Alessandro Massaro is qualified as Associate Professor in Electronics and Physics. He was the winner of the Best Engineer award from the National Council of Engineers in Italy in 2018.

• Preface xiiiAbout the Author xv1 State of the Art and Technology Innovation 11.1 State of the Art of Flexible Technologies in Industry 21.1.1 Sensors and Actuators Layer: I/O Layer 31.1.2 Agent/Firmware Layer: User Interface Layer 91.1.3 Gateway and Enterprise Service Bus Layer 91.1.4 IoT Middleware 101.1.5 Processing Layer 111.1.6 Application Layer 111.1.7 File Transfer Protocols 111.2 State of the Art of Scientific Approaches Oriented on Process Control and Automatisms 141.2.1 Architectures Integrating AI 141.2.2 AI Supervised and Unsupersived Algorithms 151.2.3 AI Image Processing 181.2.4 Production Process Mapping 201.2.5 Technologies of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: Interconnection and Main Limits 211.2.6 Infrared Thermography in Monitoring Process 261.2.7 Key Parameters in Supply Chain and AI Improving Manufacturing Processes 271.3 Intelligent Automatic Systems in Industries 301.4 Technological Approaches to Transform the Production in Auto-Adaptive Control and Actuation Systems 311.5 Basic Concepts of Artificial Intelligence 331.6 Knowledge Upgrading in Industries 41References 452 Information Technology Infrastructures Supporting Industry 5.0 Facilities 512.1 Production Process Simulation and Object Design Approaches 522.1.1 Object Design of a Data Mining Algorithm: Block Functions and Parameter Setting 552.1.2 Example 1: BPM Modeling of Wheat Storage Process for Pasta Production 592.1.3 Example 2: Block Diagram Design of a Servo Valve Control and Actuation System 612.1.4 Example 3: Block Diagram of a Liquid Production System 612.1.5 Example 4: UML Design of a Programmable Logic Controller System 622.1.6 Example 5: Electronic Logic Timing Diagram 642.1.7 Example 6: AR System in Kitchen Production Process 642.1.8 Example 7: Intelligent Canned Food Production Line 702.2 Electronic Logic Design Oriented on Information Infrastructure of Industry 5.0 712.3 Predictive Maintenance: Artificial Intelligence Failure Predictions and Information Infrastructure Layout in the Temperature Monitoring Process 742.4 Defect Estimation and Prediction by Artificial Neural Network 772.4.1 Other Methodologies to Map and Read Production Failures and Defects 792.5 Defect Clustering and Classification: Combined Use of the K-Means Algorithm with Infrared Thermography for Predictive Maintenance 822.6 Facilities of a Prototype Network Implementing Advanced Technology: Example of an Advanced Platform Suitable for Industry 5.0 Integrating Predictive Maintenance 842.7 Predictive Maintenance Approaches 862.7.1 Preventive Maintenance and Predictive Maintenance Operations in the Railway Industry 902.8 Examples of Advanced Infrastructures Implementing AI 932.9 Examples of Telemedicine Platforms Integrating Advanced Facilities 942.9.1 Advanced Telecardiology Platform 942.9.2 Advanced Teleoncology Platform 962.9.3 Multipurpose E-Health Platform 97References 993 Human–Machine Interfaces 1033.1 Mechatronic Machine Interface Architectures Integrating Sensor Systems 1043.1.1 Multiple Mechatronic Boards Managing Different Production Stages 1043.1.2 Mechatronic Boards Managing Component Processing 1043.2 Machine-to-Machine Interfaces: New Concepts of Industry 5.0 1063.3 Production Line Command and Actuation Interfaces in Upgraded Systems 1113.3.1 PLC, PAC, Industrial PC, and Improvements 1113.3.2 SCADA Systems for Centralization of Data Production 1153.4 McCulloch–Pitts Neurons and Logic Port for Automatic Decision-Making Setting Thresholds 1233.5 Programmable Logic Controller I/O Ports Interfacing with AI Engine 1323.6 Human–Machine Interface for Data Transfer and AI Data Processing 1343.7 Example of Interface Configuration of Temperature Control 1353.8 AI Interfaces Oriented on Cybersecurity Attack Detection 1363.9 AI Interfaces Oriented on Database Security 1393.10 Cybersecurity Platform and AI Control Interface 148References 1514 Internet of Things Solutions in Industry 1554.1 Cloud Computing IoT 1564.1.1 IoT Agent 1564.1.2 IoT Gateway in Smart Environments 1584.1.3 Basic Elements of a Smart Industry Environment Controlling Production 1604.1.3.1 Feedback Control: Basic Concepts 1674.1.4 Augmented Reality Hardware and Cloud Computing Processing 