UDO SCHÜKLENK is Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics and Public Policy, Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He has held academic appointments in Australia, the UK, and South Africa, and is a long-serving Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics, the official publication of the International Association of Bioethics.PETER SINGER is Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University, USA. He is best known as the author of Animal Liberation, widely considered to be the founding statement of the animal rights movement, and for his role in inspiring the growth of effective altruism.

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• Acknowledgments xiiiIntroduction 1Part I Abortion 9Introduction 111 Abortion and Infanticide 15Michael Tooley2 A Defense of Abortion 31Judith Jarvis Thomson3 The Wrong of Abortion 42Patrick Lee and Robert P. George4 Why Abortion is Immoral 54Don MarquisPart II Issues in Reproduction 67Introduction 69Assisted Reproduction 735 The McCaughey Septuplets: God's Will or Human Choice? 75Gregory Pence6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too 78Timothy F. Murphy7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People 85Derek ParfitPrenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning 918 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? 93Laura M. Purdy9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis 101The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine10 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Response to the Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 107Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl11 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors 110David King12 The Moral Status of Human Cloning: Neo-Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos 115Michael TooleyPart III Genetic Manipulation 133Introduction 13513 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering 139Jonathan Glover14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy-Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics 151David B. Resnik15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 162Nick Bostrom16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene-Editing Technologies in Human Embryos 170Francis S. Collins17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents? 172Giulia Cavaliere18 Who's Afraid of the Big Bad (Germline Editing) Wolf? 185R. Alta Charo19 An Ethical Pathway for Gene Editing 191Julian Savulescu and Peter SingerPart IV Life and Death Issues 195Introduction 19720 The Sanctity of Life 207Jonathan Glover21 Declaration on Euthanasia 218Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the FaithKilling and Letting Die 22322 Active and Passive Euthanasia 225James Rachels23 The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View 230Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr.24 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? 235Winston Nesbitt25 Why Killing is Not Always Worse - and Sometimes Better - Than Letting Die 240Helga Kuhse26 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics 244Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog, and Dan W. BrockNewborns 25527 Can a Physician Ever Justifiably Euthanize a Severely Disabled Newborn? 257Robert M. Sade28 No to Infant Euthanasia 259Gilbert Meilaender29 Physicians Can Justifiably Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates 262Udo Schuklenk30 You Should Not Have Let Your Baby Die 266Gary Comstock31 After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live? 269Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva32 Does a Human Being Gain the Right to Live after He or She is Born? 275Christopher Kaczor33 Hard Lessons: Learning from the Charlie Gard Case 280Dominic Wilkinson and Julian SavulescuBrain Death 28934 A Definition of Irreversible Coma 291Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death35 The Challenge of Brain Death for the Sanctity of Life Ethic 296Peter Singer36 The Philosophical Debate 308The President's Council on Bioethics37 An Alternative to Brain Death 318Jeff McMahanAdvance Directives 32338 Life Past Reason 325Ronald Dworkin39 Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy 333Rebecca DresserVoluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide 34340 The Note 345Chris Hill41 When Self-Determination Runs Amok 350Daniel Callahan42 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok 356John Lachs43 Physician-Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression 361Bonnie Steinbock44 Are Concerns about Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying? 378William Rooney, Udo Schuklenk, and Suzanne van de VathorstPart V Resource Allocation 393Introduction 39545 In a Pandemic, Should We Save Younger Lives? 399Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett46 The Value of Life 403John Harris47 Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination 413Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord48 Rescuing Lives: Can't We Count? 420Paul T. Menzel49 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation? 423Alvin H. Moss and Mark SieglerPart VI Obtaining Organs 431Introduction 43350 Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? 