Behzad Razavi received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Sharif University of Technology in 1985, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1988 and 1992, respectively. He was with AT&T Bell Laboratories and subsequently Hewlett-Packard Laboratories until 1996. He was also an Adjunct Professor at Princeton University from 1992 to 1994. Since September 1996, Dr. Razavi has been an Associate Professor, and subsequently Professor, of the Electrical Engineering Department at UCLA. He was the Chair of the Integrated Circuits and Systems field of study, and served as Chair of the Department's Annual Research Review for two consecutive years.Prof. Razavi is a member of the Technical Program Committees of Symposium on VLSI Circuits and the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), in which he is the chair of the Analog Subcommittee. He has served as Guest Editor and Associate Editor of the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, and International Journal of High Speed Electronics.Professor Razavi's current research includes wireless transceivers, frequency synthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for high-speed data communications, and data converters.

• 1 Introduction To Microelectronics 11.1 Electronics Versus Microelectronics 11.2 Examples of Electronic Systems 21.2.1 Cellular Telephone 21.2.2 Digital Camera 51.2.3 Analog Versus Digital 71.3 Basic Concepts 81.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals 81.3.2 Analog Circuits 101.3.3 Digital Circuits 111.3.4 Basic Circuit Theorems 121.4 Chapter Summary 202 Basic Physics Of Semiconductors 212.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties 222.1.1 Charge Carriers in Solids 222.1.2 Modification of Carrier Densities 252.1.3 Transport of Carriers 282.2 pn Junction 352.2.1 pn Junction in Equilibrium 362.2.2 pn Junction Under Reverse Bias 412.2.3 pn Junction Under Forward Bias 462.2.4 I/V Characteristics 492.3 Reverse Breakdown 542.3.1 Zener Breakdown 552.3.2 Avalanche Breakdown 552.4 Chapter Summary 56Problems 57SPICE Problems 60  3 Diode Models and Circuits 613.1 Ideal Diode 623.1.1 Initial Thoughts 623.1.2 Ideal Diode 633.1.3 Application Examples 673.2 pn Junction as a Diode 723.3 Additional Examples 743.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation 803.5 Applications of Diodes 893.5.1 Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers 893.5.2 Voltage Regulation 1003.5.3 Limiting Circuits 1033.5.4 Voltage Doublers 1063.5.5 Diodes as Level Shifters and Switches 1123.6 Chapter Summary 114Problems 115SPICE Problems 1224 Physics of Bipolar Transistors 1244.1 General Considerations 1254.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor 1264.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode 1274.3.1 Collector Current 1294.3.2 Base and Emitter Currents 1334.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics 1354.4.1 Large-Signal Model 1354.4.2 I/V Characteristics 1374.4.3 Concept of Transconductance 1394.4.4 Small-Signal Model 1414.4.5 Early Effect 1454.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode 1524.6 The PNP Transistor 1554.6.1 Structure and Operation 1554.6.2 Large-Signal Model 1564.6.3 Small-Signal Model 1594.7 Chapter Summary 162Problems 163SPICE Problems 1705 Bipolar Amplifiers 1725.1 General Considerations 1735.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 1735.1.2 Biasing 1785.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 1785.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 1805.2.1 Simple Biasing 1815.2.2 Resistive Divider Biasing 1835.2.3 Biasing with Emitter Degeneration 1865.2.4 Self-Biased Stage 1905.2.5 Biasing of PNP Transistors 1925.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies 1965.3.1 Common-Emitter Topology 1975.3.2 Common-Base Topology 2245.3.3 Emitter Follower 2385.4 Summary and Additional Examples 2465.5 Chapter Summary 253Problems 253SPICE Problems 2676 Physics of Mos Transistors 2696.1 Structure of MOSFET 2706.2 Operation of MOSFET 2726.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 2726.2.2 Derivation of I-V Characteristics 2796.2.3 Channel-Length Modulation 2886.2.4 MOS Transconductance 2906.2.5 Velocity Saturation 2926.2.6 Other Second-Order Effects 2926.3 MOS Device Models 2936.3.1 Large-Signal Model 2936.3.2 Small-Signal Model 2956.4 PMOS Transistor 2966.5 CMOS Technology 2996.