Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology Applications

Gulshan Shrivastava earned his Master of Technology in Information Security from GGSIPU Delhi, India and an MBA degree in IT & Finance from Punjab Technical University, India and is currently pursuing his PhD in Computer Science & Engineering from the National Institute of Technology Patna, India. He earned certification of SCJP from Sun Microsystem and has edited/authored 6 books and at least 30 research articles in international journals. His research interests include information security, data analytics, cyber security & forensics, mobile computing, intrusion detection and computer networks. Dac-Nhuong Le has a MSc and PhD in computer science from Vietnam National University, Vietnam in 2009 and 2015, respectively. He is Associate Professor in Computer Science, Deputy-Head of Faculty of Information Technology, Haiphong University, Vietnam. He has a total academic teaching experience of 12+ years with many publications in reputed international conferences, journals and online book chapters. His area of research areas include evaluation computing and approximate algorithms, network communication, security and vulnerability, network performance analysis and simulation, cloud computing, IoT and image processing in biomedical. Currently, he is serving on editorial boards of international journals and he has authored more than 15 computer science books, with at least 5 with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. Kavita Sharma is a Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Computer Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India. She received the Master of Technology (M. Tech.) in Information Security from Ambedkar Institute Technology of Advanced Communication Technology and Research, Delhi, India. She is the editor of 3 books and authored more than 48 research papers and book chapters. Her research area is mobile device/smartphone security and data analytics.

• List of Figures xvList of Tables xixForeword xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxixAcronyms xxxiPart I Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology1 Blockchain: A New Era of Technology 3Gururaj H L, Manoj Athreya A, Ashwin A Kumar, Abhishek M Holla, Nagarajath S M, Ravi Kumar V1.1 Introduction to Web 3.0 61.1.1 Web 1.0 61.1.2 Web 2.0 61.1.3 Web 3.0 71.2 Blockchain 71.2.1 Hash Cryptography 81.2.2 Immutability 91.2.3 Distributed P2P Network 101.2.4 Mining 111.2.5 Consensus Protocol 111.3 Bitcoin 121.4 Ethereum 121.4.1 Ethereum Network 131.4.2 Interfacing with Ethereum 131.4.3 Ethereum Account 141.4.4 Ethereum Network Transactions 151.5 InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) 151.6 Decentralized Applications (DApps) 161.7 Case Study: FIR 171.7.1 Project Description 181.7.2 Tools Used 181.7.3 Project Workings 201.8 Conclusion 22References 232 Blockchain: A Path to the Future 25Avinash Kaur, Anand Nayyar, Parminder Singh2.1 Introduction 262.2 Blockchain Architecture 272.2.1 Block 272.2.2 Digital Signature 282.2.3 Main Attributes of Blockchain 292.3 Types of Blockchain Systems 292.4 Consensus Algorithms 302.4.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 302.4.2 Pure Stake-Based Consensus 342.4.3 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS) 342.4.4 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS) 342.4.5 Hybrid Form of PoS and PoW 352.4.6 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 352.4.7 Ripple 352.4.8 Tendermint 352.4.9 Proof of Elapsed Time 362.4.10 Proof of Activity (PoA) 362.4.11 Proof of Burn (PoB) 362.5 Blockchain Applications That are Transforming Society 372.6 Future Scope 38References 393 Blockchain in 5G 43C. Mageshkumar, J. Rajeshkumar, L. Godlin Atlas, P. Hamsagayathri3.1 Introduction 443.1.1 What is Blockchain Technology? 