Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion

THE EDITORS Lynn R. Hovda, RPh, DVM, MS, DACVIM, is the Director of Veterinary Medicine at SafetyCall International, LLC and Pet Poison Helpline in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Ahna G. Brutlag, DVM, MS, DABT, DABVT, is the Senior Director of Veterinary Services at SafetyCall International, LLC and Pet Poison Helpline in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. Robert H. Poppenga, DVM, PhD, DABVT, is a Professor and Head of the Toxicology Section at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA. Steven E. Epstein, DVM, DACVECC is a Professor of Clinical Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care in the Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xxiiSection 1 Clinical Toxicology 1Chapter 1 Decontamination and Detoxification of the Poisoned Patient 3Chapter 2 Emergency Management of the Poisoned Patient 13Chapter 3 Antidotes and Other Useful Drugs 20Chapter 4 Identification and Management of the Unknown Toxicant 32Chapter 5 Laboratory Diagnostics for Toxicology 41Chapter 6 Medico-legal Considerations for Companion Animal Practitioners 48Chapter 7 Pet Food 53Section 2 Specific Toxins and Toxicants 57Alcohols and Glycol Ethers 59Chapter 8 Alcohols 61Chapter 9 Ethylene Glycol and Diethylene Glycol 66Chapter 10 Propylene Glycol 73Construction and Industrial Materials 79Chapter 11 Glues and Adhesives 81Chapter 12 Hydrocarbons 86Chapter 13 Hydrofluoric Acid 93Drugs: Human Prescription 99Chapter 14 5-Fluorouracil 101Chapter 15 Amphetamines 107Chapter 16 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors 111Chapter 17 Antiseizure Medications (Lamotrigine, Phenobarbital, Others) 117Chapter 18 Atypical Antipsychotics (Abilify® and Others) 124Chapter 19 Baclofen 129Chapter 20 Benzodiazepines 134Chapter 21 Beta-2 Receptor Agonists (Albuterol and Others) 139Chapter 22 Beta Receptor Antagonists (Beta-blockers) 145Chapter 23 Calcipotriene/Calcipotriol 153Chapter 24 Calcium Channel Blockers 158Chapter 25 Colchicine 165Chapter 26 Cyclosporine A 169Chapter 27 Diuretics 173Chapter 28 Estrogen and Progesterone 180Chapter 29 Gabapentin 186Chapter 30 Nonbenzodiazepine Sleep Aids 189Chapter 31 Opiates and Opioids 193Chapter 32 SSRI and SNRI Antidepressants 201Chapter 33 Tacrolimus 206Chapter 34 Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) 211Drugs: Illicit and Recreational 217Chapter 35 Cannabidiol (CBD) 219Chapter 36 Club Drugs (MDMA, GHB, Flunitrazepam, Bath Salts) 226Chapter 37 Cocaine 233Chapter 38 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 239Chapter 39 Marijuana (THC) 243Chapter 40 Methamphetamine 252Chapter 41 Miscellaneous Hallucinogens and Dissociative Agents 258Chapter 42 Opiates and Opioids (Illicit) 265Chapter 43 Phencyclidine (PCP) 273Chapter 44 Synthetic Cannabinoids 278Drugs: Over the Counter 285Chapter 45 Acetaminophen 287Chapter 46 Aspirin 293Chapter 47 Calcium Supplements 299Chapter 48 Decongestants (Imidazolines) 303Chapter 49 Decongestants (Pseudoephedrine, Phenylephrine) 308Chapter 50 Dextromethorphan 314Chapter 51 Human NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Naproxen) 319Chapter 52 Loperamide 325Chapter 53 Minoxidil 330Chapter 54 Nicotine and Tobacco 337Chapter 55 Vitamins and Minerals 343Drugs: Veterinary Prescription 353Chapter 56 Alpha-2-adrenergic Agonists 355Chapter 57 Isoxazolines 361Chapter 58 Macrocyclic Lactones 367Chapter 59 