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS Devices 3006.7 Chapter Summary 300Problems 301SPICE Problems 3087 Cmos Amplifiers 3097.1 General Considerations 3107.1.1 MOS Amplifier Topologies 3107.1.2 Biasing 3107.1.3 Realization of Current Sources 3137.2 Common-Source Stage 3157.2.1 CS Core 3157.2.2 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 3187.2.3 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 3197.2.4 CS Stage with Degeneration 3207.2.5 CS Core with Biasing 3237.3 Common-Gate Stage 3257.3.1 CG Stage with Biasing 3297.4 Source Follower 3317.4.1 Source Follower Core 3317.4.2 Source Follower with Biasing 3337.5 Summary and Additional Examples 3367.6 Chapter Summary 340Problems 341SPICE Problems 3538 Operational Amplifier As a Black Box 3558.1 General Considerations 3568.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits 3588.2.1 Noninverting Amplifier 3588.2.2 Inverting Amplifier 3608.2.3 Integrator and Differentiator 3638.2.4 Voltage Adder 3718.3 Nonlinear Functions 3738.3.1 Precision Rectifier 3738.3.2 Logarithmic Amplifier 3748.3.3 Square-Root Amplifier 3758.4 Op Amp Nonidealities 3768.4.1 DC Offsets 3768.4.2 Input Bias Current 3798.4.3 Speed Limitations 3828.4.4 Finite Input and Output Impedances 3878.5 Design Examples 3888.6 Chapter Summary 390Problems 391SPICE Problems 3979 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors 3989.1 Cascode Stage 3999.1.1 Cascode as a Current Source 3999.1.2 Cascode as an Amplifier 4059.2 Current Mirrors 4149.2.1 Initial Thoughts 4149.2.2 Bipolar Current Mirror 4169.2.3 MOS Current Mirror 4259.3 Chapter Summary 429Problems 430SPICE Problems 44110 Differential Amplifiers 44310.1 General Considerations 44410.1.1 Initial Thoughts 44410.1.2 Differential Signals 44610.1.3 Differential Pair 44910.2 Bipolar Differential Pair 45210.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 45210.2.2 Large-Signal Analysis 45810.2.3 Small-Signal Analysis 46310.3 MOS Differential Pair 46910.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 46910.3.2 Large-Signal Analysis 47310.3.3 Small-Signal Analysis 47810.4 Cascode Differential Amplifiers 48110.5 Common-Mode Rejection 48510.6 Differential Pair with Active Load 48910.6.1 Qualitative Analysis 49010.6.2 Quantitative Analysis 49210.7 Chapter Summary 496Problems 497SPICE Problems 50911 Frequency Response 51111.1 Fundamental Concepts 51211.1.1 General Considerations 51211.1.2 Relationship Between Transfer Function and Frequency Response 51511.1.3 Bode’s Rules 51811.1.4 Association of Poles with Nodes 51911.1.5 Miller’s Theorem 52111.1.6 General Frequency Response 52511.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors 52911.2.1 High-Frequency Model of Bipolar Transistor 52911.2.2 High-Frequency Model of Mosfet 53111.2.3 Transit Frequency 53211.3 Analysis Procedure 53411.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages 53511.4.1 Low-Frequency Response 53511.4.2 High-Frequency Response 53611.4.3 Use of Miller’s Theorem 53711.4.4 Direct Analysis 53911.4.5 Input Impedance 54311.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages 54411.5.1 Low-Frequency Response 54411.5.2 High-Frequency Response 54411.6 Frequency Response of Followers 54711.6.1 Input and Output Impedances 55011.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage 55311.7.1 Input and Output Impedances 55711.8 Frequency Response of Differential Pairs 55811.8.1 Common-Mode Frequency Response 55911.9 Additional Examples 56111.10 Chapter Summary 564Problems 565SPICE Problems 57312 Feedback 57512.1 General Considerations 57712.1.1 Loop Gain 57912.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 58212.2.1 Gain Desensitization 58212.2.2 Bandwidth Extension 58412.2.3 Modification of I/O Impedances 58612.2.4 Linearity Improvement 58912.3 Types of Amplifiers 59112.3.1 Simple Amplifier Models 59112.3.2 Examples of Amplifier Types 59312.4 Sense and Return Techniques 59512.5 Polarity of Feedback 59812.6 Feedback Topologies 60012.6.1 Voltage–Voltage Feedback 60012.6.2 Voltage–Current Feedback 60512.6.3 Current–Voltage Feedback 60812.6.4 Current–Current Feedback 61312.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances 61612.7.1 Inclusion of I/O Effects 61712.8 Stability in Feedback Systems 62812.8.1 Review of Bode’s Rules 62912.8.2 Problem of Instability 63012.8.3 Stability Condition 63312.8.4 Phase Margin 63612.8.5 Frequency Compensation 63812.8.6 Miller Compensation 64112.9 Chapter Summary 642Problems 643SPICE Problems 65413 Oscillators 65613.1 General Considerations 65613.2 Ring Oscillators 65913.3 LC Oscillators 66413.3.1 Parallel LC Tanks 66413.3.2 Cross-Coupled Oscillator 66713.3.3 Colpitts Oscillator 67013.