1694.1.5 Real-Time Control and Actuation 1714.1.6 Localization Technologies in an Industrial Environment 1754.1.7 GPU Processing Units 1764.1.7.1 Performance of GPUs by Processing Binary Matrices 1764.2 IoT and External Artificial Intelligence Engines 1804.2.1 Artificial Engines and Server Location: Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Production 1804.2.2 IoT Security Systems in the Working Environment and Implementation Aspects 1824.2.3 Example of Energy Power Control and Actuation: Energy Routing and Priority Load Management for Energy Efficiency 1824.2.4 Online Configurators: Cloud DSS 1864.3 Blockchain and IoT Data Storage Systems 1944.3.1 Blockchain Implementation Rules 1944.3.2 Blockchain and IoT Production Traceability 1974.4 Mechatronic Machine Interface Architectures Integrating Sensor Systems 1994.5 Multiple Mechatronic Boards Managing Different Production Stages 200References 2025 Advanced Robotics 2035.1 Collaborative Robotics in Industry and Protocols 2045.1.1 Data Protocols 2065.1.2 Basic Concepts of Robotic Arms and Control Improvement 2065.1.3 Collaborative Exoskeleton Communication System Protocols 2125.1.4 Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Automation in Manufacturing: Logic Conditions and PLC Programming 2135.2 Artificial Intelligence in Advanced Robotics and Auto-Adaptive Movement 2185.2.1 General Technological Aspects about Auto-Adaptive Motion in Advanced Robotics 2185.2.1.1 Main Aspects of Electrostatic Actuators 2195.2.1.2 Microelectromechanical System Electrostatic Actuators 2205.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Actuators 2215.2.1.4 DC Motor Actuation 2225.2.1.5 Intelligent Control Integrating AI: Speed Regulation 2275.2.2 Improvement of Collaborative Exoskeletons by Auto-Adaptive Solutions Implementing Artificial Intelligence 2315.3 Human–Robot Self-Learning Collaboration in Industrial Applications and Electronic Aspects 2325.3.1 DC–DC Converter 2325.3.2 Voltage Source Inverter 2335.3.3 Current-Source Inverter 2375.3.4 DC Voltage Source 2385.3.5 Capacitor and Reactor Effects on Signal Control 2385.3.6 Human-Robot System and Learning Approaches 2395.3.6.1 Example of PID Implementation of Self-Adapting Gains 2435.3.7 Unsupervised Learning Approaches 2445.3.8 Soft Robotics for Intelligent Collaborative Robotics 2455.4 Robotics in Additive Manufacturing 2465.4.1 Additive Manufacturing in Industrial Production and Spray Technique 2465.4.2 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Additive Manufacturing 2475.4.3 Advanced Electronic for Design-to-Product Transformation: Laser Texturing Manufacturing and Artificial Intelligence 248References 2496 Advanced Optoelectronic and Micro-/Nanosensors 2536.1 Nanotechnology Laboratories in Industries 2546.1.1 Facilities for Micro-/Nanosensor Fabrication and Characterization 2546.2 Micro- and Nanosensors as Preliminary Prototypes for Industry Research 2606.2.1 Nanocomposite Optoelectronic Sensors and Optoelectronic Circuits for Pressure Sensors 2606.2.1.1 Optical Fiber Nanocomposite Tip 2606.2.2 Plasmonic Probes 2666.2.3 Nanocomposite Pressure Sensor 2736.2.4 Nanocomposite Sensor for Liquid Detection Systems and Fluid Loss Systems 2776.2.4.1 Nanocomposite Sensor for Liquid Detection Systems Based on a Pillar-Type Layout 2786.2.4.2 Micro- and Nanosensors in the Monitoring of Production Processes: Leakage Monitoring 2856.2.5 Examples of Digital MEMS/NEMS Sensors: Technological Aspects and Applications 2866.2.5.1 Thin Film MEMS 2866.2.5.2 Nanoprobes for Medical Imaging 2886.2.5.3 Diamond Thin Film Devices: Sensing Improvements 2936.3 Multisensor Systems and Big Data Synchronization of Micro-/Nanoprobes 295References 2967 Image Vision Advances 3017.1 Defect Classification by Artificial Intelligence and Data Processor Units 3027.1.1 Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and Automatism for Defect Classification: Case Study of Tire Production 3027.1.2 Welding Classification and Nondestructive Testing Suitable for the Quality Check 3047.1.2.1 Watershed Image Segmentation and Automatic Welding Defect Classification 3077.1.3 Encoding and Decoding Circuits in Artificial Intelligence Data Processing 3097.1.4 Electronic Logic Port Implementations: Pixel Matrix Logic Condition 3147.2 Image Vision Architectures and Electronic Design 3147.2.1 Infrared Thermography Monitoring Industrial Processes 