HOLLY A. H. HANDLEY, PHD, is an Associate Professor in the Engineering Management and System Department at Old Dominion University. ANDREAS TOLK, PHD, is Senior Computer Science Principal and Modeling, Simulation, Experimentation, and Analytics Division Staff member at The MITRE Corporation.

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• Biographies xvContributors List xviiForeword xxiPreface xxiiiSection 1 Sociotechnical System Types 11 Introduction to the Human Systems Engineering Framework 3Holly A. H. Handley1.1 Introduction 31.2 Human-Centered Disciplines 31.3 Human Systems Engineering 41.4 Development of the HSE Framework 51.5 HSE Applications 71.6 Conclusion 9References 92 Human Interface Considerations for Situational Awareness 11Christian G. W. Schnedler and Michael Joy2.1 Introduction 112.2 Situational Awareness: A Global Challenge 122.3 Putting Situational Awareness in Context: First Responders 132.4 Deep Dive on Human Interface Considerations 142.5 Putting Human Interface Considerations in Context: Safe Cities 152.6 Human Interface Considerations for Privacy-Aware SA 16Reference 173 Utilizing Artificial Intelligence to Make Systems Engineering More Human 19Philip S. Barry and Steve Doskey3.1 Introduction 193.2 Changing Business Needs Drive Changes in Systems Engineering 203.3 Epoch 4: Delivering Capabilities in the Sociotechnical Ecosystem 213.3.1 A Conceptual Architecture for Epoch 4 223.3.2 Temporal Sociotechnical Measures 223.3.3 Systems Engineering Frameworks 233.3.3.1 Sociotechnical Network Models 233.3.3.2 Digital Twins 233.4 The Artificial Intelligence Opportunity for Building Sociotechnical Systems 243.5 Using AI to Track and Interpret Temporal Sociotechnical Measures 253.6 AI in Systems Engineering Frameworks 253.7 AI in Sociotechnical Network Models 263.8 AI-Based Digital Twins 273.9 Discussion 273.10 Case Study 303.11 Systems Engineering Sociotechnical Modeling Approach 313.11.1 Modeling the Project 333.12 Results 363.13 Summary 38References 394 Life Learning of Smart Autonomous Systems for Meaningful Human-Autonomy Teaming 43Kate J. Yaxley, Keith F. Joiner, Jean Bogais, and Hussein A. Abbass4.1 Introduction 434.2 Trust in Successful Teaming 454.3 Meaningful Human-Autonomy Teaming 464.4 Systematic Taxonomy for Iterative Through-Life Learning of SAS 474.5 Ensuring Successful SAS 514.6 Developing Case Study: Airborne Shepherding SAS 534.7 Conclusion 57Acknowledgment 58References 58Section 2 Domain Deep Dives 635 Modeling the Evolution of Organizational Systems for the Digital Transformation of Heavy Rail 65Grace A. L. Kennedy, William R. Scott, Farid Shirvani, and A. Peter Campbell5.1 Introduction 655.2 Organizational System Evolution 665.2.1 Characteristics of Organizational Systems 665.2.2 The Organization in Flux 675.2.3 Introducing New Technologies 685.3 Model-Based Systems Engineering 705.4 Modeling Approach for the Development of OCMM 715.4.1 Technology Specification 725.4.2 Capture System Change 735.4.3 Capture Organizational Changes 735.4.4 Manage Organization Change 735.4.5 Analyze Emergent System 735.5 Implementation 745.5.1 User Portals 755.5.2 OCMM Metamodel 755.6 Case Study: Digital Transformation in the Rail Industry 785.6.1 Technology Specification 795.6.2 Capture System Change 795.6.3 Capture Organization Changes 805.6.4 Organization Change Management 845.6.5 Analyze Emergent System 855.6.5.1 Situation Awareness 855.6.5.2 Workload Analysis 905.7 OCMM Reception 915.8 Summary and Conclusions 94References 946 Human Systems Integration in the Space Exploration Systems Engineering Life Cycle 97George Salazar and Maria Natalia Russi-Vigoya6.1 Introduction 976.2 Spacecraft History 986.2.1 Mercury/Gemini/Apollo 986.2.2 Space Shuttle 1006.2.3 International Space Station 1016.2.4 Orion Spacecraft 