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 67213.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 67513.6 Crystal Oscillators 67713.6.1 Crystal Model 67813.6.2 Negative-Resistance Circuit 67913.6.3 Crystal Oscillator Implementation 68113.7 Chapter Summary 683Problems 684SPICE Problems 68814 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 69014.1 General Considerations 69014.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier 69114.3 Push-Pull Stage 69414.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage 69714.4.1 Reduction of Crossover Distortion 69714.4.2 Addition of CE Stage 70114.5 Large-Signal Considerations 70414.5.1 Biasing Issues 70414.5.2 Omission of PNP Power Transistor 70514.5.3 High-Fidelity Design 70814.6 Short-Circuit Protection 70814.7 Heat Dissipation 70914.7.1 Emitter Follower Power Rating 71014.7.2 Push-Pull Stage Power Rating 71114.7.3 Thermal Runaway 71314.8 Efficiency 71414.8.1 Efficiency of Emitter Follower 71414.8.2 Efficiency of Push-Pull Stage 71514.9 Power Amplifier Classes 71614.10 Chapter Summary 717Problems 718SPICE Problems 72315 Analog Filters 72515.1 General Considerations 72515.1.1 Filter Characteristics 72615.1.2 Classification of Filters 72715.1.3 Filter Transfer Function 73015.1.4 Problem of Sensitivity 73415.2 First-Order Filters 73515.3 Second-Order Filters 73815.3.1 Special Cases 73815.3.2 RLC Realizations 74215.4 Active Filters 74715.4.1 Sallen and Key Filter 74715.4.2 Integrator-Based Biquads 75315.4.3 Biquads Using Simulated Inductors 75615.5 Approximation of Filter Response 76115.5.1 Butterworth Response 76215.5.2 Chebyshev Response 76615.6 Chapter Summary 771Problems 772SPICE Problems 77616 Digital Cmos Circuits 77816.1 General Considerations 77816.1.1 Static Characterization of Gates 77916.1.2 Dynamic Characterization of Gates 78616.1.3 Power-Speed Trade-Off 78916.2 CMOS Inverter 79116.2.1 Initial Thoughts 79116.2.2 Voltage Transfer Characteristic 79316.2.3 Dynamic Characteristics 79916.2.4 Power Dissipation 80416.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 80816.3.1 NOR Gate 80816.3.2 NAND Gate 81116.4 Chapter Summary 812Problems 813SPICE Problems 81817 Cmos Amplifiers 81917.1 General Considerations 81917.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 82017.1.2 Biasing 82417.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 82517.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 82617.2.1 Simple Biasing 82817.2.2 Biasing with Source Degeneration 83017.2.3 Self-Biased Stage 83317.2.4 Biasing of PMOS Transistors 83417.2.5 Realization of Current Sources 83517.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies 83617.4 Common-Source Topology 83717.4.1 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 84217.4.2 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 84317.4.3 CS Stage with Source Degeneration 84417.4.4 Common-Gate Topology 85617.4.5 Source Follower 86717.5 Additional Examples 87417.6 Chapter Summary 878Problems 879SPICE Problems 891Appendix A Introduction To Spice A- 1Index I- 1

Behzad Razavi received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Sharif University of Technology in 1985, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1988 and 1992, respectively. He was with AT&T Bell Laboratories and subsequently Hewlett-Packard Laboratories until 1996. He was also an Adjunct Professor at Princeton University from 1992 to 1994. Since September 1996, Dr. Razavi has been an Associate Professor, and subsequently Professor, of the Electrical Engineering Department at UCLA. He was the Chair of the Integrated Circuits and Systems field of study, and served as Chair of the Department's Annual Research Review for two consecutive years.Prof. Razavi is a member of the Technical Program Committees of Symposium on VLSI Circuits and the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), in which he is the chair of the Analog Subcommittee. He has served as Guest Editor and Associate Editor of the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, and International Journal of High Speed Electronics.Professor Razavi's current research includes wireless transceivers, frequency synthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for high-speed data communications, and data converters.