3157.2.1.1 Welding Image Vision Processing and Architecture Design: Radiometric Post Processing 3157.2.2 Electronic and Firmware for Inline Image Monitoring Systems: Hole Precision in Milling Quality Processes 3167.2.3 Image Vision and Predictive Maintenance by Artificial Intelligence 3197.2.3.1 Profilometer for Image Vision 3197.2.3.2 In-Line 3D Image Vision AI System Integrating Profilometer and Image Processing 3217.2.4 Augmented Reality Systems and Artificial Neural Networks: Image Vision Supporting Production Processes 3237.2.5 Infrared Thermography Circuit Design and Automated System 3247.3 Image Segmentation and Image Clustering 3277.3.1 Electronic and Firmware for In-Line Monitoring Systems: Camera Connection 3277.3.2 Image Segmentation and Clustering Techniques: Automated In-Line Monitoring Systems 3277.3.3 Circuit Timing In-Line Monitoring and Data Storage Systems 3287.3.4 Image Segmentation in Product Quality Monitoring: Snake Contour Approach 3297.3.5 Advanced Image Clustering: K-Means Applied to Radiometric Images 3317.4 Image Segmentation for Food Defect Detection 3337.5 Random Forest Pixel Classification 335References 3398 Electronic and Reverse Engineering 3418.1 Reverse Engineering Systems and Mechanical Precision 3428.1.1 Reverse Engineering Platform: Tools, Approaches, and Facilities 3448.2 Working Processing and Adaptation 3498.2.1 Process Simulations 3498.2.2 Process Mining Actuation and Digital Aspects Concerning Decision Support Systems Implemented by Data Mining Algorithms 3508.3 Reverse Engineering and Self-Learning Automatic Working Piece Classification 3548.4 Tools Supporting RE: AR and Image Processing for Size Measurement 3568.5 RE in Micrometric Scale: RE Approach for Photonic Crystals 3578.6 RE for the Production of Pipeline Components 3618.7 RE in the Precision Manufacturing Process for Thin Film Devices 3638.7.1 Ring MEMS Manufacturing 3638.7.2 Thin Film Diamond Antenna 3698.8 Advanced RE Processes in Industry 5.0 3728.9 RE in Nanocomposite Production Processes 3748.10 RE in Electronic Board Production 3768.10.1 Transfer of the Master to the Copper Plate 3788.10.2 Chemical Attack of Copper 3788.10.3 Drilling and Finishing Processes 379References 3799 Rapid Prototyping 3819.1 Rapid Prototyping Tools and Microscale Electronic Systems: Methodological Approaches 3829.1.1 Photonic Crystal Pillars for Filtering and Optical Resonance 3829.1.2 Thin Film Microelectromechanical System Prototyping and Photolithography Approach 3879.1.3 Thin Film GHz Microstructures by the Photolithography Approach 3879.1.4 Gas Sensing Homemade Experimental Setup for Rapid Prototyping 3909.2 Examples of Antenna and Detection System Rapid Prototyping 3929.2.1 GPR Antenna Design for UAV Integration System 3929.2.2 Example of an Underground Water Leakage Detection System Integrating GPR, UAV, and Infrared Thermal Imaging: System Prototyping 3979.2.3 Integrated Diamond Patch-Type Antennas and Applications 4009.3 Principles of Mechanical Piece Rapid Prototyping and Innovative Materials 4119.3.1 Example of Diamond Material Implementations 4139.4 Rapid Prototyping and Artificial Intelligence Upgrade 4159.5 Rapid Prototyping Oriented Toward Patent Development 4189.5.1 Prototyping of Devices Implementing Nanoparticles 4189.5.2 Prototyping of an Optoelectronic Device Based on a Nanocomposite Tip 4189.5.3 DNA Lab-on-Chip 4189.6 Nanocomposite Artificial Skin Rapid Prototyping Process 437References 43910 Scientific Research in Industry 44510.1 Guidelines to Construct an Advanced Research Unit in Industry in the Electronic and Mechatronic Field 44610.2 Guidelines to Formulate a Patent 44810.3 Guideline to Propose Technological Advances for Public Entities and in Industry 5.0 Research Project 44910.3.1 Setting of a Research Project of Underground Water Leakage 44910.3.2 Setting a Research Project Involving Technologies for Hydrogeological Risk Monitoring 45610.3.3 Setting a Research Project in Mechatronics: Production of a Diagnostic Machine by Means of Industry 5.0 Facilities 46810.4 Innovation Process Projects: Example of a Smart Wine Factory 48310.5 Guideline for Project Management 485References 506Abbreviations and Acronyms 507Index 515

Alessandro Massaro is qualified as Associate Professor in Electronics and Physics. He was the winner of the Best Engineer award from the National Council of Engineers in Italy in 2018.