1016.3 Human Systems Integration in the NASA Systems Engineering Process 1036.3.1 NASA Systems Engineering Process and HSI 1036.4 Mission Challenges 1086.4.1 Innovation and Future Vehicle Designs Challenge 1086.4.2 Operations Challenges 1096.4.3 Maintainability and Supportability Challenges 1106.4.4 Habitability and Environment Challenges 1106.4.5 Safety Challenges 1106.4.6 Training Challenges 1116.5 Conclusions 111References 1127 Aerospace Human Systems Integration: Evolution over the Last 40 Years 113Guy André Boy7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Evolution of Aviation: A Human Systems Integration Perspective 1147.3 Evolution with Respect to Models, Human Roles, and Disciplines 1167.3.1 From Single-Agent Interaction to Multi-agent Integration 1167.3.2 Systems Management and Authority Sharing 1177.3.3 Human-Centered Disciplines Involved 1187.3.4 From Automation Issues to Tangibility Issues 1197.4 From Rigid Automation to Flexible Autonomy 1207.5 How Software Took the Lead on Hardware 1227.6 Toward a Human-Centered Systemic Framework 1237.6.1 System of Systems, Physical and Cognitive Structures and Functions 1237.6.2 Emergent Behaviors and Properties 1257.6.3 System of Systems Properties 1267.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 126References 127Section 3 Focus on Training and Skill Sets 1298 Building a Socio-cognitive Evaluation Framework to Develop Enhanced Aviation Training Concepts for Gen Y and Gen Z Pilot Trainees 131Alliya Anderson, Samuel F. Feng, Fabrizio Interlandi, Michael Melkonian, Vladimir Parezanović, M. Lynn Woolsey, Claudine Habak, and Nelson King8.1 Introduction 1318.1.1 Gamification Coupled with Cognitive Neuroscience and Data Analysis 1328.1.2 Generational Differences in Learning 1338.2 Virtual Technologies in Aviation 1348.2.1 Potential Approaches for Incorporating Virtual Technologies 1358.3 Human Systems Engineering Challenges 1368.4 Potential Applications Beyond Aviation Training 1378.5 Looking Forward 137Acknowledgement 137References 1389 Improving Enterprise Resilience by Evaluating Training System Architecture: Method Selection for Australian Defense 143Victoria Jnitova, Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik, Keith F. Joiner, and Elizabeth Chang9.1 Introduction 1439.2 Defense Training System 1449.2.1 DTS Conceptualization 1449.2.2 DTS as an Extended Enterprise Systems 1449.2.3 Example: Navy Training System 1459.2.3.1 Navy Training System as a Part of DTS 1459.2.3.2 Navy Training System as a Part of DoD 1459.3 Concept of Resilience in the Academic Literature 1479.3.1 Definition of Resilience: A Multidisciplinary and Historical View 1479.3.2 Definition of Resilience: Key Aspects 1479.3.2.1 What? (Resilience Is and Is Not) 1479.3.2.2 Why? (Resilience Triggers) 1599.3.2.3 How? (Resilience Mechanisms and Measures) 1609.4 DTS Case Study Methodology 1699.4.1 DTS Resilience Measurement Methodology 1699.4.2 DTS Architecture 1699.4.3 DTS Resilience Survey 1729.4.3.1 DTS Resilience Survey Design 1729.4.3.2 DTS Resilience Survey Conduct 1729.5 Research Findings and Future Directions 176References 17710 Integrating New Technology into the Complex System of Air Combat Training 185Sarah M. Sherwood, Kelly J. Neville, Angus L. M. T. McLean, III, Melissa M. Walwanis, and Amy E. Bolton10.1 Introduction 18510.2 Method 18710.2.1 Data Collection 18710.2.2 Data Analysis 18810.3 Results and Discussion 19010.3.1 Unseen Aircraft Within Visual Range 19110.3.2 Unexpected Virtual and Constructive Aircraft Behavior 19310.3.3 Complacency and Increased Risk Taking 19410.3.4 Human–Machine Interaction 19510.3.5 Exercise Management 19610.3.6 Big Picture Awareness 19710.3.7 Negative Transfer of Training to the Operational Environment 19810.4 Conclusion 199Acknowledgments 202References 