• 1 Introduction To Microelectronics 11.1 Electronics Versus Microelectronics 11.2 Examples of Electronic Systems 21.2.1 Cellular Telephone 21.2.2 Digital Camera 51.2.3 Analog Versus Digital 71.3 Basic Concepts 81.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals 81.3.2 Analog Circuits 101.3.3 Digital Circuits 111.3.4 Basic Circuit Theorems 121.4 Chapter Summary 202 Basic Physics Of Semiconductors 212.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties 222.1.1 Charge Carriers in Solids 222.1.2 Modification of Carrier Densities 252.1.3 Transport of Carriers 282.2 pn Junction 352.2.1 pn Junction in Equilibrium 362.2.2 pn Junction Under Reverse Bias 412.2.3 pn Junction Under Forward Bias 462.2.4 I/V Characteristics 492.3 Reverse Breakdown 542.3.1 Zener Breakdown 552.3.2 Avalanche Breakdown 552.4 Chapter Summary 56Problems 57SPICE Problems 60  3 Diode Models and Circuits 613.1 Ideal Diode 623.1.1 Initial Thoughts 623.1.2 Ideal Diode 633.1.3 Application Examples 673.2 pn Junction as a Diode 723.3 Additional Examples 743.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation 803.5 Applications of Diodes 893.5.1 Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers 893.5.2 Voltage Regulation 1003.5.3 Limiting Circuits 1033.5.4 Voltage Doublers 1063.5.5 Diodes as Level Shifters and Switches 1123.6 Chapter Summary 114Problems 115SPICE Problems 1224 Physics of Bipolar Transistors 1244.1 General Considerations 1254.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor 1264.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode 1274.3.1 Collector Current 1294.3.2 Base and Emitter Currents 1334.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics 1354.4.1 Large-Signal Model 1354.4.2 I/V Characteristics 1374.4.3 Concept of Transconductance 1394.4.4 Small-Signal Model 1414.4.5 Early Effect 1454.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode 1524.6 The PNP Transistor 1554.6.1 Structure and Operation 1554.6.2 Large-Signal Model 1564.6.3 Small-Signal Model 1594.7 Chapter Summary 162Problems 163SPICE Problems 1705 Bipolar Amplifiers 1725.1 General Considerations 1735.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 1735.1.2 Biasing 1785.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 1785.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 1805.2.1 Simple Biasing 1815.2.2 Resistive Divider Biasing 1835.2.3 Biasing with Emitter Degeneration 1865.2.4 Self-Biased Stage 1905.2.5 Biasing of PNP Transistors 1925.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies 1965.3.1 Common-Emitter Topology 1975.3.2 Common-Base Topology 2245.3.3 Emitter Follower 2385.4 Summary and Additional Examples 2465.5 Chapter Summary 253Problems 253SPICE Problems 2676 Physics of Mos Transistors 2696.1 Structure of MOSFET 2706.2 Operation of MOSFET 2726.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 2726.2.2 Derivation of I-V Characteristics 2796.2.3 Channel-Length Modulation 2886.2.4 MOS Transconductance 2906.2.5 Velocity Saturation 2926.2.6 Other Second-Order Effects 2926.3 MOS Device Models 2936.3.1 Large-Signal Model 2936.3.2 Small-Signal Model 2956.4 PMOS Transistor 2966.5 CMOS Technology 2996.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS Devices 3006.7 Chapter Summary 300Problems 301SPICE Problems 3087 Cmos Amplifiers 3097.1 General Considerations 3107.1.1 MOS Amplifier Topologies 3107.1.2 Biasing 3107.1.3 Realization of Current Sources 3137.2 Common-Source Stage 3157.2.1 CS Core 3157.2.2 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 3187.2.3 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 3197.2.4 CS Stage with Degeneration 3207.2.5 CS Core with Biasing 3237.3 Common-Gate Stage 3257.3.1 CG Stage with Biasing 3297.4 Source Follower 3317.4.1 Source Follower Core 3317.4.2 Source Follower with Biasing 3337.5 Summary and Additional Examples 3367.6 Chapter Summary 340Problems 341SPICE Problems 3538 Operational Amplifier As a Black Box 3558.1 General Considerations 3568.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits 3588.2.1 Noninverting Amplifier 3588.2.2 Inverting Amplifier 3608.2.3 Integrator and Differentiator 3638.2.4 Voltage Adder 3718.3 Nonlinear Functions 3738.3.1 Precision Rectifier 3738.3.2 Logarithmic Amplifier 3748.3.3 Square-Root Amplifier 3758.4 Op Amp Nonidealities 3768.4.1 DC Offsets 3768.4.2 Input Bias Current 3798.4.3 Speed Limitations 3828.4.4 Finite Input and Output Impedances 3878.5 Design Examples 3888.6 Chapter Summary 390Problems 391SPICE Problems 3979 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors 3989.1 Cascode Stage 3999.1.1 Cascode as a Current Source 3999.1.2 Cascode as an Amplifier 4059.2 Current Mirrors 4149.2.1 Initial Thoughts 4149.2.2 Bipolar Current Mirror 4169.2.3 MOS Current Mirror 4259.3 Chapter Summary 429Problems 430SPICE Problems 44110 Differential Amplifiers 44310.1 General Considerations 44410.1.1 Initial Thoughts 44410.1.2 Differential Signals 44610.1.3 Differential Pair 44910.2 Bipolar Differential Pair 45210.