• Preface xiiiAbout the Author xv1 State of the Art and Technology Innovation 11.1 State of the Art of Flexible Technologies in Industry 21.1.1 Sensors and Actuators Layer: I/O Layer 31.1.2 Agent/Firmware Layer: User Interface Layer 91.1.3 Gateway and Enterprise Service Bus Layer 91.1.4 IoT Middleware 101.1.5 Processing Layer 111.1.6 Application Layer 111.1.7 File Transfer Protocols 111.2 State of the Art of Scientific Approaches Oriented on Process Control and Automatisms 141.2.1 Architectures Integrating AI 141.2.2 AI Supervised and Unsupersived Algorithms 151.2.3 AI Image Processing 181.2.4 Production Process Mapping 201.2.5 Technologies of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: Interconnection and Main Limits 211.2.6 Infrared Thermography in Monitoring Process 261.2.7 Key Parameters in Supply Chain and AI Improving Manufacturing Processes 271.3 Intelligent Automatic Systems in Industries 301.4 Technological Approaches to Transform the Production in Auto-Adaptive Control and Actuation Systems 311.5 Basic Concepts of Artificial Intelligence 331.6 Knowledge Upgrading in Industries 41References 452 Information Technology Infrastructures Supporting Industry 5.0 Facilities 512.1 Production Process Simulation and Object Design Approaches 522.1.1 Object Design of a Data Mining Algorithm: Block Functions and Parameter Setting 552.1.2 Example 1: BPM Modeling of Wheat Storage Process for Pasta Production 592.1.3 Example 2: Block Diagram Design of a Servo Valve Control and Actuation System 612.1.4 Example 3: Block Diagram of a Liquid Production System 612.1.5 Example 4: UML Design of a Programmable Logic Controller System 622.1.6 Example 5: Electronic Logic Timing Diagram 642.1.7 Example 6: AR System in Kitchen Production Process 642.1.8 Example 7: Intelligent Canned Food Production Line 702.2 Electronic Logic Design Oriented on Information Infrastructure of Industry 5.0 712.3 Predictive Maintenance: Artificial Intelligence Failure Predictions and Information Infrastructure Layout in the Temperature Monitoring Process 742.4 Defect Estimation and Prediction by Artificial Neural Network 772.4.1 Other Methodologies to Map and Read Production Failures and Defects 792.5 Defect Clustering and Classification: Combined Use of the K-Means Algorithm with Infrared Thermography for Predictive Maintenance 822.6 Facilities of a Prototype Network Implementing Advanced Technology: Example of an Advanced Platform Suitable for Industry 5.0 Integrating Predictive Maintenance 842.7 Predictive Maintenance Approaches 862.7.1 Preventive Maintenance and Predictive Maintenance Operations in the Railway Industry 902.8 Examples of Advanced Infrastructures Implementing AI 932.9 Examples of Telemedicine Platforms Integrating Advanced Facilities 942.9.1 Advanced Telecardiology Platform 942.9.2 Advanced Teleoncology Platform 962.9.3 Multipurpose E-Health Platform 97References 993 Human–Machine Interfaces 1033.1 Mechatronic Machine Interface Architectures Integrating Sensor Systems 1043.1.1 Multiple Mechatronic Boards Managing Different Production Stages 1043.1.2 Mechatronic Boards Managing Component Processing 1043.2 Machine-to-Machine Interfaces: New Concepts of Industry 5.0 1063.3 Production Line Command and Actuation Interfaces in Upgraded Systems 1113.3.1 PLC, PAC, Industrial PC, and Improvements 1113.3.2 SCADA Systems for Centralization of Data Production 1153.4 McCulloch–Pitts Neurons and Logic Port for Automatic Decision-Making Setting Thresholds 1233.5 Programmable Logic Controller I/O Ports Interfacing with AI Engine 1323.6 Human–Machine Interface for Data Transfer and AI Data Processing 1343.7 Example of Interface Configuration of Temperature Control 1353.8 AI Interfaces Oriented on Cybersecurity Attack Detection 1363.9 AI Interfaces Oriented on Database