453.1.2 Blockchain in Real-Time World 453.1.3 Working Process of Blockchain 473.2 Data Economy of Blockchain and 5G 473.3 Combination of Blockchain Technology and 5G Mobile Connection 503.4 How to Use 5G and Blockchain Together 503.5 Applications of Blockchain and 5G 523.5.1 Smart Contracts 523.5.2 Data Management 523.5.3 Supply Chain Auditing 523.5.4 Entertainment and Multimedia 523.5.5 Smart Home 533.5.6 Logistics and Shipping 533.5.7 Drone Operation 533.6 Conclusion 53References 534 Blockchain in Social Networking 55T. Poongodi, R. Sujatha, D. Sumathi, P. Suresh, B. Balamurugan4.1 Overview of Blockchain and Social Networking Platform 564.1.1 Basic Structure of Blockchain 574.1.2 Review of Social Networking Platform 584.1.3 Relationship between Social Media and Blockchain 604.2 Decentralized Online Social Network 604.2.1 Distributed Online Social Network Architecture 604.2.2 Social Data Representation 614.2.3 Security Issues 634.3 Trusted Social Network with Blockchain Technology 634.3.1 Rumor Spreading Model 654.3.2 Blockchain Protocols for Rumor Spreading 664.3.3 Comparison of SIR and Blockchain-Based SIR 674.4 Privacy-Preserving Services for Social Network 694.4.1 Blockchain-Based Social Media 704.4.2 Impact of Blockchain in Social Media 714.5 Issues and Challenges of Blockchain in Social Network 724.6 Conclusion 73References 735 Integrating Blockchain with CACC for Trust and Platoon Management 77Pranav Kumar Singh, Roshan Singh, Sunit Kumar Nandi, Sukumar Nandi5.1 Introduction 785.2 Literature Review 805.3 Background 815.3.1 CACC Platooning 815.3.2 Blockchain 825.3.3 Smart Contracts 825.3.4 Ethereum 825.4 Consensus in Blockchain 835.4.1 Proof-of-Work (PoW) 835.4.2 Proof-of-Authority (PoA) 845.5 Proposed Framework 845.5.1 Blockchain at the Vehicular Plane for Intra-platoon Communications 845.5.2 Blockchain at the RSU Plane for Trust and Reputation Management 895.6 Experiments 915.6.1 Experiment 1: Blockchain for Intra-platoon Communication and Platoon Management 915.6.2 Experiment 2: Blockchain for Trust and Reputation Management 915.7 Results and Discussion 925.8 Conclusion 94References 956 Impact of Blockchain for Internet of Things Security 99Bhawana Rudra6.1 Introduction 1006.2 Challenges and Issues in IoT 1016.2.1 Attacks on IoT 1016.3 Blockchain 1066.3.1 Features 1076.3.2 Blockchain Types 1106.4 IoT Blockchain Approaches 1106.4.1 Blockchain Platforms for IoT 1116.4.2 Applications 1146.5 Research Challenges 1196.6 Conclusion 121References 1217 Chaos Control Dynamics of Cryptovirology in Blockchain 129Rashmi Bhardwaj and Saureesh Das7.1 Introduction 1307.2 Mathematical Modeling and Stability Analysis 1327.2.1 Fixed-Point Analysis 1347.2.2 Phase Space Analysis 1377.2.3 Time Series Analysis 1387.2.4 Bifurcation Analysis 1397.3 Lyapunov Exponent and Chaos 1427.4 Controlling of Chaos 1447.5 Conclusion 145References 1468 Blockchain and Bitcoin Security 149K. Murugeswari, B. Balamurugan and G. Ganesan8.1 Introduction 1508.2 Security Threats to Bitcoin 1518.3 Working Idea of Bitcoin 1518.4 Case Study for Analyzing the Reason for Fall in Bitcoin Value 1528.4.1 Security Threats to Bitcoin Protocol 1528.4.2 Security Threats to Bitcoin Services 1528.4.3 Security Threats by Other Factors 1528.5 Analyzed Report 1528.6 Rise of Bitcoin Value 1548.7 Conclusion 154References 154Part II Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Applications9 Applications with Blockchain Technique 159L. Godlin Atlas, C. Magesh Kumar, Rajakumari, P. Hamsagayathi9.1 Introduction 1609.1.1 Overview 1609.1.2 Decentralization 1619.1.3 Immutability 1639.2 Applications of Blockchain Technology 1649.2.1 Blockchain Technology in the Food Industry 1649.2.2 Cybersecurity 1659.2.3 Voting 1679.2.4 Land Registry 1699.2.5 Blockchain Applications in Healthcare 1709.2.6 Blockchain Applications in Internet of Things (IoT) 1739.2.7 Vehicle Industries 1769.2.8 Smart Appliances 1769.2.9 Supply Chains 1779.3 Conclusion 177References 17710 Impact of Application of Big