Evidence-Based Emergency Care

Edited by Jesse M. Pines, MD, MBA, MSCE is the National Director of Clinical Innovation at US Acute Care Solutions and a Professor of Emergency Medicine at Drexel University. He is board-certified in emergency medicine. Fernanda Bellolio, MD, MSc is the Chair for Research and a Professor of Emergency Medicine in the Department of Emergency Medicine at the Mayo Clinic. She is board-certified in emergency medicine. Christopher R. Carpenter, MD, MSc is the Director of Evidence Based Medicine and a Professor of Emergency Medicine in the Division of Emergency Medicine at Barnes Jewish Hospital at Washington University. He is board-certified in emergency medicine. Ali S. Raja, MD, MBA, MPH is Executive Vice Chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and a Professor of Emergency Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He is board-certified in emergency medicine and clinical informatics.

• About the Editors xList of Contributors xiiiForeword xviAcknowledgments xviiiSection 1: The Science of Diagnostic Testing and Clinical Decision Rules1 Diagnostic Testing in Emergency Care 32 Evidence- Based Medicine: The Process 143 The Epidemiology and Statistics of Diagnostic Testing 234 Clinical Decision Rules 435 Appropriate Testing in an Era of Limited Resources: Practice and Policy Consideration 536 Understanding Bias in Diagnostic Research 73Section 2: Trauma7 Cervical Spine Fractures 958 Blunt Abdominal Trauma 1219 Acute Knee Injuries 12810 Acute Ankle and Foot Injuries 13411 Blunt Head Injury in Children 14112 Adult Blunt Head Injury 16213 Chest Trauma 17414 Occult Hip Fracture 18215 Blunt Soft Tissue Neck Trauma 18916 Occult Scaphoid Fractures 19517 Penetrating Abdominal Trauma 20518 Penetrating Trauma to the Extremities and Vascular Injuries 214Section 3: Cardiology19 Heart Failure 22720 Syncope 23721 Chest Pain 25622 Palpitations 276Section 4: Infectious Disease23 Bacterial Meningitis in Children 29124 Serious Bacterial Infections in Children Aged 0 to 60/90 Days 29925 Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection 30926 Infective Endocarditis 32127 Pharyngitis 32728 Rhinosinusitis 33529 Pneumonia 34030 Urinary Tract Infection 35331 Sepsis 36032 Adult Septic Arthritis 37733 Osteomyelitis 38834 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 40135 Influenza 40936 Fever without a Source 3–36 Months 416Section 5: Surgical and Abdominal Complaints37 Acute Nonspecific Nontraumatic Abdominal Pain 42538 Small Bowel Obstruction 43939 Acute Pancreatitis 44740 Acute Appendicitis 45741 Acute Cholecystitis 47242 Aortic Emergencies 48243 Ovarian Torsion 489Section 6: Urology44 Nephrolithiasis 49945 Testicular Torsion 512Section 7: Neurology46 Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 52347 Acute Stroke 53648 Transient Ischemic Attack 54749 First- Episode Seizure 559Section 8: Miscellaneous: Hematology Ophthalmology Pulmonology Rheumatology and Geriatrics50 Pulmonary Embolism 57151 Deep Vein Thrombosis 58352 Temporal Arteritis 59153 Intraocular Pressure 59854 Asthma 60855 Acute Low Back Pain 62156 Intravascular Volume Status 63157 Geriatric Screening 63858 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 65859 Shared Decision- Making in Diagnostic Testing 66460 Cognitive Biases and Mitigation Strategies in Emergency Diagnosis 67861 Diagnosis in Telemedicine 69962 Diagnosing COVID- 19 723Index 735