Security 1393.10 Cybersecurity Platform and AI Control Interface 148References 1514 Internet of Things Solutions in Industry 1554.1 Cloud Computing IoT 1564.1.1 IoT Agent 1564.1.2 IoT Gateway in Smart Environments 1584.1.3 Basic Elements of a Smart Industry Environment Controlling Production 1604.1.3.1 Feedback Control: Basic Concepts 1674.1.4 Augmented Reality Hardware and Cloud Computing Processing 1694.1.5 Real-Time Control and Actuation 1714.1.6 Localization Technologies in an Industrial Environment 1754.1.7 GPU Processing Units 1764.1.7.1 Performance of GPUs by Processing Binary Matrices 1764.2 IoT and External Artificial Intelligence Engines 1804.2.1 Artificial Engines and Server Location: Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Production 1804.2.2 IoT Security Systems in the Working Environment and Implementation Aspects 1824.2.3 Example of Energy Power Control and Actuation: Energy Routing and Priority Load Management for Energy Efficiency 1824.2.4 Online Configurators: Cloud DSS 1864.3 Blockchain and IoT Data Storage Systems 1944.3.1 Blockchain Implementation Rules 1944.3.2 Blockchain and IoT Production Traceability 1974.4 Mechatronic Machine Interface Architectures Integrating Sensor Systems 1994.5 Multiple Mechatronic Boards Managing Different Production Stages 200References 2025 Advanced Robotics 2035.1 Collaborative Robotics in Industry and Protocols 2045.1.1 Data Protocols 2065.1.2 Basic Concepts of Robotic Arms and Control Improvement 2065.1.3 Collaborative Exoskeleton Communication System Protocols 2125.1.4 Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Automation in Manufacturing: Logic Conditions and PLC Programming 2135.2 Artificial Intelligence in Advanced Robotics and Auto-Adaptive Movement 2185.2.1 General Technological Aspects about Auto-Adaptive Motion in Advanced Robotics 2185.2.1.1 Main Aspects of Electrostatic Actuators 2195.2.1.2 Microelectromechanical System Electrostatic Actuators 2205.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Actuators 2215.2.1.4 DC Motor Actuation 2225.2.1.5 Intelligent Control Integrating AI: Speed Regulation 2275.2.2 Improvement of Collaborative Exoskeletons by Auto-Adaptive Solutions Implementing Artificial Intelligence 2315.3 Human–Robot Self-Learning Collaboration in Industrial Applications and Electronic Aspects 2325.3.1 DC–DC Converter 2325.3.2 Voltage Source Inverter 2335.3.3 Current-Source Inverter 2375.3.4 DC Voltage Source 2385.3.5 Capacitor and Reactor Effects on Signal Control 2385.3.6 Human-Robot System and Learning Approaches 2395.3.6.1 Example of PID Implementation of Self-Adapting Gains 2435.3.7 Unsupervised Learning Approaches 2445.3.8 Soft Robotics for Intelligent Collaborative Robotics 2455.4 Robotics in Additive Manufacturing 2465.4.1 Additive Manufacturing in Industrial Production and Spray Technique 2465.4.2 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Additive Manufacturing 2475.4.3 Advanced Electronic for Design-to-Product Transformation: Laser Texturing Manufacturing and Artificial Intelligence 248References 2496 Advanced Optoelectronic and Micro-/Nanosensors 2536.1 Nanotechnology Laboratories in Industries 2546.1.1 Facilities for Micro-/Nanosensor Fabrication and Characterization 2546.2 Micro- and Nanosensors as Preliminary Prototypes for Industry Research 2606.2.1 Nanocomposite Optoelectronic Sensors and Optoelectronic Circuits for Pressure Sensors 2606.2.1.1 Optical Fiber Nanocomposite Tip 2606.2.2 Plasmonic Probes 2666.2.3 Nanocomposite Pressure Sensor 2736.2.4 Nanocomposite Sensor for Liquid Detection Systems and Fluid Loss Systems 2776.2.4.1 Nanocomposite Sensor for Liquid Detection Systems Based on a Pillar-Type Layout 2786.2.4.2 Micro- and Nanosensors in the Monitoring of Production Processes: Leakage Monitoring 2856.2.5 