202Section 4 Considering Human Characteristics 20511 Engineering a Trustworthy Private Blockchain for Operational Risk Management: A Rapid Human Data Engineering Approach Based on Human Systems Engineering 207Marius Becherer, Michael Zipperle, Stuart Green, Florian Gottwalt, Thien Bui-Nguyen, and Elizabeth Chang11.1 Introduction 20711.2 Human Systems Engineering and Human Data Engineering 20711.3 Human-Centered System Design 20811.4 Practical Issues Leading to Large Complex Blockchain System Development 20811.4.1 Human-Centered Operational Risk Management 20811.4.2 Issues Leading to Risk Management Innovation Through Blockchain 20911.4.3 Issues in Engineering Trustworthy Private Blockchain 20911.5 Framework for Rapid Human Systems–Human Data Engineering 21011.6 Human Systems Engineering for Trustworthy Blockchain 21011.6.1 Engineering Trustworthy Blockchain 21011.6.2 Issues and Challenges in Trustworthy Private Blockchain 21211.6.3 Concepts Used in Trustworthy Private Blockchain 21311.6.4 Prototype Scenario for Trusted Blockchain Network 21411.6.5 Systems Engineering of the Chain of Trust 21411.6.6 Design Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for Trust 21511.6.6.1 Design of Certificate Authority (CA) 21511.6.6.2 Design the Trusted Gateways 21611.6.6.3 Involving Trusted Peers and Orderers 21711.6.6.4 Facilitate Trust Through Channels 21711.7 From Human System Interaction to Human Data Interaction 21911.8 Future Work for Trust in Human Systems Engineering 21911.8.1 Software Engineering of Trust for Large Engineered Complex Systems 21911.8.2 Human-Centered AI for the Future Engineering of Intelligent Systems 22011.8.3 Trust in the Private Blockchain for Big Complex Data Systems in the Future 22011.9 Conclusion 221Acknowledgment 222References 22212 Light’s Properties and Power in Facilitating Organizational Change 225Pravir Malik12.1 Introduction 22512.2 Implicit Properties and a Mathematical Model of Light 22612.3 Materialization of Light 23012.3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 23112.3.2 Quantum Particles 23212.3.3 The Periodic Table and Atoms 23312.3.4 A Living Cell 23512.3.5 Fundamental Capacities of Self 23712.4 Leveraging Light to Bring About Organizational Change 23912.5 Summary and Conclusion 243References 243Section 5 From the Field 24513 Observations of Real-Time Control Room Simulation 247Hugh David with an editor introduction by Holly A. H. Handley13.1 Introduction 24713.1.1 What Is a “Real-Time Control Room Simulator”? 24713.1.2 What Is It Used For? 24713.1.3 What Does It Look Like? 24813.1.4 How Will They Develop? 24913.2 Future General-Purpose Simulators 24913.2.1 Future On-Site Simulators 25013.3 Operators 25113.4 Data 25213.5 Measurement 25213.5.1 Objective Measures 25313.5.1.1 Recommended 25313.5.1.2 Not Recommended 25313.5.2 Subjective Measures 25413.5.2.1 Recommended 25513.5.2.2 Not Recommended 25513.6 Conclusion 257Disclaimer 257References 25714 A Research Agenda for Human Systems Engineering 259Andreas Tolk14.1 The State of Human Systems Engineering 25914.2 Recommendations from the Chapter Contributions 26014.2.1 Data and Visualization Challenges 26014.2.2 Next-Generation Computing 26114.2.3 Advanced Methods and Tools 26214.2.4 Increased Integration of Social Components into System Artifacts 26314.3 Uniting the Human Systems Engineering Stakeholders 26314.3.1 Transdisciplinary Approach 26414.3.2 Common Formalisms 26514.3.3 Common Metrics 26614.4 Summary 266Disclaimer 267References 267Index 271

HOLLY A. H. HANDLEY, PHD, is an Associate Professor in the Engineering Management and System Department at Old Dominion University. ANDREAS TOLK, PHD, is Senior Computer Science Principal and Modeling, Simulation, Experimentation, and Analytics Division Staff member at The MITRE Corporation.