Phenylpropanolamine 375Chapter 60 Pimobendan 380Chapter 61 Veterinary NSAIDs 385Envenomations and Internal Toxins 391Chapter 62 Black Widow Spiders 393Chapter 63 Brown Recluse Spiders 397Chapter 64 Crotalids (Pit Vipers) 402Chapter 65 Elapids (Coral Snakes) 414Chapter 66 Other Zootoxins (Venomous Lizards [Heloderma], Poisonous Salamanders [Newts], and Frogs 421Chapter 67 Scorpions 428Chapter 68 Toads 433Chapter 69 Wasps, Hornets, and Bees 438Foods 447Chapter 70 Bread Dough 449Chapter 71 Chocolate and Caffeine 454Chapter 72 Grapes and Raisins 460Chapter 73 Hops 464Chapter 74 Macadamia Nuts 468Chapter 75 Mycotoxins (Aflatoxin) 472Chapter 76 Mycotoxins (Tremorgenic) 477Chapter 77 Onions and Garlic 483Chapter 78 Salt (Sodium Chloride) 489Chapter 79 Xylitol 495Foreign Objects 501Chapter 80 Foreign Objects 503Garden, Yard, and Farm Chemicals 509Chapter 81 Bone and Blood Meal 511Chapter 82 Diquat and Paraquat 515Chapter 83 Fertilizers 523Chapter 84 Herbicides 527Chapter 85 Methionine 533Herbals 539Chapter 86 Ephedra (Ma Huang) 541Chapter 87 Essential Oils and Liquid Potpourri 546Chapter 88 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil) 552Home Care and Recreational Products 557Chapter 89 Acids 559Chapter 90 Alkalis 565Chapter 91 Batteries 571Chapter 92 Matches and Fireworks 577Chapter 93 Mothballs 583Chapter 94 Paintballs 590Chapter 95 Phenols and Pine Oils 598Chapter 96 Soaps, Detergents, Fabric Softeners, Enzymatic Cleaners, and Deodorizers 605Insecticides and Molluscicides 611Chapter 97 Amitraz 613Chapter 98 Imidacloprid and Other Neonicotinoids 619Chapter 99 Metaldehyde 623Chapter 100 Miscellaneous Insecticides (Fipronil and Spinosad) 628Chapter 101 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Anticholinesterase Pesticides 633Chapter 102 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids 640Metals and Metalloids 647Chapter 103 Iron 649Chapter 104 Lead 656Chapter 105 Zinc 662Nondrug Consumer Products 667Chapter 106 Glow Jewelry and Toys (Dibutyl Phthalate) 669Chapter 107 Fluoride 673Plants and Biotoxins 679Chapter 108 Azaleas and Rhododendrons 681Chapter 109 Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria): Anatoxin-A 687Chapter 110 Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria): Microcystins 692Chapter 111 Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria): Others 698Chapter 112 Cardiac Glycosides 704Chapter 113 Cyanogenic Glycosides 715Chapter 114 Lilies 723Chapter 115 Mushrooms 732Chapter 116 Oxalates (Insoluble) 740Chapter 117 Oxalates (Soluble) 749Chapter 118 Sago Palm (Cycads) 756Chapter 119 Spring Bulbs 764Chapter 120 Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Plant 771Chapter 121 Yew 778Rodenticides 785Chapter 122 Anticoagulant Rodenticides 787Chapter 123 Bromethalin 795Chapter 124 Cholecalciferol 801Chapter 125 Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080®) 807Chapter 126 Phosphides 812Chapter 127 Strychnine 819Toxic Gases 825Chapter 128 Carbon Monoxide 827Chapter 129 Smoke Inhalation 832Section 3 Reference Information 839Appendix 1 Abbreviations 841Appendix 2 Anthelmintics 848Appendix 3 Information Resources for Toxicology 853Appendix 4 Other Metallic Toxicants 859Appendix 5 Calculations for the Evaluation of Toxicity 865Appendix 6 Topical Toxins: Common Human OTC Dermatological Preparations 869Appendix 7 Toxic Plants: Clinical Signs, Antidotes, and Treatment 875Index by Toxins and Toxicants 886Index by Clinical Signs and Syndromes 924