435Eike-Henner W. Kluge51 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales 439Janet Radcliffe-Richards, A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R. A. Sells and N. Tilney and for the International Forum Transplant Ethics52 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Kidneys 443Debra Satz53 The Survival Lottery 456John HarrisPart VII Ethical Issues in Research 463Introduction 465Experimentation with Humans 47354 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research 475National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research55 Scientific Research is a Moral Duty 483John Harris56 Participation in Biomedical Research is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris 495Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries 501Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe58 We're Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them 507Danstan Bagenda and Philippa Musoke-Mudido59 Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research 510Peter Singer and Richard Yetter ChappellExperimentation with Animals 51560 Duties towards Animals 517Immanuel Kant61 A Utilitarian View 519Jeremy Bentham62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong 521Nathan Nobis63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research 535Dario L. Ringach64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non-Human Primates 550Carolyn P. NeuhausAcademic Freedom and Research 55965 On Liberty 561John Stuart Mill66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden?: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research 566Janet A. Kourany67 Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True 575James R. FlynnPart VIII Public Health Issues 585Introduction 58768 Ethics and Infectious Disease 591Michael J. Selgelid69 XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency 602Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi70 Clinical Ethics During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest 612Vijayaprasad Gopichandran71 The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism, and Collective Easy Rescue 620Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu72 Taking Responsibility for Responsibility 638Neil LevyPart IX Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare 651Introduction 653When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat? 65973 What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 661Udo Schuklenk74 Conscientious Objection in Health Care 667Mark R. Wicclair75 Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation versus Professionalism and the Public Good 682Udo SchuklenkConfidentiality 69376 Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept 695Mark Siegler77 A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality 699Kenneth KipnisTruth-Telling 71378 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives 715Immanuel Kant79 Should Doctors Tell the Truth? 717Joseph Collins80 On Telling Patients the Truth 724Roger HiggsInformed Consent and Patient Autonomy 73181 On Liberty 733John Stuart Mill82 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital 736Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo83 Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges 737Tom L. Beauchamp84 The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures 745Ruth Macklin85 Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well But Cause Harm 758Maura Priest86 Amputees by Choice 777Carl Elliott87 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment 788Julian SavulescuPart X Disability 807Introduction 80988 Valuing Disability, Causing Disability 811Elizabeth Barnes89 Is Disability Mere Difference? 829Greg Bognar90 Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy 835Adrienne Asch91 Down Syndrome Screening Isn't about Public Health: It's about Eliminating a Group of People 851Renate Lindeman92 I Would've Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome: Women Need that Right 854Ruth MarcusPart XI Neuroethics 857Introduction 85993 Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind 861Neil Levy94 Engineering Love 867Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg95 Unrequited Love Hurts: Should Doctors Treat Broken Hearts? 870Francesca Minerva96 Stimulating Brains, Altering Minds 876Walter Glannon97 Authenticity or Autonomy? When Deep Brain Stimulation Causes a Dilemma 883Felicitas Kraemer98 On the Necessity of Ethical Guidelines for Novel Neurotechnologies 889Sara Goering and Rafael YusteIndex 895

UDO SCHÜKLENK is Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics and Public Policy, Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He has held academic appointments in Australia, the UK, and South Africa, and is a long-serving Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics, the official publication of the International Association of Bioethics.PETER SINGER is Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University, USA. He is best known as the author of Animal Liberation, widely considered to be the founding statement of the animal rights movement, and for his role in inspiring the growth of effective altruism.