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• Biographies xvContributors List xviiForeword xxiPreface xxiiiSection 1 Sociotechnical System Types 11 Introduction to the Human Systems Engineering Framework 3Holly A. H. Handley1.1 Introduction 31.2 Human-Centered Disciplines 31.3 Human Systems Engineering 41.4 Development of the HSE Framework 51.5 HSE Applications 71.6 Conclusion 9References 92 Human Interface Considerations for Situational Awareness 11Christian G. W. Schnedler and Michael Joy2.1 Introduction 112.2 Situational Awareness: A Global Challenge 122.3 Putting Situational Awareness in Context: First Responders 132.4 Deep Dive on Human Interface Considerations 142.5 Putting Human Interface Considerations in Context: Safe Cities 152.6 Human Interface Considerations for Privacy-Aware SA 16Reference 173 Utilizing Artificial Intelligence to Make Systems Engineering More Human 19Philip S. Barry and Steve Doskey3.1 Introduction 193.2 Changing Business Needs Drive Changes in Systems Engineering 203.3 Epoch 4: Delivering Capabilities in the Sociotechnical Ecosystem 213.3.1 A Conceptual Architecture for Epoch 4 223.3.2 Temporal Sociotechnical Measures 223.3.3 Systems Engineering Frameworks 233.3.3.1 Sociotechnical Network Models 233.3.3.2 Digital Twins 233.4 The Artificial Intelligence Opportunity for Building Sociotechnical Systems 243.5 Using AI to Track and Interpret Temporal Sociotechnical Measures 253.6 AI in Systems Engineering Frameworks 253.7 AI in Sociotechnical Network Models 263.8 AI-Based Digital Twins 273.9 Discussion 273.10 Case Study 303.11 Systems Engineering Sociotechnical Modeling Approach 313.11.1 Modeling the Project 333.12 Results 363.13 Summary 38References 394 Life Learning of Smart Autonomous Systems for Meaningful Human-Autonomy Teaming 43Kate J. Yaxley, Keith F. Joiner, Jean Bogais, and Hussein A. Abbass4.1 Introduction 434.2 Trust in Successful Teaming 454.3 Meaningful Human-Autonomy Teaming 464.4 Systematic Taxonomy for Iterative Through-Life Learning of SAS 474.5 Ensuring Successful SAS 514.6 Developing Case Study: Airborne Shepherding SAS 534.7 Conclusion 57Acknowledgment 58References 58Section 2 Domain Deep Dives 635 Modeling the Evolution of Organizational Systems for the Digital Transformation of Heavy Rail 65Grace A. L. Kennedy, William R. Scott, Farid Shirvani, and A. Peter Campbell5.1 Introduction 655.2 Organizational System Evolution 665.2.1 Characteristics of Organizational Systems 665.2.2 The Organization in Flux 675.2.3 Introducing New Technologies 685.3 Model-Based Systems Engineering 705.4 Modeling Approach for the Development of OCMM 715.4.1 Technology Specification 725.4.2 Capture System Change 735.4.3 Capture Organizational Changes 735.4.4 Manage Organization Change 735.4.5 Analyze Emergent System 735.5 Implementation 745.5.1 User Portals 755.5.2 OCMM Metamodel 755.6 Case Study: Digital Transformation in the Rail Industry 785.6.1 Technology Specification 795.6.2 Capture System Change 795.6.3 Capture Organization Changes 805.6.4 Organization Change Management 845.6.5 Analyze Emergent System 855.6.5.1 Situation Awareness 855.6.5.2 Workload Analysis 905.7 OCMM Reception 915.8 Summary and Conclusions 94References 946 Human Systems Integration in the Space Exploration Systems Engineering Life Cycle 97George Salazar and Maria Natalia Russi-Vigoya6.1 Introduction 976.2 Spacecraft History 986.2.1 Mercury/Gemini/Apollo 986.2.2 Space Shuttle 1006.2.3 International Space Station 1016.2.4 Orion Spacecraft 1016.3 Human Systems Integration in the NASA Systems Engineering Process 1036.3.1 NASA Systems Engineering Process and HSI 1036.4 Mission Challenges 1086.4.1 Innovation and Future Vehicle Designs Challenge 1086.4.2 Operations Challenges 1096.4.3 Maintainability and Supportability Challenges 1106.4.4 Habitability and Environment Challenges 1106.4.5 Safety Challenges 1106.4.6 Training Challenges 1116.5 Conclusions 111References 1127 Aerospace Human Systems Integration: Evolution over the Last 40 Years 113Guy André Boy7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Evolution of Aviation: A Human Systems Integration Perspective 1147.3 Evolution with Respect to Models, Human Roles, and Disciplines 1167.3.1 From Single-Agent Interaction to Multi-agent Integration 1167.3.2 Systems Management and Authority Sharing 1177.3.3 Human-Centered Disciplines Involved 1187.3.4 From Automation Issues to Tangibility Issues 1197.4 From Rigid Automation to Flexible Autonomy 1207.5 How Software Took the Lead on Hardware 1227.6 Toward a Human-Centered Systemic Framework 1237.6.1 System of Systems, Physical and Cognitive Structures and Functions 1237.6.2 Emergent Behaviors and Properties 1257.6.3 System of Systems Properties 1267.