Critical Care Medicine at a Glance

Richard M. Leach is Medical Director for the Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and an Honorary Professor of Medicine at King’s College, London, UK.

• Preface viiiAcknowledgements ixUnits, symbols and abbreviations xHow to use your textbook xviPart 1 General 11 Recognising the unwell patient 22 Managing the critically ill patient 43 Monitoring in critical care medicine 64 The electrocardiogram 85 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 106 Oxygen transport 127 Shock 148 Circulatory assessment 169 Fluid management: pathophysiological factors 1810 Fluid management: assessment and prescription 2011 Fluid management: fluid choice 2212 Inotropes and vasopressors 2313 Failure of oxygenation and respiratory failure 2414 Oxygenation and oxygen therapy 2615 Airways obstruction and management 2816 Non- invasive ventilation 3017 Endotracheal intubation 3218 Mechanical ventilation 3419 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 3620 Respiratory management, weaning and tracheostomy 3821 Arterial blood gases and acid–base balance 4022 Analgesia, sedation and paralysis 4223 Enteral and parenteral nutrition 4424 Hypothermia and hyperthermia 4625 Assessment of the patient with suspected infection 4826 Sepsis and septic shock 5027 Hospital- acquired (nosocomial) infections 5228 Fever in the returning traveller 5429 Fever (pyrexia) of unknown origin 5630 Coronavirus disease 2019 5831 End of life issues 60Part 2 Medical 63Cardiac32 Acute coronary syndromes I: clinical pathophysiology 6433 Acute coronary syndromes II: investigations and management 6634 Arrhythmias: tachyarrhythmias 6835 Arrhythmias: bradyarrhythmias 7136 Heart failure and pulmonary oedema 7237 Cardiac emergencies 7438 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 76Respiratory39 Chest imaging and bronchoscopy 7840 Community-acquired pneumonia 8041 Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia 8242 Asthma 8443 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 8644 Acute respiratory distress syndrome 8845 Pneumothorax and air leaks 9046 Respiratory emergencies 92Renal and metabolic47 Acute kidney injury: pathophysiology and clinical aspects 9448 Acute kidney injury: management and renal replacement therapy 9649 Electrolyte disturbances: sodium and potassium 9850 Electrolyte disturbances: calcium 10051 Electrolyte disturbances: magnesium and phosphate 10252 Diabetic emergencies 10453 Endocrine emergencies 106Gastrointestinal54 Gastrointestinal haemorrhage 10855 Jaundice 11056 Acute liver failure 11257 Acute pancreatitis 11458 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction 11659 Diarrhoea 11860 Ascites 12061 Abdominal Imaging 121Neurological62 Acute confusional state, coma and status epilepticus 12263 Stroke 12464 Other cerebral vascular disorders 12665 Infective neurological emergencies 12766 Neuromuscular conditions 128Infective67 Specific bacterial infections 13068 Common adult viral infections 13269 Common fungal and protozoal infections 13470 The immune compromised patient 136Other systems71 Coagulation disorders and transfusion 13872 Drug overdose and poisoning 14073 Dermatology in ICU 142Part 3 Surgical 14574 Trauma 14675 Traumatic brain (head) injury 14876 Chest trauma 15077 Acute abdominal emergencies 15278 Obstetric emergencies 15479 Burns, toxic inhalation and electrical injuries 15680 Envenomation, stings and bites 158Part 4 Self-assessment 161Case studies and questions 162Case studies answers 165AppendicesAppendix I: Sequential (sepsis- related) Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score 172Appendix II: Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs (based on Vaughan Williams classification) 173Appendix III: Pacemaker types and classifications 174Appendix IV: Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) staging system for acute kidney injury 175Appendix V: Rockall risk- scoring system for gastrointestinal bleeds 176Appendix VI: Child–Pugh grading 177Appendix VII: Typical criteria for liver transplantation 178Appendix VIII: Royal College of Physicians’ top nutrition tips 179Index 180