Applied Soil Chemistry

Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.Mohd Imran Ahamed PhD is in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focuses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.Rajender Boddula PhD is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.Tariq Altalhi is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material.

• Preface xiii1 Potential and Challenges of Carbon Sequestration in Soils 1Erfan Sadatshojaei, David A. Wood and Mohammad Reza RahimpourList of Abbreviations and Units 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Soil Decomposition Processes 41.1.2 Organic Compounds Present in Soils 61.1.3 Cycle Time of Carbon in Soils 71.2 Influences Impacting Carbon Stabilization Rates in Soils 81.2.1 Weather Conditions and Fluctuations 91.2.2 Plant and Natural Biomass Inputs 111.2.3 Organic Enrichment Treatments 111.2.4 Tilled and Ploughed Agricultural Land 111.2.5 Pasture Managed for Livestock Grazing 121.2.6 Irrigated Arable Lands and Their Associated Drainage 121.2.7 Uncertain Impacts of Soil Erosion and Redistribution on Its Carbon Store 131.2.8 Fire Impacts on Soil Characteristics 131.3 Carbon-Sequestration Potential of Specific Vegetation Zones and Ecosystems 141.3.1 Croplands 141.3.2 Grasslands 151.3.3 Woodlands 161.3.4 Temperate Wetlands and Peat Bogs 161.3.5 Induced Changes in Vegetation and Land Conditions 161.3.6 Warm Temperate and Tropical Vegetated Zones 171.4 Estimates of Global Potential for Carbon Sequestration in Soils 171.5 Conclusions 18References 182 A Brief Insight on Factors Controlling Rate of Chemical Weathering of Minerals Existing in Soil 23Tejaswini Sahoo, Rashmirekha Tripathy, Jagannath Panda, Madhuri Hembram, Saraswati Soren, Deepak Kumar Senapati, C.K. Rath, Sunil Kumar Sahoo and Rojalin Sahu2.1 Introduction 232.1.1 Weathering Similar to Hydrothermal and Diuretic Alteration of Minerals 252.2 Comparitive Stability of Minerals on the Basis of Their Sequence of Weathering 262.2.1 Heavy Minerals 262.2.2 Coarsely Grinded Minerals 272.2.3 Clay Size Mineral Particles 272.3 Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Weathering 282.3.1 Capacity Factors Which Controls the Reaction Rate of Chemical Weathering 282.3.1.1 Specific Surface Role 282.3.1.2 Specific Weatherability Role of Mineral 292.3.2 Intensity Factors Which Drives the Chemical Weathering Reaction Rate 292.3.2.1 Factor of Temperature 292.3.2.2 Leaching and Water Contribution 302.3.2.3 Acidity Factor 312.3.2.4 Biotic Processes Factor 312.3.2.5 Reduction and Oxidation Factor 322.3.2.6 Influence of Time on the Rate of Chemical Weathering 332.4 Conclusion 34References 343 Agroecosystems and Bioeconomy 41Paolo Di Sia3.1 Introduction 423.2 Problems Related to Agricultural Intensification 433.3 Important Themes and Indicators 463.4 The Bioeconomy 483.5 On Circular Bioeconomy 493.6 Bioeconomy, Environment, and Natural Capital 503.7 The Bioeconomy in Daily Life 523.8 Conclusions 54References 564 Technological Advances in Analyzing of Soil Chemistry 61M. Ramesh and L. Rajeshkumar4.1 Introduction 614.2 Soil Chemistry 624.2.1 Advances in Time-Resolved Molecular Scale Techniques 644.2.2 Carbon Speciation in Soils 664.2.3 Soil Analysis Using Sensors 684.2.4 Soil Analysis Using AI 684.2.5 Soil Analysis Using ML 694.2.6 Soil Analysis Using IoT 694.2.7 Soil Analysis Using Big Data 714.2.8 Soil Analysis Using Drone and/or Satellite 734.3 Conclusion 74References 755 An Overview of Soil Chemistry and Role of Its Components in Sorption of Heavy Metals in Soil 79Shagufta Jabin, Jamal A. Khan and Sapana Jadoun5.1 Introduction 805.2 Composition of Soil 805.2.1 Solid Phase 815.2.1.1 Soil Inorganic Matters 815.2.1.2 Soil Organic Matter 855.2.2 Liquid Phase 865.2.3 Gaseous Phase 885.3 Soil Characterization 895.3.1 Structure 895.3.2 Color 915.3.3 Texture 915.3.4 Bulk Density 925.3.5 Particle Size Distribution 925.4 Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil 925.4.1 Soil pH 935.4.2 Soil Temperature 935.4.3 Electrical Conductivity 935.4.4 Cation Exchange Capacity 945.5 Sorption Behavior of Soil 945.6 Conclusion 97References 976 Soil and Their Contaminants 105Anupama Rajput6.1 Introduction 1056.1.1 Component of Soil 1056.1.2 Major Types of Soil in India 1076.1.3 The Various Factors Occurs in Soil Formation 1076.1.4 Types of Soil Textures 1076.1.4.1 Clayer Soils 1076.1.4.2 Sandy Soils 1096.1.4.3 Slit Soils 1096.