Examples of Digital MEMS/NEMS Sensors: Technological Aspects and Applications 2866.2.5.1 Thin Film MEMS 2866.2.5.2 Nanoprobes for Medical Imaging 2886.2.5.3 Diamond Thin Film Devices: Sensing Improvements 2936.3 Multisensor Systems and Big Data Synchronization of Micro-/Nanoprobes 295References 2967 Image Vision Advances 3017.1 Defect Classification by Artificial Intelligence and Data Processor Units 3027.1.1 Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and Automatism for Defect Classification: Case Study of Tire Production 3027.1.2 Welding Classification and Nondestructive Testing Suitable for the Quality Check 3047.1.2.1 Watershed Image Segmentation and Automatic Welding Defect Classification 3077.1.3 Encoding and Decoding Circuits in Artificial Intelligence Data Processing 3097.1.4 Electronic Logic Port Implementations: Pixel Matrix Logic Condition 3147.2 Image Vision Architectures and Electronic Design 3147.2.1 Infrared Thermography Monitoring Industrial Processes 3157.2.1.1 Welding Image Vision Processing and Architecture Design: Radiometric Post Processing 3157.2.2 Electronic and Firmware for Inline Image Monitoring Systems: Hole Precision in Milling Quality Processes 3167.2.3 Image Vision and Predictive Maintenance by Artificial Intelligence 3197.2.3.1 Profilometer for Image Vision 3197.2.3.2 In-Line 3D Image Vision AI System Integrating Profilometer and Image Processing 3217.2.4 Augmented Reality Systems and Artificial Neural Networks: Image Vision Supporting Production Processes 3237.2.5 Infrared Thermography Circuit Design and Automated System 3247.3 Image Segmentation and Image Clustering 3277.3.1 Electronic and Firmware for In-Line Monitoring Systems: Camera Connection 3277.3.2 Image Segmentation and Clustering Techniques: Automated In-Line Monitoring Systems 3277.3.3 Circuit Timing In-Line Monitoring and Data Storage Systems 3287.3.4 Image Segmentation in Product Quality Monitoring: Snake Contour Approach 3297.3.5 Advanced Image Clustering: K-Means Applied to Radiometric Images 3317.4 Image Segmentation for Food Defect Detection 3337.5 Random Forest Pixel Classification 335References 3398 Electronic and Reverse Engineering 3418.1 Reverse Engineering Systems and Mechanical Precision 3428.1.1 Reverse Engineering Platform: Tools, Approaches, and Facilities 3448.2 Working Processing and Adaptation 3498.2.1 Process Simulations 3498.2.2 Process Mining Actuation and Digital Aspects Concerning Decision Support Systems Implemented by Data Mining Algorithms 3508.3 Reverse Engineering and Self-Learning Automatic Working Piece Classification 3548.4 Tools Supporting RE: AR and Image Processing for Size Measurement 3568.5 RE in Micrometric Scale: RE Approach for Photonic Crystals 3578.6 RE for the Production of Pipeline Components 3618.7 RE in the Precision Manufacturing Process for Thin Film Devices 3638.7.1 Ring MEMS Manufacturing 3638.7.2 Thin Film Diamond Antenna 3698.8 Advanced RE Processes in Industry 5.0 3728.9 RE in Nanocomposite Production Processes 3748.10 RE in Electronic Board Production 3768.10.1 Transfer of the Master to the Copper Plate 3788.10.2 Chemical Attack of Copper 3788.10.3 Drilling and Finishing Processes 379References 3799 Rapid Prototyping 3819.1 Rapid Prototyping Tools and Microscale Electronic Systems: Methodological Approaches 3829.1.1 Photonic Crystal Pillars for Filtering and Optical Resonance 3829.1.2 Thin Film Microelectromechanical System Prototyping and Photolithography Approach 3879.1.3 Thin Film GHz Microstructures by the Photolithography Approach 3879.1.4 Gas Sensing Homemade Experimental Setup for Rapid Prototyping 3909.2 Examples of Antenna and Detection System Rapid Prototyping 3929.2.1 GPR Antenna Design for UAV Integration System 3929.2.2 Example of an Underground Water Leakage Detection System