EditorsPeter G. Kopelman, MD, DSC, FRCP, FFPH, is the late Professor of Medicine at the University of London, London, UK. Ian D. Caterson, AM, MBBS, BSC(MED), PhD, FRACP, is Boden Professor of Human Nutrition, School of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. William H. Dietz, MD, PhD, is Chair of the Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness at the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University in Washington, DC, USA. Associate Editors Sarah Armstrong, MD, is Professor of Pediatrics and Population Health Sciences at Duke University in Durham, NC, USA. Arianne N. Sweeting, MBBS, BSC, GradDip HL, PhD, FRACP, is a Staff Specialist Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. John P.H. Wilding, DM, FRCP, is Professor of Medicine in the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine at the Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences at the University of Liverpool and Honorary Consultant Physician at Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.

• List of Contributors, viiPreface, xiList of Abbreviations, xiiiPart 1 Obesity, 11 Obesity – Introduction: History and the Scale of the Problem Worldwide, 3W. Philip T. James and Tim Gill2 The Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Obesity, 17Lindsay M. Jaacks and Mariachiara Di CesarePart 2 Causes of Obesity, 313 Fetal and Infant Origins of Obesity, 33Emily Oken and Susan E. Ozanne4 Genes and Obesity, 47I. Sadaf Farooqi5 Bias, Stigma, and Social Consequences of Obesity, 58Rebecca L. Pearl and Christina M. Hopkins6 Ecology, Protein Leverage, and Public Health, 72David Raubenheimer and Stephen J. Simpson7 The Living Environment and Physical Activity, 89Jean-Michel Oppert and Hélène Charreire8 Psychobiology of Obesity: Eating Behavior and Appetite Control, 99Michelle Dalton, Nicola Buckland and John Blundell9 Energy Balance and Body Weight Homeostasis, 113Yann Ravussin and Abdul G. DullooPart 3 Obesity as a Disease, 12910 Obesity, Ectopic Fat and Type 2 Diabetes, 131Ann Verhaegen and Luc F. Van Gaal11 Obesity and Dyslipidemia, Importance of Body Fat Distribution, 148Fredrik Karpe12 Obesity and Fertility, 154Arianne N. Sweeting13 Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease, 159Bo Kyung Koo and Soo Lim14 Cardiovascular Consequences, 178Naveed Sattar15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 192Henry W. Ainge-Allen, Brendon J. Yee and Ronald R. Grunstein16 Obesity and Cancer, 211Michael R. SkiltonPart 4 Management of AdultObesity, 22117 A Practical Approach to Contemporary Obesity Management, 223Ian D. Caterson, Arianne N. Sweeting and Peter G. Kopelman18 Dietary Management of Obesity: Eating Plans, 232Janet Franklin and Kyra Sim19 The Behavioral Treatment of Obesity, 249Ariana M. Chao, Kerry M. Quigley and Thomas A. Wadden20 Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in Promoting Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance, 262Daniel J. Cuthbertson and Laurence J. Dobbie21 Adjunctive Therapy, Including Pharmacotherapy, 279Dalal Al-Bazz and John P.H. Wilding22 The Management of Obesity: Surgery, 297Wendy A. Brown and David Martin23 Weight Loss Maintenance and Weight Cycling, 306Catherine Hankey24 Training and Medical Systems for Obesity Care, 314William H. DietzPart 5 Childhood Obesity, 32325 The Prevention of Childhood Obesity, 325William H. Dietz and Louise A. Baur26 Consequences of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: The Need for a Broad Approach, 339Yvonne Anderson and Chu Shan Elaine Chew27 The Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity, 353Sarah Armstrong and Nathalie Farpour-LambertPart 6 Policy Approaches, 36528 Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention, 367Tim Lobstein29 The Double Burden of Malnutrition, 386Li Kheng Chai, Jenna Hollis, Clare Collins and Alessandro Demaio30 Taxes, Subsidies, and Policies, 394Simon Barquera, Lesly Véjar, Mariel White and Mishel Unar-Munguia31 The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change, 409Boyd Swinburn, Peter Hovmand, Wilma Waterlander and Steve AllenderIndex, 428

