The editorsLynn R. Hovda, RPH, DVM, MS, DACVIM, is Director of Veterinary Services at SafetyCall International and Pet Poison Helpline in Minneapolis, Minnesota and Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Dionne Benson, DVM, JD, is Chief Veterinary Officer for The Stronach Group. Robert H. Poppenga, DVM, PhD, DABVT, is a Professor and Head of the Toxicology Section at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis in Davis, California, USA.

• Contributors List  SECTION 1 CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY  Chapter 1        Forensic Investigation of Equine IntoxicationsChapter 2        Necropsy AnalysisChapter 3        Laboratory Testing ConsiderationsChapter 4        Treating an Intoxicated Animal: Antidotes and Therapeutic Medications Chapter 5        Compounded Medications  SECTION 2 SPECIFIC TOXINS AND TOXICANTS  Drugs:  Illicit and RecreationalChapter 6        CobaltChapter 7        CocaineChapter 8        DermorphinChapter 9        Growth Hormones and SecretagoguesChapter 10   MarijuanaChapter 11   Methamphetamine and AmphetamineChapter 12   OpioidsChapter 13      Selected Androgen (SARMS) and Estrogen (SERMS) Receptor ModulatorsChapter 14      Synthetic Cannabinoids  Drugs: PrescriptionChapter 15      Antipsychotic Agents – Reserpine and FluphenazineChapter 16      BenzodiazepinesChapter 17      Beta2 Agonists – Clenbuterol and AlbuterolChapter 18      BisphosphonatesChapter 19      GabapentinChapter 20      IodineChapter 21      MedroxyprogesteroneChapter 22      Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophyllineChapter 23      Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)Chapter 24   Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)Chapter 25      Vitamin D (calciferol)  Insecticides, Herbicides and Farm ChemicalsChapter 26      AmitrazChapter 27      Cholinesterase Inhibiting Carbamate PesticidesChapter 28      Cholinesterase Inhibiting Organophosphate Pesticides  Chapter 29      Fertilizers – nitrates, urea, phosphates and othersChapter 30      HerbicidesChapter 31      Paraquat and DiquatChapter 32      Pentachlorophenol (PCP)Chapter 33      Pyrethroid and Pyrethrin Insecticides  Ionophores and Growth PromotantsChapter 34      IonophoresChapter 35      RactopamineChapter 36      Zilpaterol  MetalsChapter 37      ArsenicChapter 38      FluorideChapter 39      IronChapter 40      LeadChapter 41      Selenium  Mycotoxins / FungusChapter 42      Aflatoxins           Chapter 43      Fescue (Endophyte-infected tall fescue)Chapter 44      FumonisinsChapter 45      FusariaChapter 46      SlaframineChapter 47      Tremorgenic Mycotoxins  Other ToxinsChapter 48      Clostridium Botulinum toxinChapter 49      CyanideChapter 50      Sodium Chloride (Salt)    Plants and BiotoxinsChapter 51   Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum)Chapter 52   Blue-Green algae (Cyanobacteria)Chapter 53      Cardiotoxic plantsChapter 54      Day blooming Jessamine (Cestrum spp.)Chapter 55      Death camus (Zigadenus spp.)Chapter 56      Hemlocks (Conium maculatum and Cicuta spp.)Chapter 57      Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana)Chapter 58      Jimsonweed (Datura spp.)Chapter 59      Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum)Chapter 60      Lantana (Lantana camara)Chapter 61      Locoweeds (Astragalus spp. and Oxytropis spp.)Chapter 62      Narrow leaf milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis)Chapter 63      Nightshades (Solanum spp.)Chapter 64      Oleander (Nerium oleander and Cascabela thevetia)Chapter 65      Pyrrolizidine AlkaloidsChapter 66      Rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora)Chapter 67      RhododendronsChapter 68      Sudangrass (Sorghum spp.)Chapter 69      Tansy ragwort (Jacobea vulgaris)Chapter 70      White snake root (Ageratina altissima)Chapter 71      Yellowstar thistle / Russian knapweed (Centaurea solstitialis / Acroptilon repens)Chapter 72      Yew (Taxus spp.)  RodenticidesChapter 73      AnticoagulantsChapter 74      BromethalinChapter 75      CholecalciferolChapter 76      PhosphidesChapter 77      Sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)Chapter 78      Strychnine  Toxic GasesChapter 79      Air Contaminants – CO, NH3, H2S Chapter 80     Smoke  TreesChapter 81      Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)Chapter 82      Black walnut (Juglans nigra)Chapter 83      Box elder (Acer negundo)Chapter 84      Oak (Quercus spp.)Chapter 85      Red maple (Acer rubrum)  ZootoxinsChapter 86      Blister Beetles (Epicauta spp. and Pyrota spp.)Chapter 87      Snakes – Crotalids (pit vipers)Chapter 88   Snakes – Elapids (coral snakes)Chapter 89      Spiders – Brown recluse spider and black widow spider    Section 3 Reference MaterialAppendix 1     AbbreviationsAppendix 2     HerbicidesAppendix 3     Information Resources for Toxicology    INDEX

The editorsLynn R. Hovda, RPH, DVM, MS, DACVIM, is Director of Veterinary Services at SafetyCall International and Pet Poison Helpline in Minneapolis, Minnesota and Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Dionne Benson, DVM, JD, is Chief Veterinary Officer for The Stronach Group. Robert H. Poppenga, DVM, PhD, DABVT, is a Professor and Head of the Toxicology Section at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis in Davis, California, USA.