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 45210.2.2 Large-Signal Analysis 45810.2.3 Small-Signal Analysis 46310.3 MOS Differential Pair 46910.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 46910.3.2 Large-Signal Analysis 47310.3.3 Small-Signal Analysis 47810.4 Cascode Differential Amplifiers 48110.5 Common-Mode Rejection 48510.6 Differential Pair with Active Load 48910.6.1 Qualitative Analysis 49010.6.2 Quantitative Analysis 49210.7 Chapter Summary 496Problems 497SPICE Problems 50911 Frequency Response 51111.1 Fundamental Concepts 51211.1.1 General Considerations 51211.1.2 Relationship Between Transfer Function and Frequency Response 51511.1.3 Bode’s Rules 51811.1.4 Association of Poles with Nodes 51911.1.5 Miller’s Theorem 52111.1.6 General Frequency Response 52511.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors 52911.2.1 High-Frequency Model of Bipolar Transistor 52911.2.2 High-Frequency Model of Mosfet 53111.2.3 Transit Frequency 53211.3 Analysis Procedure 53411.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages 53511.4.1 Low-Frequency Response 53511.4.2 High-Frequency Response 53611.4.3 Use of Miller’s Theorem 53711.4.4 Direct Analysis 53911.4.5 Input Impedance 54311.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages 54411.5.1 Low-Frequency Response 54411.5.2 High-Frequency Response 54411.6 Frequency Response of Followers 54711.6.1 Input and Output Impedances 55011.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage 55311.7.1 Input and Output Impedances 55711.8 Frequency Response of Differential Pairs 55811.8.1 Common-Mode Frequency Response 55911.9 Additional Examples 56111.10 Chapter Summary 564Problems 565SPICE Problems 57312 Feedback 57512.1 General Considerations 57712.1.1 Loop Gain 57912.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 58212.2.1 Gain Desensitization 58212.2.2 Bandwidth Extension 58412.2.3 Modification of I/O Impedances 58612.2.4 Linearity Improvement 58912.3 Types of Amplifiers 59112.3.1 Simple Amplifier Models 59112.3.2 Examples of Amplifier Types 59312.4 Sense and Return Techniques 59512.5 Polarity of Feedback 59812.6 Feedback Topologies 60012.6.1 Voltage–Voltage Feedback 60012.6.2 Voltage–Current Feedback 60512.6.3 Current–Voltage Feedback 60812.6.4 Current–Current Feedback 61312.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances 61612.7.1 Inclusion of I/O Effects 61712.8 Stability in Feedback Systems 62812.8.1 Review of Bode’s Rules 62912.8.2 Problem of Instability 63012.8.3 Stability Condition 63312.8.4 Phase Margin 63612.8.5 Frequency Compensation 63812.8.6 Miller Compensation 64112.9 Chapter Summary 642Problems 643SPICE Problems 65413 Oscillators 65613.1 General Considerations 65613.2 Ring Oscillators 65913.3 LC Oscillators 66413.3.1 Parallel LC Tanks 66413.3.2 Cross-Coupled Oscillator 66713.3.3 Colpitts Oscillator 67013.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 67213.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 67513.6 Crystal Oscillators 67713.6.1 Crystal Model 67813.6.2 Negative-Resistance Circuit 67913.6.3 Crystal Oscillator Implementation 68113.7 Chapter Summary 683Problems 684SPICE Problems 68814 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 69014.1 General Considerations 69014.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier 69114.3 Push-Pull Stage 69414.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage 69714.4.1 Reduction of Crossover Distortion 69714.4.2 Addition of CE Stage 70114.5 Large-Signal Considerations 70414.5.1 Biasing Issues 70414.5.2 Omission of PNP Power Transistor 70514.5.3 High-Fidelity Design 70814.6 Short-Circuit Protection 70814.7 Heat Dissipation 70914.7.1 Emitter Follower Power Rating 71014.7.2 Push-Pull Stage Power Rating 71114.7.3 Thermal Runaway 71314.8 Efficiency 71414.8.1 Efficiency of Emitter Follower 71414.8.2 Efficiency of Push-Pull Stage 71514.9 Power Amplifier Classes 71614.10 Chapter Summary 717Problems 718SPICE Problems 72315 Analog Filters 72515.1 General Considerations 72515.1.1 Filter Characteristics 72615.1.2 Classification of Filters 72715.1.3 Filter Transfer Function 73015.1.4 Problem of Sensitivity 73415.2 First-Order Filters 73515.3 Second-Order Filters 73815.3.1 Special Cases 73815.3.2 RLC Realizations 74215.4 Active Filters 74715.4.1 Sallen and Key Filter 74715.4.2 Integrator-Based Biquads 75315.4.3 Biquads Using Simulated Inductors 75615.5 Approximation of Filter Response 76115.5.1 Butterworth Response 76215.5.2 Chebyshev Response 76615.6 Chapter Summary 771Problems 772SPICE Problems 77616 Digital Cmos Circuits 77816.1 General Considerations 77816.1.1 Static Characterization of Gates 77916.1.2 Dynamic Characterization of Gates 78616.1.3 Power-Speed Trade-Off 78916.2 CMOS Inverter 79116.2.1 Initial Thoughts 79116.2.2 Voltage Transfer Characteristic 79316.2.3 Dynamic Characteristics 79916.2.4 Power Dissipation 80416.