EditorsPeter G. Kopelman, MD, DSC, FRCP, FFPH, is the late Professor of Medicine at the University of London, London, UK. Ian D. Caterson, AM, MBBS, BSC(MED), PhD, FRACP, is Boden Professor of Human Nutrition, School of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. William H. Dietz, MD, PhD, is Chair of the Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness at the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University in Washington, DC, USA. Associate Editors Sarah Armstrong, MD, is Professor of Pediatrics and Population Health Sciences at Duke University in Durham, NC, USA. Arianne N. Sweeting, MBBS, BSC, GradDip HL, PhD, FRACP, is a Staff Specialist Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. John P.H. Wilding, DM, FRCP, is Professor of Medicine in the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine at the Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences at the University of Liverpool and Honorary Consultant Physician at Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.

• List of Contributors, viiPreface, xiList of Abbreviations, xiiiPart 1 Obesity, 11 Obesity – Introduction: History and the Scale of the Problem Worldwide, 3W. Philip T. James and Tim Gill2 The Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Obesity, 17Lindsay M. Jaacks and Mariachiara Di CesarePart 2 Causes of Obesity, 313 Fetal and Infant Origins of Obesity, 33Emily Oken and Susan E. Ozanne4 Genes and Obesity, 47I. Sadaf Farooqi5 Bias, Stigma, and Social Consequences of Obesity, 58Rebecca L. Pearl and Christina M. Hopkins6 Ecology, Protein Leverage, and Public Health, 72David Raubenheimer and Stephen J. Simpson7 The Living Environment and Physical Activity, 89Jean-Michel Oppert and Hélène Charreire8 Psychobiology of Obesity: Eating Behavior and Appetite Control, 99Michelle Dalton, Nicola Buckland and John Blundell9 Energy Balance and Body Weight Homeostasis, 113Yann Ravussin and Abdul G. DullooPart 3 Obesity as a Disease, 12910 Obesity, Ectopic Fat and Type 2 Diabetes, 131Ann Verhaegen and Luc F. Van Gaal11 Obesity and Dyslipidemia, Importance of Body Fat Distribution, 148Fredrik Karpe12 Obesity and Fertility, 154Arianne N. Sweeting13 Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease, 159Bo Kyung Koo and Soo Lim14 Cardiovascular Consequences, 178Naveed Sattar15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 192Henry W. Ainge-Allen, Brendon J. Yee and Ronald R. Grunstein16 Obesity and Cancer, 211Michael R. SkiltonPart 4 Management of AdultObesity, 22117 A Practical Approach to Contemporary Obesity Management, 223Ian D. Caterson, Arianne N. Sweeting and Peter G. Kopelman18 Dietary Management of Obesity: Eating Plans, 232Janet Franklin and Kyra Sim19 The Behavioral Treatment of Obesity, 249Ariana M. Chao, Kerry M. Quigley and Thomas A. Wadden20 Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in Promoting Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance, 262Daniel J. Cuthbertson and Laurence J. Dobbie21 Adjunctive Therapy, Including Pharmacotherapy, 279Dalal Al-Bazz and John P.H. Wilding22 The Management of Obesity: Surgery, 297Wendy A. Brown and David Martin23 Weight Loss Maintenance and Weight Cycling, 306Catherine Hankey24 Training and Medical Systems for Obesity Care, 314William H. DietzPart 5 Childhood Obesity, 32325 The Prevention of Childhood Obesity, 325William H. Dietz and Louise A. Baur26 Consequences of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: The Need for a Broad Approach, 339Yvonne Anderson and Chu Shan Elaine Chew27 The Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity, 353Sarah Armstrong and Nathalie Farpour-LambertPart 6 Policy Approaches, 36528 Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention, 367Tim Lobstein29 The Double Burden of Malnutrition, 386Li Kheng Chai, Jenna Hollis, Clare Collins and Alessandro Demaio30 Taxes, Subsidies, and Policies, 394Simon Barquera, Lesly Véjar, Mariel White and Mishel Unar-Munguia31 The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change, 409Boyd Swinburn, Peter Hovmand, Wilma Waterlander and Steve AllenderIndex, 428