• Contributors List  SECTION 1 CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY  Chapter 1        Forensic Investigation of Equine IntoxicationsChapter 2        Necropsy AnalysisChapter 3        Laboratory Testing ConsiderationsChapter 4        Treating an Intoxicated Animal: Antidotes and Therapeutic Medications Chapter 5        Compounded Medications  SECTION 2 SPECIFIC TOXINS AND TOXICANTS  Drugs:  Illicit and RecreationalChapter 6        CobaltChapter 7        CocaineChapter 8        DermorphinChapter 9        Growth Hormones and SecretagoguesChapter 10   MarijuanaChapter 11   Methamphetamine and AmphetamineChapter 12   OpioidsChapter 13      Selected Androgen (SARMS) and Estrogen (SERMS) Receptor ModulatorsChapter 14      Synthetic Cannabinoids  Drugs: PrescriptionChapter 15      Antipsychotic Agents – Reserpine and FluphenazineChapter 16      BenzodiazepinesChapter 17      Beta2 Agonists – Clenbuterol and AlbuterolChapter 18      BisphosphonatesChapter 19      GabapentinChapter 20      IodineChapter 21      MedroxyprogesteroneChapter 22      Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophyllineChapter 23      Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)Chapter 24   Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)Chapter 25      Vitamin D (calciferol)  Insecticides, Herbicides and Farm ChemicalsChapter 26      AmitrazChapter 27      Cholinesterase Inhibiting Carbamate PesticidesChapter 28      Cholinesterase Inhibiting Organophosphate Pesticides  Chapter 29      Fertilizers – nitrates, urea, phosphates and othersChapter 30      HerbicidesChapter 31      Paraquat and DiquatChapter 32      Pentachlorophenol (PCP)Chapter 33      Pyrethroid and Pyrethrin Insecticides  Ionophores and Growth PromotantsChapter 34      IonophoresChapter 35      RactopamineChapter 36      Zilpaterol  MetalsChapter 37      ArsenicChapter 38      FluorideChapter 39      IronChapter 40      LeadChapter 41      Selenium  Mycotoxins / FungusChapter 42      Aflatoxins           Chapter 43      Fescue (Endophyte-infected tall fescue)Chapter 44      FumonisinsChapter 45      FusariaChapter 46      SlaframineChapter 47      Tremorgenic Mycotoxins  Other ToxinsChapter 48      Clostridium Botulinum toxinChapter 49      CyanideChapter 50      Sodium Chloride (Salt)    Plants and BiotoxinsChapter 51   Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum)Chapter 52   Blue-Green algae (Cyanobacteria)Chapter 53      Cardiotoxic plantsChapter 54      Day blooming Jessamine (Cestrum spp.)Chapter 55      Death camus (Zigadenus spp.)Chapter 56      Hemlocks (Conium maculatum and Cicuta spp.)Chapter 57      Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana)Chapter 58      Jimsonweed (Datura spp.)Chapter 59      Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum)Chapter 60      Lantana (Lantana camara)Chapter 61      Locoweeds (Astragalus spp. and Oxytropis spp.)Chapter 62      Narrow leaf milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis)Chapter 63      Nightshades (Solanum spp.)Chapter 64      Oleander (Nerium oleander and Cascabela thevetia)Chapter 65      Pyrrolizidine AlkaloidsChapter 66      Rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora)Chapter 67      RhododendronsChapter 68      Sudangrass (Sorghum spp.)Chapter 69      Tansy ragwort (Jacobea vulgaris)Chapter 70      White snake root (Ageratina altissima)Chapter 71      Yellowstar thistle / Russian knapweed (Centaurea solstitialis / Acroptilon repens)Chapter 72      Yew (Taxus spp.)  RodenticidesChapter 73      AnticoagulantsChapter 74      BromethalinChapter 75      CholecalciferolChapter 76      PhosphidesChapter 77      Sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)Chapter 78      Strychnine  Toxic GasesChapter 79      Air Contaminants – CO, NH3, H2S Chapter 80     Smoke  TreesChapter 81      Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)Chapter 82      Black walnut (Juglans nigra)Chapter 83      Box elder (Acer negundo)Chapter 84      Oak (Quercus spp.)Chapter 85      Red maple (Acer rubrum)  ZootoxinsChapter 86      Blister Beetles (Epicauta spp. and Pyrota spp.)Chapter 87      Snakes – Crotalids (pit vipers)Chapter 88   Snakes – Elapids (coral snakes)Chapter 89      Spiders – Brown recluse spider and black widow spider    Section 3 Reference MaterialAppendix 1     AbbreviationsAppendix 2     HerbicidesAppendix 3     Information Resources for Toxicology    INDEX

The editorsLynn R. Hovda, RPH, DVM, MS, DACVIM, is Director of Veterinary Services at SafetyCall International and Pet Poison Helpline in Minneapolis, Minnesota and Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Dionne Benson, DVM, JD, is Chief Veterinary Officer for The Stronach Group. Robert H. Poppenga, DVM, PhD, DABVT, is a Professor and Head of the Toxicology Section at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis in Davis, California, USA.