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 126References 127Section 3 Focus on Training and Skill Sets 1298 Building a Socio-cognitive Evaluation Framework to Develop Enhanced Aviation Training Concepts for Gen Y and Gen Z Pilot Trainees 131Alliya Anderson, Samuel F. Feng, Fabrizio Interlandi, Michael Melkonian, Vladimir Parezanović, M. Lynn Woolsey, Claudine Habak, and Nelson King8.1 Introduction 1318.1.1 Gamification Coupled with Cognitive Neuroscience and Data Analysis 1328.1.2 Generational Differences in Learning 1338.2 Virtual Technologies in Aviation 1348.2.1 Potential Approaches for Incorporating Virtual Technologies 1358.3 Human Systems Engineering Challenges 1368.4 Potential Applications Beyond Aviation Training 1378.5 Looking Forward 137Acknowledgement 137References 1389 Improving Enterprise Resilience by Evaluating Training System Architecture: Method Selection for Australian Defense 143Victoria Jnitova, Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik, Keith F. Joiner, and Elizabeth Chang9.1 Introduction 1439.2 Defense Training System 1449.2.1 DTS Conceptualization 1449.2.2 DTS as an Extended Enterprise Systems 1449.2.3 Example: Navy Training System 1459.2.3.1 Navy Training System as a Part of DTS 1459.2.3.2 Navy Training System as a Part of DoD 1459.3 Concept of Resilience in the Academic Literature 1479.3.1 Definition of Resilience: A Multidisciplinary and Historical View 1479.3.2 Definition of Resilience: Key Aspects 1479.3.2.1 What? (Resilience Is and Is Not) 1479.3.2.2 Why? (Resilience Triggers) 1599.3.2.3 How? (Resilience Mechanisms and Measures) 1609.4 DTS Case Study Methodology 1699.4.1 DTS Resilience Measurement Methodology 1699.4.2 DTS Architecture 1699.4.3 DTS Resilience Survey 1729.4.3.1 DTS Resilience Survey Design 1729.4.3.2 DTS Resilience Survey Conduct 1729.5 Research Findings and Future Directions 176References 17710 Integrating New Technology into the Complex System of Air Combat Training 185Sarah M. Sherwood, Kelly J. Neville, Angus L. M. T. McLean, III, Melissa M. Walwanis, and Amy E. Bolton10.1 Introduction 18510.2 Method 18710.2.1 Data Collection 18710.2.2 Data Analysis 18810.3 Results and Discussion 19010.3.1 Unseen Aircraft Within Visual Range 19110.3.2 Unexpected Virtual and Constructive Aircraft Behavior 19310.3.3 Complacency and Increased Risk Taking 19410.3.4 Human–Machine Interaction 19510.3.5 Exercise Management 19610.3.6 Big Picture Awareness 19710.3.7 Negative Transfer of Training to the Operational Environment 19810.4 Conclusion 199Acknowledgments 202References 202Section 4 Considering Human Characteristics 20511 Engineering a Trustworthy Private Blockchain for Operational Risk Management: A Rapid Human Data Engineering Approach Based on Human Systems Engineering 207Marius Becherer, Michael Zipperle, Stuart Green, Florian Gottwalt, Thien Bui-Nguyen, and Elizabeth Chang11.1 Introduction 20711.2 Human Systems Engineering and Human Data Engineering 20711.3 Human-Centered System Design 20811.4 Practical Issues Leading to Large Complex Blockchain System Development 20811.4.1 Human-Centered Operational Risk Management 20811.4.2 Issues Leading to Risk Management Innovation Through Blockchain 20911.4.3 Issues in Engineering Trustworthy Private Blockchain 20911.5 Framework for Rapid Human Systems–Human Data Engineering 21011.6 Human Systems Engineering for Trustworthy Blockchain 21011.6.1 Engineering Trustworthy Blockchain 21011.6.2 Issues and Challenges in Trustworthy Private Blockchain 21211.6.3 Concepts Used in Trustworthy Private Blockchain 21311.6.4 Prototype Scenario for Trusted Blockchain Network 21411.6.5 Systems Engineering of the Chain of Trust 21411.6.6 Design Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for Trust 21511.6.6.1 Design of Certificate Authority (CA) 21511.6.6.2 Design the Trusted Gateways 21611.6.6.3 Involving Trusted Peers and Orderers 21711.6.6.4 Facilitate Trust Through Channels 21711.7 From Human System Interaction to Human Data Interaction 21911.8 Future Work for Trust