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 80816.3.1 NOR Gate 80816.3.2 NAND Gate 81116.4 Chapter Summary 812Problems 813SPICE Problems 81817 Cmos Amplifiers 81917.1 General Considerations 81917.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 82017.1.2 Biasing 82417.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 82517.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 82617.2.1 Simple Biasing 82817.2.2 Biasing with Source Degeneration 83017.2.3 Self-Biased Stage 83317.2.4 Biasing of PMOS Transistors 83417.2.5 Realization of Current Sources 83517.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies 83617.4 Common-Source Topology 83717.4.1 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 84217.4.2 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 84317.4.3 CS Stage with Source Degeneration 84417.4.4 Common-Gate Topology 85617.4.5 Source Follower 86717.5 Additional Examples 87417.6 Chapter Summary 878Problems 879SPICE Problems 891Appendix A Introduction To Spice A- 1Index I- 1

Behzad Razavi received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Sharif University of Technology in 1985, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1988 and 1992, respectively. He was with AT&T Bell Laboratories and subsequently Hewlett-Packard Laboratories until 1996. He was also an Adjunct Professor at Princeton University from 1992 to 1994. Since September 1996, Dr. Razavi has been an Associate Professor, and subsequently Professor, of the Electrical Engineering Department at UCLA. He was the Chair of the Integrated Circuits and Systems field of study, and served as Chair of the Department's Annual Research Review for two consecutive years.Prof. Razavi is a member of the Technical Program Committees of Symposium on VLSI Circuits and the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), in which he is the chair of the Analog Subcommittee. He has served as Guest Editor and Associate Editor of the IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, and International Journal of High Speed Electronics.Professor Razavi's current research includes wireless transceivers, frequency synthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for high-speed data communications, and data converters.

• 1 Introduction To Microelectronics 11.1 Electronics Versus Microelectronics 11.2 Examples of Electronic Systems 21.2.1 Cellular Telephone 21.2.2 Digital Camera 51.2.3 Analog Versus Digital 71.3 Basic Concepts 81.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals 81.3.2 Analog Circuits 101.3.3 Digital Circuits 111.3.4 Basic Circuit Theorems 121.4 Chapter Summary 202 Basic Physics Of Semiconductors 212.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties 222.1.1 Charge Carriers in Solids 222.1.2 Modification of Carrier Densities 252.1.3 Transport of Carriers 282.2 pn Junction 352.2.1 pn Junction in Equilibrium 362.2.2 pn Junction Under Reverse Bias 412.2.3 pn Junction Under Forward Bias 462.2.4 I/V Characteristics 492.3 Reverse Breakdown 542.3.1 Zener Breakdown 552.3.2 Avalanche Breakdown 552.4 Chapter Summary 56Problems 57SPICE Problems 60  3 Diode Models and Circuits 613.1 Ideal Diode 623.1.1 Initial Thoughts 623.1.2 Ideal Diode 633.1.3 Application Examples 673.2 pn Junction as a Diode 723.3 Additional Examples 743.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation 803.5 Applications of Diodes 893.5.1 Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers 893.5.2 Voltage Regulation 1003.5.3 Limiting Circuits 1033.5.4 Voltage Doublers 1063.5.5 Diodes as Level Shifters and Switches 1123.6 Chapter Summary 114Problems 115SPICE Problems 1224 Physics of Bipolar Transistors 1244.1 General Considerations 1254.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor 1264.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode 1274.3.1 Collector Current 1294.3.2 Base and Emitter Currents 1334.