• Contributors List  SECTION 1 CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY  Chapter 1        Forensic Investigation of Equine IntoxicationsChapter 2        Necropsy AnalysisChapter 3        Laboratory Testing ConsiderationsChapter 4        Treating an Intoxicated Animal: Antidotes and Therapeutic Medications Chapter 5        Compounded Medications  SECTION 2 SPECIFIC TOXINS AND TOXICANTS  Drugs:  Illicit and RecreationalChapter 6        CobaltChapter 7        CocaineChapter 8        DermorphinChapter 9        Growth Hormones and SecretagoguesChapter 10   MarijuanaChapter 11   Methamphetamine and AmphetamineChapter 12   OpioidsChapter 13      Selected Androgen (SARMS) and Estrogen (SERMS) Receptor ModulatorsChapter 14      Synthetic Cannabinoids  Drugs: PrescriptionChapter 15      Antipsychotic Agents – Reserpine and FluphenazineChapter 16      BenzodiazepinesChapter 17      Beta2 Agonists – Clenbuterol and AlbuterolChapter 18      BisphosphonatesChapter 19      GabapentinChapter 20      IodineChapter 21      MedroxyprogesteroneChapter 22      Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophyllineChapter 23      Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)Chapter 24   Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)Chapter 25      Vitamin D (calciferol)  Insecticides, Herbicides and Farm ChemicalsChapter 26      AmitrazChapter 27      Cholinesterase Inhibiting Carbamate PesticidesChapter 28      Cholinesterase Inhibiting Organophosphate Pesticides  Chapter 29      Fertilizers – nitrates, urea, phosphates and othersChapter 30      HerbicidesChapter 31      Paraquat and DiquatChapter 32      Pentachlorophenol (PCP)Chapter 33      Pyrethroid and Pyrethrin Insecticides  Ionophores and Growth PromotantsChapter 34      IonophoresChapter 35      RactopamineChapter 36      Zilpaterol  MetalsChapter 37      ArsenicChapter 38      FluorideChapter 39      IronChapter 40      LeadChapter 41      Selenium  Mycotoxins / FungusChapter 42      Aflatoxins           Chapter 43      Fescue (Endophyte-infected tall fescue)Chapter 44      FumonisinsChapter 45      FusariaChapter 46      SlaframineChapter 47      Tremorgenic Mycotoxins  Other ToxinsChapter 48      Clostridium Botulinum toxinChapter 49      CyanideChapter 50      Sodium Chloride (Salt)    Plants and BiotoxinsChapter 51   Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum)Chapter 52   Blue-Green algae (Cyanobacteria)Chapter 53      Cardiotoxic plantsChapter 54      Day blooming Jessamine (Cestrum spp.)Chapter 55      Death camus (Zigadenus spp.)Chapter 56      Hemlocks (Conium maculatum and Cicuta spp.)Chapter 57      Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana)Chapter 58      Jimsonweed (Datura spp.)Chapter 59      Kleingrass (Panicum coloratum)Chapter 60      Lantana (Lantana camara)Chapter 61      Locoweeds (Astragalus spp. and Oxytropis spp.)Chapter 62      Narrow leaf milkweed (Asclepias fascicularis)Chapter 63      Nightshades (Solanum spp.)Chapter 64      Oleander (Nerium oleander and Cascabela thevetia)Chapter 65      Pyrrolizidine AlkaloidsChapter 66      Rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora)Chapter 67      RhododendronsChapter 68      Sudangrass (Sorghum spp.)Chapter 69      Tansy ragwort (Jacobea vulgaris)Chapter 70      White snake root (Ageratina altissima)Chapter 71      Yellowstar thistle / Russian knapweed (Centaurea solstitialis / Acroptilon repens)Chapter 72      Yew (Taxus spp.)  RodenticidesChapter 73      AnticoagulantsChapter 74      BromethalinChapter 75      CholecalciferolChapter 76      PhosphidesChapter 77      Sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)Chapter 78      Strychnine  Toxic GasesChapter 79      Air Contaminants – CO, NH3, H2S Chapter 80     Smoke  TreesChapter 81      Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)Chapter 82      Black walnut (Juglans nigra)Chapter 83      Box elder (Acer negundo)Chapter 84      Oak (Quercus spp.)Chapter 85      Red maple (Acer rubrum)  ZootoxinsChapter 86      Blister Beetles (Epicauta spp. and Pyrota spp.)Chapter 87      Snakes – Crotalids (pit vipers)Chapter 88   Snakes – Elapids (coral snakes)Chapter 89      Spiders – Brown recluse spider and black widow spider    Section 3 Reference MaterialAppendix 1     AbbreviationsAppendix 2     HerbicidesAppendix 3     Information Resources for Toxicology    INDEX