Data on Cryptocurrency 181Sandeep Kr. Sharma, Rajiv Kumar Modanval, N. Gayathri, S. Rakesh Kumar and C. Ramesh10.1 Introduction 18210.2 Related Studies 18310.3 Cryptocurrency 18310.3.1 How Does a Cryptocurrency Transaction Work? 18410.3.2 The Cryptocurrency Market 18510.3.3 Future of Cryptocurrency in a Country Like India 18510.4 Blockchain 18610.5 Big Data 18710.5.1 Introduction 18710.5.2 Importance of Big Data 18810.6 Coexistence of Big Data and Blockchain 18910.6.1 Ensuring Data Quality Using Blockchain and Big Data 19010.6.2 Where Can Cryptocurrency with Big Data Be Used? 19110.7 Future Aspects of Cryptocurrency with Big Data 19210.8 Conclusion 193References 19311 A Neoteric Smart and Sustainable Farming Environment Incorporating Blockchain 197M. Afshar Alam, Abdul Ahad, Sherin Zafar, Gautami Tripathi11.1 Introduction 19811.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology and Its Impact on Agriculture 20011.2.1 Future of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture 20011.2.2 AI vs. Grasshoppers 20111.3 Blockchain Technology (BCT) and Its Impact on Agriculture 20111.3.1 Types of Blockchain 20211.3.2 Generations of Blockchain Technology 20211.3.3 Blockchain in Agriculture: A Boost to Smart Agriculture 20311.4 A Neoteric Smart and Sustainable Farming Environment Incorporating Blockchain-Based Artificial Intelligence Approach 20611.5 Conclusion and Future Work 211References 21112 Theories of Cryptocurrency, Blockchain and Distributed Systems and Environmental Implications 215P. Mary Jeyanthi12.1 Introduction 21612.2 Literature Review 21812.3 Theories of Cryptocurrency, Blockchain and Distributed Systems 21912.3.1 The Theory of Blockchains 21912.3.2 Definition of Blockchains 22012.3.3 Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) vs. Blockchain 22012.3.4 Evolving Terminology with Evolved Technology: Decentralized vs. Distributed 22112.3.5 Main Bitcoin Properties: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System 22412.4 Environmental Implications of the Cryptocurrency Market 23212.4.1 Key Stats 23212.4.2 Energy Consumption 23412.4.3 What’s Next? 23512.5 Conclusion 236References 23613 Blockchain Technology: A Paradigm Shift in Investment Banking 239R. Vedapradha, Hariharan Ravi, Arockia Rajasekar13.1 Introduction 24013.1.1 Evolution of Technology 24013.1.2 Scope of Applications 24013.1.3 Merits of Blockchain Technology in Banks 24213.1.4 Investment Banks 24313.1.5 Theoretical Framework 24313.1.6 Investment Banking Operational Levels 24413.1.7 Conceptual Framework 24713.1.8 Challenges 24813.2 Literature Review 24913.3 Statement of the Problem 25013.3.1 Objectives 25013.3.2 Hypothesis 25113.3.3 Sampling 25113.3.4 Data Collection and Source 25113.3.5 Variables and Statistical Tools Used 25113.3.6 Limitations 25113.4 Results 25113.5 Discussion of Findings 25613.6 Conclusion 257References 25714 Trading Energy as a Digital Asset: A Blockchain-Based Energy Market 261Claudia Pop, Marcel Antal, Tudor Cioara, Ionut Anghel14.1 Introduction 26214.2 Blockchain-Based P2P Energy Market 26314.3 Distributed Ledger for Energy Tracking 26514.3.1 Energy Provenance and Immutability 26614.3.2 Energy Transactions Privacy 26814.4 Self-Enforcing Smart Contracts for Energy Market Management 27114.4.1 Prosumers Registration and Permission Control 27114.4.2 Prosumers Energy Trading 27314.5 Conclusion 277References 27715 Application View towards Blockchain: Demystifying the Myths 281Utkarsh Chitranshi and Sunil Kumar Chawla15.1 Introduction 28215.1.1 Problems in the Present System 28215.1.2 Definitions 28315.2 What Blockchain Does Not Replace 28615.3 Mining Mechanism 28715.4 Various Participants of Blockchain System 28715.5 Organized Use Cases 28815.6 Hyperledger 28915.7 Steps to Creating Your Own App 28915.8 Advertising Industry 29015.9 Present Day Implementation 29115.10 Versatile Use Cases 29215.11 Myths 29315.12 Conclusion 294References 294