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics 1354.4.1 Large-Signal Model 1354.4.2 I/V Characteristics 1374.4.3 Concept of Transconductance 1394.4.4 Small-Signal Model 1414.4.5 Early Effect 1454.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode 1524.6 The PNP Transistor 1554.6.1 Structure and Operation 1554.6.2 Large-Signal Model 1564.6.3 Small-Signal Model 1594.7 Chapter Summary 162Problems 163SPICE Problems 1705 Bipolar Amplifiers 1725.1 General Considerations 1735.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 1735.1.2 Biasing 1785.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 1785.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 1805.2.1 Simple Biasing 1815.2.2 Resistive Divider Biasing 1835.2.3 Biasing with Emitter Degeneration 1865.2.4 Self-Biased Stage 1905.2.5 Biasing of PNP Transistors 1925.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies 1965.3.1 Common-Emitter Topology 1975.3.2 Common-Base Topology 2245.3.3 Emitter Follower 2385.4 Summary and Additional Examples 2465.5 Chapter Summary 253Problems 253SPICE Problems 2676 Physics of Mos Transistors 2696.1 Structure of MOSFET 2706.2 Operation of MOSFET 2726.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 2726.2.2 Derivation of I-V Characteristics 2796.2.3 Channel-Length Modulation 2886.2.4 MOS Transconductance 2906.2.5 Velocity Saturation 2926.2.6 Other Second-Order Effects 2926.3 MOS Device Models 2936.3.1 Large-Signal Model 2936.3.2 Small-Signal Model 2956.4 PMOS Transistor 2966.5 CMOS Technology 2996.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS Devices 3006.7 Chapter Summary 300Problems 301SPICE Problems 3087 Cmos Amplifiers 3097.1 General Considerations 3107.1.1 MOS Amplifier Topologies 3107.1.2 Biasing 3107.1.3 Realization of Current Sources 3137.2 Common-Source Stage 3157.2.1 CS Core 3157.2.2 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 3187.2.3 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 3197.2.4 CS Stage with Degeneration 3207.2.5 CS Core with Biasing 3237.3 Common-Gate Stage 3257.3.1 CG Stage with Biasing 3297.4 Source Follower 3317.4.1 Source Follower Core 3317.4.2 Source Follower with Biasing 3337.5 Summary and Additional Examples 3367.6 Chapter Summary 340Problems 341SPICE Problems 3538 Operational Amplifier As a Black Box 3558.1 General Considerations 3568.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits 3588.2.1 Noninverting Amplifier 3588.2.2 Inverting Amplifier 3608.2.3 Integrator and Differentiator 3638.2.4 Voltage Adder 3718.3 Nonlinear Functions 3738.3.1 Precision Rectifier 3738.3.2 Logarithmic Amplifier 3748.3.3 Square-Root Amplifier 3758.4 Op Amp Nonidealities 3768.4.1 DC Offsets 3768.4.2 Input Bias Current 3798.4.3 Speed Limitations 3828.4.4 Finite Input and Output Impedances 3878.5 Design Examples 3888.6 Chapter Summary 390Problems 391SPICE Problems 3979 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors 3989.1 Cascode Stage 3999.1.1 Cascode as a Current Source 3999.1.2 Cascode as an Amplifier 4059.2 Current Mirrors 4149.2.1 Initial Thoughts 4149.2.2 Bipolar Current Mirror 4169.2.3 MOS Current Mirror 4259.3 Chapter Summary 429Problems 430SPICE Problems 44110 Differential Amplifiers 44310.1 General Considerations 44410.1.1 Initial Thoughts 44410.1.2 Differential Signals 44610.1.3 Differential Pair 44910.2 Bipolar Differential Pair 45210.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 45210.2.2 Large-Signal Analysis 45810.2.3 Small-Signal Analysis 46310.3 MOS Differential Pair 46910.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 46910.3.2 Large-Signal Analysis 47310.3.3 Small-Signal Analysis 47810.4 Cascode Differential Amplifiers 48110.5 Common-Mode Rejection 48510.6 Differential Pair with Active Load 48910.6.1 Qualitative Analysis 49010.6.2 Quantitative Analysis 49210.7 Chapter Summary 496Problems 497SPICE Problems 50911 Frequency Response 51111.1 Fundamental Concepts 51211.1.1 General Considerations 51211.1.2 Relationship Between Transfer Function and Frequency Response 51511.1.3 Bode’s Rules 51811.1.4 Association of Poles with Nodes 51911.1.5 Miller’s Theorem 52111.1.6 General Frequency Response 52511.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors 52911.2.1 High-Frequency Model of Bipolar Transistor 52911.2.2 High-Frequency Model of Mosfet 53111.2.3 Transit Frequency 53211.3 Analysis Procedure 53411.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages 53511.4.1 Low-Frequency Response 53511.4.2 High-Frequency Response 53611.4.3 Use of Miller’s Theorem 53711.4.4 Direct Analysis 53911.4.5 Input Impedance 54311.