in Human Systems Engineering 21911.8.1 Software Engineering of Trust for Large Engineered Complex Systems 21911.8.2 Human-Centered AI for the Future Engineering of Intelligent Systems 22011.8.3 Trust in the Private Blockchain for Big Complex Data Systems in the Future 22011.9 Conclusion 221Acknowledgment 222References 22212 Light’s Properties and Power in Facilitating Organizational Change 225Pravir Malik12.1 Introduction 22512.2 Implicit Properties and a Mathematical Model of Light 22612.3 Materialization of Light 23012.3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 23112.3.2 Quantum Particles 23212.3.3 The Periodic Table and Atoms 23312.3.4 A Living Cell 23512.3.5 Fundamental Capacities of Self 23712.4 Leveraging Light to Bring About Organizational Change 23912.5 Summary and Conclusion 243References 243Section 5 From the Field 24513 Observations of Real-Time Control Room Simulation 247Hugh David with an editor introduction by Holly A. H. Handley13.1 Introduction 24713.1.1 What Is a “Real-Time Control Room Simulator”? 24713.1.2 What Is It Used For? 24713.1.3 What Does It Look Like? 24813.1.4 How Will They Develop? 24913.2 Future General-Purpose Simulators 24913.2.1 Future On-Site Simulators 25013.3 Operators 25113.4 Data 25213.5 Measurement 25213.5.1 Objective Measures 25313.5.1.1 Recommended 25313.5.1.2 Not Recommended 25313.5.2 Subjective Measures 25413.5.2.1 Recommended 25513.5.2.2 Not Recommended 25513.6 Conclusion 257Disclaimer 257References 25714 A Research Agenda for Human Systems Engineering 259Andreas Tolk14.1 The State of Human Systems Engineering 25914.2 Recommendations from the Chapter Contributions 26014.2.1 Data and Visualization Challenges 26014.2.2 Next-Generation Computing 26114.2.3 Advanced Methods and Tools 26214.2.4 Increased Integration of Social Components into System Artifacts 26314.3 Uniting the Human Systems Engineering Stakeholders 26314.3.1 Transdisciplinary Approach 26414.3.2 Common Formalisms 26514.3.3 Common Metrics 26614.4 Summary 266Disclaimer 267References 267Index 271

HOLLY A. H. HANDLEY, PHD, is an Associate Professor in the Engineering Management and System Department at Old Dominion University. ANDREAS TOLK, PHD, is Senior Computer Science Principal and Modeling, Simulation, Experimentation, and Analytics Division Staff member at The MITRE Corporation.

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• Biographies xvContributors List xviiForeword xxiPreface xxiiiSection 1 Sociotechnical System Types 11 Introduction to the Human Systems Engineering Framework 3Holly A. H. Handley1.1 Introduction 31.2 Human-Centered Disciplines 31.3 Human Systems Engineering 41.4 Development of the HSE Framework 51.5 HSE Applications 71.6 Conclusion 9References 92 Human Interface Considerations for Situational Awareness 11Christian G. W. Schnedler and Michael Joy2.1 Introduction 112.2 Situational Awareness: A Global Challenge 122.3 Putting Situational Awareness in Context: First Responders 132.4 Deep Dive on Human Interface Considerations 142.5 Putting Human Interface Considerations in Context: Safe Cities 152.6 Human Interface Considerations for Privacy-Aware SA 16Reference 173 Utilizing Artificial Intelligence to Make Systems Engineering More Human 19Philip S. Barry and Steve Doskey3.1 Introduction 193.2 Changing Business Needs Drive Changes in Systems Engineering 203.3 Epoch 4: Delivering Capabilities in the Sociotechnical Ecosystem 213.3.1 A Conceptual Architecture for Epoch 4 223.3.2 Temporal Sociotechnical Measures 223.3.3 Systems Engineering Frameworks 233.3.3.1 Sociotechnical Network Models 233.3.3.2 Digital Twins 233.4 The Artificial Intelligence Opportunity for Building Sociotechnical Systems 243.5 Using AI to Track and Interpret Temporal Sociotechnical Measures 253.6 AI in Systems Engineering Frameworks 253.7 AI in Sociotechnical Network Models 263.8 AI-Based Digital Twins 273.9 Discussion 273.10 Case Study 303.11 Systems Engineering Sociotechnical Modeling Approach 313.11.1 Modeling the Project 333.12 Results 363.13 Summary 38References 394 Life Learning of Smart Autonomous Systems for Meaningful Human-Autonomy Teaming 43Kate J. Yaxley, Keith F. Joiner, Jean Bogais, and Hussein A. Abbass4.1 Introduction 434.2 Trust in Successful Teaming 454.3 Meaningful Human-Autonomy Teaming 464.4 Systematic Taxonomy for Iterative Through-Life Learning of SAS 474.5 Ensuring