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 1096.2.1 Soil Chemical Reaction 1106.2.2 Sality and Acidity 1106.3 Contaminants in Soil 1116.3.1 Pesticides 1126.3.2 Some of the Adverse Effects of Pesticides 1126.4 Pollution of Soil 1126.4.1 Effects of Modern Agriculture 1136.4.2 Effects of Chemicals 1136.5 Chemistry of Saline Soil 1156.6 The Effect of Salinity in Plant Growth 1176.7 Conclusion 118References 1187 Fertilization and Fertilizer Types 123İdris Karagöz7.1 Introduction 1247.2 The Purpose and Application Methods of Fertilization 1257.3 Classification of Fertilizers 1317.4 Fertilizers Containing Organic Matters 1327.4.1 Herbal and Animal-Based Fertilizers 1327.4.2 Organomineral Fertilizers 1347.4.3 Soil Conditioners 1357.5 Chemical Fertilizers 1367.5.1 Solid and Liquid Fertilizers With Inorganic Primary Single and Compound Plant Nutrients 1377.5.2 Fertilizers With Inorganic Secondary Nutrients 1427.5.3 Fertilizers With Micro Plant Nutrients 1437.6 Conclusion and Evaluation 145References 1458 Heavy Metal Chemistry in Soils 149Sapna Nehra, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar8.1 Introduction 1498.2 Outline of the Heavy Metal Chemistry in Soil 1518.3 Conclusions 1588.4 Abbreviations 159Acknowledgment 160References 1609 Modeling of Pollutant Mobility in Soil 165Jülide Hızal9.1 Introduction 1659.2 Modeling of Heavy Metal Sorption onto Soil or Soil Components 1669.3 Modeling of Sorption of Other Pollutants onto Soil or Soil Components 1779.4 Conclusion 178References 17910 Soil Chemistry: Composition and Laws 183Manju Yadav and Dinesh Kumar10.1 Introduction 18310.2 The Materials With Which Nutrients React 18410.2.1 The Clay Minerals 18510.2.2 Variable-Charge Mineral Surfaces 18610.2.3 Organic Matter 18810.3 Soil Chemistry: Laws 18910.3.1 First Law 18910.3.2 Second Law 19010.3.3 Third Rule 192Acknowledgments 194References 19411 Parameters of Soil Chemistry 197Manju Yadav and Dinesh Kumar11.1 Introduction 19711.1.2 Soil Morphology 19911.1.3 Basic Soil Components 19911.1.3.1 Mineral 20011.1.3.2 Water 20011.1.3.3 Organic Matter 20111.1.3.4 Gases 20111.1.3.5 Microorganisms 20211.2 Concepts of Soil Chemistry 20211.2.1 Soil Aeration 20311.2.2 Soil Colloid 20411.2.3 Soil Water 20411.2.4 Ion Exchange Property 20611.2.4.1 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 20611.2.4.2 Anion Exchange Capacity (AEC) 20711.2.5 Soil pH–Acidity and Alkalinity 20811.2.5.1 Acid Soil Formation 20911.2.5.2 Acid Soil Benefits 21011.2.5.3 Liming-Decreasing Soil Acidity 21111.2.5.4 Alkaline Soil Formation 211Acknowledgments 212References 21212 Essential Soil Functions for Enhanced Agricultural Productivity and Food Production 215Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Osayomwanbo Osarenotor12.1 Introduction 21612.2 Effect of Pesticides on Soil Function Indicator 21612.3 Soil Organic Matter 21912.4 Soil Organic Carbon 22012.4.1 Relationship Between Global Carbon Cycle and Soil Carbon as a Typical Example of Soil Function 22112.4.2 Relationship Between CO2 Levels in the Atmosphere and Soil Carbon Content 22212.4.3 Relationship Between Soil Organic Content and Soil Carbon Sequestration 22212.4.4 Essential Soil Biological Processes and Their Relationship With Soil pH 22412.4.4.1 Microbial Ecophysiological Indicators 22412.4.5 Soil Enzyme Activities and Their Relationship With Soil pH 22512.4.6 Biodegradation of Toxic Substances by Soil Microorganisms and Their Relationship With Soil pH 22512.4.6.1 Water Holding Capacity 22612.4.6.2 Soil Erodibility 22612.4.6.3 Nutrient Cycling 22612.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge 227References 22813 Role of Pesticide Applications in Sustainable Agriculture 235Osikemekha Anthony Anani and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji13.1 Introduction 23513.2 Various Types of Pesticides and Their Application in Agriculture 23713.3 Modes of Action of Pesticides 24113.3.1 Organochlorine Pesticides 24513.3.2 Organophosphorus Pesticides 24513.3.4 Carbamate Pesticides 24613.3.5 Other Classes of Chemical Pesticides 24713.4 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge 247References 248Index 257