EditorsPeter G. Kopelman, MD, DSC, FRCP, FFPH, is the late Professor of Medicine at the University of London, London, UK. Ian D. Caterson, AM, MBBS, BSC(MED), PhD, FRACP, is Boden Professor of Human Nutrition, School of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. William H. Dietz, MD, PhD, is Chair of the Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness at the Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University in Washington, DC, USA. Associate Editors Sarah Armstrong, MD, is Professor of Pediatrics and Population Health Sciences at Duke University in Durham, NC, USA. Arianne N. Sweeting, MBBS, BSC, GradDip HL, PhD, FRACP, is a Staff Specialist Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. John P.H. Wilding, DM, FRCP, is Professor of Medicine in the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine at the Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences at the University of Liverpool and Honorary Consultant Physician at Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.

• List of Contributors, viiPreface, xiList of Abbreviations, xiiiPart 1 Obesity, 11 Obesity – Introduction: History and the Scale of the Problem Worldwide, 3W. Philip T. James and Tim Gill2 The Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Obesity, 17Lindsay M. Jaacks and Mariachiara Di CesarePart 2 Causes of Obesity, 313 Fetal and Infant Origins of Obesity, 33Emily Oken and Susan E. Ozanne4 Genes and Obesity, 47I. Sadaf Farooqi5 Bias, Stigma, and Social Consequences of Obesity, 58Rebecca L. Pearl and Christina M. Hopkins6 Ecology, Protein Leverage, and Public Health, 72David Raubenheimer and Stephen J. Simpson7 The Living Environment and Physical Activity, 89Jean-Michel Oppert and Hélène Charreire8 Psychobiology of Obesity: Eating Behavior and Appetite Control, 99Michelle Dalton, Nicola Buckland and John Blundell9 Energy Balance and Body Weight Homeostasis, 113Yann Ravussin and Abdul G. DullooPart 3 Obesity as a Disease, 12910 Obesity, Ectopic Fat and Type 2 Diabetes, 131Ann Verhaegen and Luc F. Van Gaal11 Obesity and Dyslipidemia, Importance of Body Fat Distribution, 148Fredrik Karpe12 Obesity and Fertility, 154Arianne N. Sweeting13 Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease, 159Bo Kyung Koo and Soo Lim14 Cardiovascular Consequences, 178Naveed Sattar15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 192Henry W. Ainge-Allen, Brendon J. Yee and Ronald R. Grunstein16 Obesity and Cancer, 211Michael R. SkiltonPart 4 Management of AdultObesity, 22117 A Practical Approach to Contemporary Obesity Management, 223Ian D. Caterson, Arianne N. Sweeting and Peter G. Kopelman18 Dietary Management of Obesity: Eating Plans, 232Janet Franklin and Kyra Sim19 The Behavioral Treatment of Obesity, 249Ariana M. Chao, Kerry M. Quigley and Thomas A. Wadden20 Role of Exercise and Physical Activity in Promoting Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance, 262Daniel J. Cuthbertson and Laurence J. Dobbie21 Adjunctive Therapy, Including Pharmacotherapy, 279Dalal Al-Bazz and John P.H. Wilding22 The Management of Obesity: Surgery, 297Wendy A. Brown and David Martin23 Weight Loss Maintenance and Weight Cycling, 306Catherine Hankey24 Training and Medical Systems for Obesity Care, 314William H. DietzPart 5 Childhood Obesity, 32325 The Prevention of Childhood Obesity, 325William H. Dietz and Louise A. Baur26 Consequences of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: The Need for a Broad Approach, 339Yvonne Anderson and Chu Shan Elaine Chew27 The Treatment of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity, 353Sarah Armstrong and Nathalie Farpour-LambertPart 6 Policy Approaches, 36528 Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention, 367Tim Lobstein29 The Double Burden of Malnutrition, 386Li Kheng Chai, Jenna Hollis, Clare Collins and Alessandro Demaio30 Taxes, Subsidies, and Policies, 394Simon Barquera, Lesly Véjar, Mariel White and Mishel Unar-Munguia31 The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change, 409Boyd Swinburn, Peter Hovmand, Wilma Waterlander and Steve AllenderIndex, 428