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages 54411.5.1 Low-Frequency Response 54411.5.2 High-Frequency Response 54411.6 Frequency Response of Followers 54711.6.1 Input and Output Impedances 55011.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage 55311.7.1 Input and Output Impedances 55711.8 Frequency Response of Differential Pairs 55811.8.1 Common-Mode Frequency Response 55911.9 Additional Examples 56111.10 Chapter Summary 564Problems 565SPICE Problems 57312 Feedback 57512.1 General Considerations 57712.1.1 Loop Gain 57912.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 58212.2.1 Gain Desensitization 58212.2.2 Bandwidth Extension 58412.2.3 Modification of I/O Impedances 58612.2.4 Linearity Improvement 58912.3 Types of Amplifiers 59112.3.1 Simple Amplifier Models 59112.3.2 Examples of Amplifier Types 59312.4 Sense and Return Techniques 59512.5 Polarity of Feedback 59812.6 Feedback Topologies 60012.6.1 Voltage–Voltage Feedback 60012.6.2 Voltage–Current Feedback 60512.6.3 Current–Voltage Feedback 60812.6.4 Current–Current Feedback 61312.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances 61612.7.1 Inclusion of I/O Effects 61712.8 Stability in Feedback Systems 62812.8.1 Review of Bode’s Rules 62912.8.2 Problem of Instability 63012.8.3 Stability Condition 63312.8.4 Phase Margin 63612.8.5 Frequency Compensation 63812.8.6 Miller Compensation 64112.9 Chapter Summary 642Problems 643SPICE Problems 65413 Oscillators 65613.1 General Considerations 65613.2 Ring Oscillators 65913.3 LC Oscillators 66413.3.1 Parallel LC Tanks 66413.3.2 Cross-Coupled Oscillator 66713.3.3 Colpitts Oscillator 67013.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 67213.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 67513.6 Crystal Oscillators 67713.6.1 Crystal Model 67813.6.2 Negative-Resistance Circuit 67913.6.3 Crystal Oscillator Implementation 68113.7 Chapter Summary 683Problems 684SPICE Problems 68814 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 69014.1 General Considerations 69014.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier 69114.3 Push-Pull Stage 69414.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage 69714.4.1 Reduction of Crossover Distortion 69714.4.2 Addition of CE Stage 70114.5 Large-Signal Considerations 70414.5.1 Biasing Issues 70414.5.2 Omission of PNP Power Transistor 70514.5.3 High-Fidelity Design 70814.6 Short-Circuit Protection 70814.7 Heat Dissipation 70914.7.1 Emitter Follower Power Rating 71014.7.2 Push-Pull Stage Power Rating 71114.7.3 Thermal Runaway 71314.8 Efficiency 71414.8.1 Efficiency of Emitter Follower 71414.8.2 Efficiency of Push-Pull Stage 71514.9 Power Amplifier Classes 71614.10 Chapter Summary 717Problems 718SPICE Problems 72315 Analog Filters 72515.1 General Considerations 72515.1.1 Filter Characteristics 72615.1.2 Classification of Filters 72715.1.3 Filter Transfer Function 73015.1.4 Problem of Sensitivity 73415.2 First-Order Filters 73515.3 Second-Order Filters 73815.3.1 Special Cases 73815.3.2 RLC Realizations 74215.4 Active Filters 74715.4.1 Sallen and Key Filter 74715.4.2 Integrator-Based Biquads 75315.4.3 Biquads Using Simulated Inductors 75615.5 Approximation of Filter Response 76115.5.1 Butterworth Response 76215.5.2 Chebyshev Response 76615.6 Chapter Summary 771Problems 772SPICE Problems 77616 Digital Cmos Circuits 77816.1 General Considerations 77816.1.1 Static Characterization of Gates 77916.1.2 Dynamic Characterization of Gates 78616.1.3 Power-Speed Trade-Off 78916.2 CMOS Inverter 79116.2.1 Initial Thoughts 79116.2.2 Voltage Transfer Characteristic 79316.2.3 Dynamic Characteristics 79916.2.4 Power Dissipation 80416.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 80816.3.1 NOR Gate 80816.3.2 NAND Gate 81116.4 Chapter Summary 812Problems 813SPICE Problems 81817 Cmos Amplifiers 81917.1 General Considerations 81917.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 82017.1.2 Biasing 82417.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 82517.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 82617.2.1 Simple Biasing 82817.2.2 Biasing with Source Degeneration 83017.2.3 Self-Biased Stage 83317.2.4 Biasing of PMOS Transistors 83417.2.5 Realization of Current Sources 83517.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies 83617.4 Common-Source Topology 83717.4.1 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 84217.4.2 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 84317.4.3 CS Stage with Source Degeneration 84417.4.4 Common-Gate Topology 85617.4.5 Source Follower 86717.5 Additional Examples 87417.6 Chapter Summary 878Problems 879SPICE Problems 891Appendix A Introduction To Spice A- 1Index I- 1