Successful SAS 514.6 Developing Case Study: Airborne Shepherding SAS 534.7 Conclusion 57Acknowledgment 58References 58Section 2 Domain Deep Dives 635 Modeling the Evolution of Organizational Systems for the Digital Transformation of Heavy Rail 65Grace A. L. Kennedy, William R. Scott, Farid Shirvani, and A. Peter Campbell5.1 Introduction 655.2 Organizational System Evolution 665.2.1 Characteristics of Organizational Systems 665.2.2 The Organization in Flux 675.2.3 Introducing New Technologies 685.3 Model-Based Systems Engineering 705.4 Modeling Approach for the Development of OCMM 715.4.1 Technology Specification 725.4.2 Capture System Change 735.4.3 Capture Organizational Changes 735.4.4 Manage Organization Change 735.4.5 Analyze Emergent System 735.5 Implementation 745.5.1 User Portals 755.5.2 OCMM Metamodel 755.6 Case Study: Digital Transformation in the Rail Industry 785.6.1 Technology Specification 795.6.2 Capture System Change 795.6.3 Capture Organization Changes 805.6.4 Organization Change Management 845.6.5 Analyze Emergent System 855.6.5.1 Situation Awareness 855.6.5.2 Workload Analysis 905.7 OCMM Reception 915.8 Summary and Conclusions 94References 946 Human Systems Integration in the Space Exploration Systems Engineering Life Cycle 97George Salazar and Maria Natalia Russi-Vigoya6.1 Introduction 976.2 Spacecraft History 986.2.1 Mercury/Gemini/Apollo 986.2.2 Space Shuttle 1006.2.3 International Space Station 1016.2.4 Orion Spacecraft 1016.3 Human Systems Integration in the NASA Systems Engineering Process 1036.3.1 NASA Systems Engineering Process and HSI 1036.4 Mission Challenges 1086.4.1 Innovation and Future Vehicle Designs Challenge 1086.4.2 Operations Challenges 1096.4.3 Maintainability and Supportability Challenges 1106.4.4 Habitability and Environment Challenges 1106.4.5 Safety Challenges 1106.4.6 Training Challenges 1116.5 Conclusions 111References 1127 Aerospace Human Systems Integration: Evolution over the Last 40 Years 113Guy André Boy7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Evolution of Aviation: A Human Systems Integration Perspective 1147.3 Evolution with Respect to Models, Human Roles, and Disciplines 1167.3.1 From Single-Agent Interaction to Multi-agent Integration 1167.3.2 Systems Management and Authority Sharing 1177.3.3 Human-Centered Disciplines Involved 1187.3.4 From Automation Issues to Tangibility Issues 1197.4 From Rigid Automation to Flexible Autonomy 1207.5 How Software Took the Lead on Hardware 1227.6 Toward a Human-Centered Systemic Framework 1237.6.1 System of Systems, Physical and Cognitive Structures and Functions 1237.6.2 Emergent Behaviors and Properties 1257.6.3 System of Systems Properties 1267.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 126References 127Section 3 Focus on Training and Skill Sets 1298 Building a Socio-cognitive Evaluation Framework to Develop Enhanced Aviation Training Concepts for Gen Y and Gen Z Pilot Trainees 131Alliya Anderson, Samuel F. Feng, Fabrizio Interlandi, Michael Melkonian, Vladimir Parezanović, M. Lynn Woolsey, Claudine Habak, and Nelson King8.1 Introduction 1318.1.1 Gamification Coupled with Cognitive Neuroscience and Data Analysis 1328.1.2 Generational Differences in Learning 1338.2 Virtual Technologies in Aviation 1348.2.1 Potential Approaches for Incorporating Virtual Technologies 1358.3 Human Systems Engineering Challenges 1368.4 Potential Applications Beyond Aviation Training 1378.5 Looking Forward 137Acknowledgement 137References 1389 Improving Enterprise Resilience by Evaluating Training System Architecture: Method Selection for Australian Defense 143Victoria Jnitova, Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik, Keith F. Joiner, and Elizabeth Chang9.1 Introduction 1439.2 Defense Training System 1449.2.1 DTS Conceptualization 1449.2.2 DTS as an Extended Enterprise Systems 1449.2.3 Example: Navy Training System 1459.2.3.1 Navy Training System as a Part of DTS 1459.2.3.2 Navy Training System as a Part of DoD 1459.3 Concept of Resilience in the Academic Literature 1479.3.1 Definition of Resilience: A Multidisciplinary and Historical View 1479.3.2 Definition of Resilience: Key Aspects 1479.3.2.1 What? (Resilience Is and Is Not) 1479.3.2.2 Why? (Resilience Triggers) 1599.3.2.3 How? (Resilience Mechanisms and Measures) 1609.4 DTS Case Study Methodology 1699.4.1 DTS Resilience Measurement Methodology 