintillations in the Turbulent Atmosphere 16211.4.5 Effects of Atmosphere Turbulences on Signal Fading 16511.5 Optical Waves Propagation Caused by Atmospheric Scattering 166References 168Part V Data Stream Parameters in Atmospheric and Fiber Optic Communication Links with Fading 17312 Transmission of Information Data in Optical Channels: Atmospheric and Fiber Optics 17512.1 Characteristics of Information Signal Data in Optical Communication Links 17612.2 Bit Error Rate in Optical Communication Channel 18112.3 Relations Between Signal Data Parameters and Fading Parameters in Atmospheric Links 18312.4 Effects of Fading in Fiber Optic Communication Link 188References 191Index 195

NATHAN BLAUNSTEIN is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication System Engineering at Ben Gurion University of the Negev.?? SHLOMO ENGELBERG is a Professor at the Jerusalem College of Technology and is the Dean of its School of Engineering and Computer Science. EVGENII KROUK is Professor at the Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia. MIKHAIL SERGEEV is Professor in the Department of Computer Systems and Networks at the St. Petersburg State University of Airspace Instrumentation, Russia.

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• Preface xiAcknowledgments xvAbbreviations xviiNomenclature xixPart I Optical Communication Link Fundamentals 11 Basic Elements of Optical Communication 31.1 Spectrum of Optical Waves 31.2 Optical Communication in Historical Perspective 41.3 Optical Communication Link Presentation 5References 82 Optical Wave Propagation 112.1 Similarity of Optical and Radio Waves 112.2 Electromagnetic Aspects of Optical Wave Propagation 132.3 Propagation of Optical Waves in Free Space 162.4 Propagation of Optical Waves Through the Boundary of Two Media 162.4.1 Boundary Conditions 162.4.2 Main Formulations of Reflection and Refraction Coefficients 172.5 Total Intrinsic Reflection in Optics 202.6 Propagation of Optical Waves in Material Media 232.6.1 Imperfect Dielectric Medium 252.6.2 Good Conductor Medium 25Problems 25References 28Part II Fundamentals of Optical Communication 293 Types of Signals in Optical Communication Channels 313.1 Types of Optical Signals 313.1.1 Narrowband Optical Signals 313.1.2 Wideband Optical Signals 343.2 Mathematical Description of Narrowband Signals 353.3 Mathematical Description of Wideband Signals 39References 414 An Introduction to the Principles of Coding and Decoding of Discrete Signals 434.1 Basic Concepts of Coding and Decoding 434.1.1 General Communication Scheme 434.1.2 The Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) 454.1.3 Channel Model with AWGN 464.2 Basic Aspects of Coding and Decoding 474.2.1 Criteria of Coding 474.2.2 Code Parameters for Error Correction 504.2.3 Linear Codes 514.2.4 Estimation of Error Probability of Decoding 544.3 Codes with Algebraic Decoding 564.3.1 Cyclic Codes 564.3.2 BCH Codes 574.3.3 Reed–Solomon Codes 594.4 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 60References 635 Coding in Optical Communication Channels 675.1 Peculiarities of Cyclic Codes in Communication Systems 675.2 Codes with Low Density of Parity Checks 685.2.1 Basic Definitions 685.2.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 725.2.3 Construction of Irregular LDPC Codes 735.2.4 Construction of Regular LDPC Codes 745.3 Methods of Combining Codes 765.4 Coding in Optical Channels 79References 836 Fading in Optical Communication Channels 876.1 Parameters of Fading in Optical Communication Channel 876.1.1 Time Dispersion Parameters 886.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth 896.1.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 896.2 Types of Small-Scale Fading 916.3 Mathematical Description of Fast Fading 936.3.1 Rayleigh PDF and CDF 946.3.2 Ricean PDF and CDF 966.3.2.1 Gamma-Gamma Distribution 996.4 Mathematical Description of Large-Scale Fading 1006.4.1 Gaussian PDF and CDF 101References 1027 Modulation of Signals in Optical Communication Links 1037.1 Analog Modulation 1047.1.1 Analog Amplitude Modulation 1047.1.2 Analog Angle Modulation – Frequency and Phase 1067.1.2.1 Phase Modulation 1077.1.3 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM or PM Signals 1077.1.4 Relations Between SNR and Bandwidth in AM and FM Signals 1087.2 Digital Signal Modulation 1097.2.1 Main Characteristics of Digital Modulation 1107.2.1.1 Power Efficiency and Bandwidth Efficiency 1107.2.1.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 1117.2.2 Linear Digital Modulation 1127.2.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation 1127.2.2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation 1137.2.2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Modulation 1147.2.3 Nonlinear Digital Modulation 1147.2.3.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 114Problems 115References 1158 Optical Sources and Detectors 1178.1 Emission and Absorption of Optical Waves 1178.2 Operational Characteristics of Laser 1198.3 Light-Emitting Sources and Detectors 1228.3.1 Light-Emitting p–n Type Diode 1228.3.2 Laser p–n Type Diode 1248.3.3 Photodiode 1258.3.4 PiN and p–n Photodiodes – Principle of Operation 1268.4 Operational Characteristics of Light Diodes 129References 130Part III Wired Optical Communication Links 1339 Light Waves in Fiber Optic Guiding Structures 1359.1 Propagation of Light in Fiber Optic Structures 1359.1.1 Types of Optical Fibers 1359.1.2 Propagation of Optical Wave Inside the Fiber Optic Structure 137References 13910 Dispersion Properties of Fiber Optic Structures 14110.1 Characteristic Parameters of Fiber Optic Structures 14110.2 Dispersion of Optical Signal in Fiber Optic Structures 14210.2.1 Material Dispersion 14210.2.2 Modal Dispersion 143Problems 145References 146Part IV Wireless Optical Channels 14711 Atmospheric Communication Channels 14911.1 Basic Characteristics of Atmospheric Channel 14911.2 Effects of Aerosols on Atmospheric Communication Links 15011.2.1 Aerosol Dimensions 15011.2.2 Aerosol Altitudes Localization 15111.2.3 Aerosol Concentration 15211.2.4 Aerosol Size Distribution and Spectral Extinction 15211.3 Effects of Hydrometeors 15411.3.1 Effects of Fog 15411.3.2 Effects of Rain 15511.3.3 Effects of Clouds 15711.3.3.1 Snow 15811.4 Effects of Turbulent Gaseous Structures on Optical Waves Propagation 15811.4.1 Turbulence Phenomenon 15811.4.2 Scintillation Phenomenon of Optical Wave Passing the Turbulent Atmosphere 16111.4.3 Scintillation Index 16211.4.4 Signal Intensity Scintillations in the Turbulent Atmosphere 16211.4.5 Effects of Atmosphere Turbulences on Signal Fading 16511.5 Optical Waves Propagation Caused by Atmospheric Scattering 166References 168Part V Data Stream Parameters in Atmospheric and Fiber Optic Communication Links with Fading 17312 Transmission of Information Data in Optical Channels: Atmospheric and Fiber Optics 17512.1 Characteristics of Information Signal Data in Optical Communication Links 17612.2 Bit Error Rate in Optical Communication Channel 18112.3 Relations Between Signal Data Parameters and Fading Parameters in Atmospheric Links 18312.4 Effects of Fading in Fiber Optic Communication Link 188References 191Index 195