Select Guide Rating

• Acknowledgments xiiiIntroduction 1Part I Abortion 9Introduction 111 Abortion and Infanticide 15Michael Tooley2 A Defense of Abortion 31Judith Jarvis Thomson3 The Wrong of Abortion 42Patrick Lee and Robert P. George4 Why Abortion is Immoral 54Don MarquisPart II Issues in Reproduction 67Introduction 69Assisted Reproduction 735 The McCaughey Septuplets: God's Will or Human Choice? 75Gregory Pence6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too 78Timothy F. Murphy7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People 85Derek ParfitPrenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning 918 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? 93Laura M. Purdy9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis 101The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine10 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Response to the Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 107Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl11 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors 110David King12 The Moral Status of Human Cloning: Neo-Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos 115Michael TooleyPart III Genetic Manipulation 133Introduction 13513 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering 139Jonathan Glover14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy-Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics 151David B. Resnik15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 162Nick Bostrom16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene-Editing Technologies in Human Embryos 170Francis S. Collins17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents? 172Giulia Cavaliere18 Who's Afraid of the Big Bad (Germline Editing) Wolf? 185R. Alta Charo19 An Ethical Pathway for Gene Editing 191Julian Savulescu and Peter SingerPart IV Life and Death Issues 195Introduction 19720 The Sanctity of Life 207Jonathan Glover21 Declaration on Euthanasia 218Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the FaithKilling and Letting Die 22322 Active and Passive Euthanasia 225James Rachels23 The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View 230Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr.24 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? 235Winston Nesbitt25 Why Killing is Not Always Worse - and Sometimes Better - Than Letting Die 240Helga Kuhse26 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics 244Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog, and Dan W. BrockNewborns 25527 Can a Physician Ever Justifiably Euthanize a Severely Disabled Newborn? 257Robert M. Sade28 No to Infant Euthanasia 259Gilbert Meilaender29 Physicians Can Justifiably Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates 262Udo Schuklenk30 You Should Not Have Let Your Baby Die 266Gary Comstock31 After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live? 269Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva32 Does a Human Being Gain the Right to Live after He or She is Born? 275Christopher Kaczor33 Hard Lessons: Learning from the Charlie Gard Case 280Dominic Wilkinson and Julian SavulescuBrain Death 28934 A Definition of Irreversible Coma 291Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death35 The Challenge of Brain Death for the Sanctity of Life Ethic 296Peter Singer36 The Philosophical Debate 308The President's Council on Bioethics37 An Alternative to Brain Death 318Jeff McMahanAdvance Directives 32338 Life Past Reason 325Ronald Dworkin39 Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy 333Rebecca DresserVoluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide 34340 The Note 345Chris Hill41 When Self-Determination Runs Amok 350Daniel Callahan42 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok 356John Lachs43 Physician-Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression 361Bonnie Steinbock44 Are Concerns about Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying? 378William Rooney, Udo Schuklenk, and Suzanne van de VathorstPart V Resource Allocation 393Introduction 39545 In a Pandemic, Should We Save Younger Lives? 399Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett46 The Value of Life 403John Harris47 Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination 413Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord48 Rescuing Lives: Can't We Count? 420Paul T. Menzel49 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation? 423Alvin H. Moss and Mark SieglerPart VI Obtaining Organs 431Introduction 43350 Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? 435Eike-Henner W. Kluge51 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales 439Janet Radcliffe-Richards, A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R. A. Sells and N. Tilney and for the International Forum Transplant Ethics52 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Kidneys 443Debra Satz53 The Survival Lottery 456John HarrisPart VII Ethical Issues in Research 463Introduction 465Experimentation with Humans 47354 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research 475National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research55 Scientific Research is a Moral Duty 483John Harris56 Participation in Biomedical Research is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris 495Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries 501Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe58 We're Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them 507Danstan Bagenda and Philippa Musoke-Mudido59 Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research 510Peter Singer and Richard Yetter ChappellExperimentation with Animals 51560 Duties towards Animals 517Immanuel Kant61 A Utilitarian View 519Jeremy Bentham62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong 521Nathan Nobis63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research 535Dario L. Ringach64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non-Human Primates 550Carolyn P. NeuhausAcademic Freedom and Research 55965 On Liberty 561John Stuart Mill66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden?: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research 566Janet A. Kourany67 Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True 575James