1699.4.2 DTS Architecture 1699.4.3 DTS Resilience Survey 1729.4.3.1 DTS Resilience Survey Design 1729.4.3.2 DTS Resilience Survey Conduct 1729.5 Research Findings and Future Directions 176References 17710 Integrating New Technology into the Complex System of Air Combat Training 185Sarah M. Sherwood, Kelly J. Neville, Angus L. M. T. McLean, III, Melissa M. Walwanis, and Amy E. Bolton10.1 Introduction 18510.2 Method 18710.2.1 Data Collection 18710.2.2 Data Analysis 18810.3 Results and Discussion 19010.3.1 Unseen Aircraft Within Visual Range 19110.3.2 Unexpected Virtual and Constructive Aircraft Behavior 19310.3.3 Complacency and Increased Risk Taking 19410.3.4 Human–Machine Interaction 19510.3.5 Exercise Management 19610.3.6 Big Picture Awareness 19710.3.7 Negative Transfer of Training to the Operational Environment 19810.4 Conclusion 199Acknowledgments 202References 202Section 4 Considering Human Characteristics 20511 Engineering a Trustworthy Private Blockchain for Operational Risk Management: A Rapid Human Data Engineering Approach Based on Human Systems Engineering 207Marius Becherer, Michael Zipperle, Stuart Green, Florian Gottwalt, Thien Bui-Nguyen, and Elizabeth Chang11.1 Introduction 20711.2 Human Systems Engineering and Human Data Engineering 20711.3 Human-Centered System Design 20811.4 Practical Issues Leading to Large Complex Blockchain System Development 20811.4.1 Human-Centered Operational Risk Management 20811.4.2 Issues Leading to Risk Management Innovation Through Blockchain 20911.4.3 Issues in Engineering Trustworthy Private Blockchain 20911.5 Framework for Rapid Human Systems–Human Data Engineering 21011.6 Human Systems Engineering for Trustworthy Blockchain 21011.6.1 Engineering Trustworthy Blockchain 21011.6.2 Issues and Challenges in Trustworthy Private Blockchain 21211.6.3 Concepts Used in Trustworthy Private Blockchain 21311.6.4 Prototype Scenario for Trusted Blockchain Network 21411.6.5 Systems Engineering of the Chain of Trust 21411.6.6 Design Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for Trust 21511.6.6.1 Design of Certificate Authority (CA) 21511.6.6.2 Design the Trusted Gateways 21611.6.6.3 Involving Trusted Peers and Orderers 21711.6.6.4 Facilitate Trust Through Channels 21711.7 From Human System Interaction to Human Data Interaction 21911.8 Future Work for Trust in Human Systems Engineering 21911.8.1 Software Engineering of Trust for Large Engineered Complex Systems 21911.8.2 Human-Centered AI for the Future Engineering of Intelligent Systems 22011.8.3 Trust in the Private Blockchain for Big Complex Data Systems in the Future 22011.9 Conclusion 221Acknowledgment 222References 22212 Light’s Properties and Power in Facilitating Organizational Change 225Pravir Malik12.1 Introduction 22512.2 Implicit Properties and a Mathematical Model of Light 22612.3 Materialization of Light 23012.3.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 23112.3.2 Quantum Particles 23212.3.3 The Periodic Table and Atoms 23312.3.4 A Living Cell 23512.3.5 Fundamental Capacities of Self 23712.4 Leveraging Light to Bring About Organizational Change 23912.5 Summary and Conclusion 243References 243Section 5 From the Field 24513 Observations of Real-Time Control Room Simulation 247Hugh David with an editor introduction by Holly A. H. Handley13.1 Introduction 24713.1.1 What Is a “Real-Time Control Room Simulator”? 24713.1.2 What Is It Used For? 24713.1.3 What Does It Look Like? 24813.1.4 How Will They Develop? 24913.2 Future General-Purpose Simulators 24913.2.1 Future On-Site Simulators 25013.3 Operators 25113.4 Data 25213.5 Measurement 25213.5.1 Objective Measures 25313.5.1.1 Recommended 25313.5.1.2 Not Recommended 25313.5.2 Subjective Measures 25413.5.2.1 Recommended 25513.5.2.2 Not Recommended 25513.6 Conclusion 257Disclaimer 257References 25714 A Research Agenda for Human Systems Engineering 259Andreas Tolk14.1 The State of Human Systems Engineering 25914.2 Recommendations from the Chapter Contributions 26014.2.1 Data and Visualization Challenges 26014.2.2 Next-Generation Computing 26114.2.3 Advanced Methods and Tools 26214.2.4 Increased Integration of Social Components into System Artifacts 26314.3 Uniting the Human Systems Engineering Stakeholders 26314.3.1 Transdisciplinary Approach 26414.3.2 Common Formalisms 26514.3.3 Common Metrics 26614.4 Summary 266Disclaimer 267References 267Index 271