R. FlynnPart VIII Public Health Issues 585Introduction 58768 Ethics and Infectious Disease 591Michael J. Selgelid69 XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency 602Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi70 Clinical Ethics During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest 612Vijayaprasad Gopichandran71 The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism, and Collective Easy Rescue 620Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu72 Taking Responsibility for Responsibility 638Neil LevyPart IX Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare 651Introduction 653When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat? 65973 What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 661Udo Schuklenk74 Conscientious Objection in Health Care 667Mark R. Wicclair75 Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation versus Professionalism and the Public Good 682Udo SchuklenkConfidentiality 69376 Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept 695Mark Siegler77 A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality 699Kenneth KipnisTruth-Telling 71378 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives 715Immanuel Kant79 Should Doctors Tell the Truth? 717Joseph Collins80 On Telling Patients the Truth 724Roger HiggsInformed Consent and Patient Autonomy 73181 On Liberty 733John Stuart Mill82 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital 736Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo83 Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges 737Tom L. Beauchamp84 The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures 745Ruth Macklin85 Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well But Cause Harm 758Maura Priest86 Amputees by Choice 777Carl Elliott87 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment 788Julian SavulescuPart X Disability 807Introduction 80988 Valuing Disability, Causing Disability 811Elizabeth Barnes89 Is Disability Mere Difference? 829Greg Bognar90 Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy 835Adrienne Asch91 Down Syndrome Screening Isn't about Public Health: It's about Eliminating a Group of People 851Renate Lindeman92 I Would've Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome: Women Need that Right 854Ruth MarcusPart XI Neuroethics 857Introduction 85993 Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind 861Neil Levy94 Engineering Love 867Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg95 Unrequited Love Hurts: Should Doctors Treat Broken Hearts? 870Francesca Minerva96 Stimulating Brains, Altering Minds 876Walter Glannon97 Authenticity or Autonomy? When Deep Brain Stimulation Causes a Dilemma 883Felicitas Kraemer98 On the Necessity of Ethical Guidelines for Novel Neurotechnologies 889Sara Goering and Rafael YusteIndex 895

UDO SCHÜKLENK is Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics and Public Policy, Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He has held academic appointments in Australia, the UK, and South Africa, and is a long-serving Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics, the official publication of the International Association of Bioethics.PETER SINGER is Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University, USA. He is best known as the author of Animal Liberation, widely considered to be the founding statement of the animal rights movement, and for his role in inspiring the growth of effective altruism.

Select Guide Rating

• Acknowledgments xiiiIntroduction 1Part I Abortion 9Introduction 111 Abortion and Infanticide 15Michael Tooley2 A Defense of Abortion 31Judith Jarvis Thomson3 The Wrong of Abortion 42Patrick Lee and Robert P. George4 Why Abortion is Immoral 54Don MarquisPart II Issues in Reproduction 67Introduction 69Assisted Reproduction 735 The McCaughey Septuplets: God's Will or Human Choice? 75Gregory Pence6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too 78Timothy F. Murphy7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People 85Derek ParfitPrenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning 918 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? 93Laura M. Purdy9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis 101The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine10 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Response to the Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 107Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl11 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors 110David King12 The Moral Status of Human Cloning: Neo-Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos 115Michael TooleyPart III Genetic Manipulation 133Introduction 13513 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering 139Jonathan Glover14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy-Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics 151David B. Resnik15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 162Nick Bostrom16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene-Editing Technologies in Human Embryos 170Francis S. Collins17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents? 172Giulia Cavaliere18 Who's Afraid of the Big Bad (Germline Editing) Wolf? 185R. Alta Charo19 An Ethical Pathway for Gene Editing 191Julian Savulescu and Peter SingerPart IV Life and Death Issues 195Introduction 19720 The Sanctity of Life 207Jonathan Glover21 Declaration on Euthanasia 218Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the FaithKilling and Letting Die 22322 Active and Passive Euthanasia 225James Rachels23 The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View 230Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr.24 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? 235Winston Nesbitt25 Why Killing is Not Always Worse - and Sometimes Better - Than Letting Die 240Helga Kuhse26 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics 244Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog, and Dan W. BrockNewborns 25527 Can a Physician Ever Justifiably Euthanize a Severely Disabled Newborn? 257Robert M. Sade28 No to Infant Euthanasia 259Gilbert Meilaender29 Physicians Can Justifiably Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates 262Udo Schuklenk30 You Should Not Have Let Your Baby Die 266Gary Comstock31 After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live? 269Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva32 Does a Human Being Gain the Right to Live after He or She is Born? 275Christopher Kaczor33 Hard Lessons: Learning from the Charlie Gard Case 280Dominic Wilkinson and Julian SavulescuBrain Death 28934 A Definition of Irreversible Coma 291Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death35 The Challenge of Brain Death for the Sanctity of Life Ethic 296Peter Singer36 The Philosophical Debate 308The President's Council on Bioethics37 An Alternative to Brain Death 318Jeff McMahanAdvance Directives 32338 Life Past Reason 325Ronald Dworkin39 Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy 333Rebecca DresserVoluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide 34340 The Note 345Chris Hill41 When Self-Determination Runs Amok 350Daniel Callahan42 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok 356John Lachs43 Physician-Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression 361Bonnie Steinbock44 Are Concerns about Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying? 378William Rooney, Udo Schuklenk, and Suzanne van de VathorstPart V Resource Allocation 393Introduction 39545 In a Pandemic, Should We Save Younger Lives? 399Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett46 The Value of Life 403John Harris47 Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination 413Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord48 Rescuing Lives: Can't We Count? 420Paul T. Menzel49 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation? 423Alvin H. Moss and Mark SieglerPart VI Obtaining Organs 431Introduction 43350 Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? 435Eike-Henner W. Kluge51 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales 439Janet Radcliffe-Richards, A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R. A. Sells and N. Tilney and for the International Forum Transplant Ethics52 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Kidneys 443Debra Satz53 The Survival Lottery 456John HarrisPart VII Ethical Issues in Research 463Introduction 465Experimentation with Humans 47354 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research 475National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research55 Scientific Research is a Moral Duty 483John Harris56 Participation in Biomedical Research is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris 495Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries 501Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe58 We're Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them 507Danstan Bagenda and Philippa Musoke-Mudido59 Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research 510Peter Singer and Richard Yetter ChappellExperimentation with Animals 51560 Duties towards Animals 517Immanuel Kant61 A Utilitarian View 519Jeremy Bentham62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong 521Nathan Nobis63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research 535Dario L. Ringach64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non-Human Primates 550Carolyn P. NeuhausAcademic Freedom and Research 55965 On Liberty 561John Stuart Mill66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden?: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research 566Janet A. Kourany67 Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True 575James R. FlynnPart VIII Public Health Issues 585Introduction 58768 Ethics and Infectious Disease 591Michael J. Selgelid69 XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency 602Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi70 Clinical Ethics During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest 612Vijayaprasad Gopichandran71 The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism, and Collective Easy Rescue 620Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu72 Taking Responsibility for Responsibility 638Neil LevyPart IX Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare 651Introduction 653When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat? 65973 What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 661Udo Schuklenk74 Conscientious Objection in Health Care 667Mark R. Wicclair75 Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation versus Professionalism and the Public Good 682Udo SchuklenkConfidentiality 69376 Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept 695Mark Siegler77 A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality 699Kenneth KipnisTruth-Telling 71378 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives 715Immanuel Kant79 Should Doctors Tell the Truth? 717Joseph Collins80 On Telling Patients the Truth 724Roger HiggsInformed Consent and Patient Autonomy 73181 On Liberty 733John Stuart Mill82 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital 736Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo83 Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges 737Tom L. Beauchamp84 The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures 745Ruth Macklin85 Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well But Cause Harm 758Maura Priest86 Amputees by Choice 777Carl Elliott87 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment 788Julian SavulescuPart X Disability 807Introduction 80988 Valuing Disability, Causing Disability 811Elizabeth Barnes89 Is Disability Mere Difference? 829Greg Bognar90 Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy 835Adrienne Asch91 Down Syndrome Screening Isn't about Public Health: It's about Eliminating a Group of People 851Renate Lindeman92 I Would've Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome: Women Need that Right 854Ruth MarcusPart XI Neuroethics 857Introduction 85993 Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind 861Neil Levy94 Engineering Love 867Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg95 Unrequited Love Hurts: Should Doctors Treat Broken Hearts? 870Francesca Minerva96 Stimulating Brains, Altering Minds 876Walter Glannon97 Authenticity or Autonomy? When Deep Brain Stimulation Causes a Dilemma 883Felicitas Kraemer98 On the Necessity of Ethical Guidelines for Novel Neurotechnologies 889Sara Goering and Rafael YusteIndex 895