Integrating GPR, UAV, and Infrared Thermal Imaging: System Prototyping 3979.2.3 Integrated Diamond Patch-Type Antennas and Applications 4009.3 Principles of Mechanical Piece Rapid Prototyping and Innovative Materials 4119.3.1 Example of Diamond Material Implementations 4139.4 Rapid Prototyping and Artificial Intelligence Upgrade 4159.5 Rapid Prototyping Oriented Toward Patent Development 4189.5.1 Prototyping of Devices Implementing Nanoparticles 4189.5.2 Prototyping of an Optoelectronic Device Based on a Nanocomposite Tip 4189.5.3 DNA Lab-on-Chip 4189.6 Nanocomposite Artificial Skin Rapid Prototyping Process 437References 43910 Scientific Research in Industry 44510.1 Guidelines to Construct an Advanced Research Unit in Industry in the Electronic and Mechatronic Field 44610.2 Guidelines to Formulate a Patent 44810.3 Guideline to Propose Technological Advances for Public Entities and in Industry 5.0 Research Project 44910.3.1 Setting of a Research Project of Underground Water Leakage 44910.3.2 Setting a Research Project Involving Technologies for Hydrogeological Risk Monitoring 45610.3.3 Setting a Research Project in Mechatronics: Production of a Diagnostic Machine by Means of Industry 5.0 Facilities 46810.4 Innovation Process Projects: Example of a Smart Wine Factory 48310.5 Guideline for Project Management 485References 506Abbreviations and Acronyms 507Index 515

Alessandro Massaro is qualified as Associate Professor in Electronics and Physics. He was the winner of the Best Engineer award from the National Council of Engineers in Italy in 2018.

• Preface xiiiAbout the Author xv1 State of the Art and Technology Innovation 11.1 State of the Art of Flexible Technologies in Industry 21.1.1 Sensors and Actuators Layer: I/O Layer 31.1.2 Agent/Firmware Layer: User Interface Layer 91.1.3 Gateway and Enterprise Service Bus Layer 91.1.4 IoT Middleware 101.1.5 Processing Layer 111.1.6 Application Layer 111.1.7 File Transfer Protocols 111.2 State of the Art of Scientific Approaches Oriented on Process Control and Automatisms 141.2.1 Architectures Integrating AI 141.2.2 AI Supervised and Unsupersived Algorithms 151.2.3 AI Image Processing 181.2.4 Production Process Mapping 201.2.5 Technologies of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: Interconnection and Main Limits 211.2.6 Infrared Thermography in Monitoring Process 261.2.7 Key Parameters in Supply Chain and AI Improving Manufacturing Processes 271.3 Intelligent Automatic Systems in Industries 301.4 Technological Approaches to Transform the Production in Auto-Adaptive Control and Actuation Systems 311.5 Basic Concepts of Artificial Intelligence 331.6 Knowledge Upgrading in Industries 41References 452 Information Technology Infrastructures Supporting Industry 5.0 Facilities 512.1 Production Process Simulation and Object Design Approaches 522.1.1 Object Design of a Data Mining Algorithm: Block Functions and Parameter Setting 552.1.2 Example 1: BPM Modeling of Wheat Storage Process for Pasta Production 592.1.3 Example 2: Block Diagram Design of a Servo Valve Control and Actuation System 612.1.4 Example 3: Block Diagram of a Liquid Production System 612.1.5 Example 4: UML Design of a Programmable Logic Controller System 622.1.6 Example 5: Electronic Logic Timing Diagram 642.1.7 Example 6: AR System in Kitchen Production Process 642.1.8 Example 7: Intelligent Canned Food Production Line 702.2 Electronic Logic Design Oriented on Information Infrastructure of Industry 5.0 712.3 Predictive Maintenance: Artificial Intelligence Failure Predictions and Information Infrastructure Layout in the Temperature Monitoring Process 742.4 Defect Estimation and Prediction by Artificial Neural Network 772.4.1 Other Methodologies to Map and Read Production Failures and Defects 792.5 Defect Clustering and Classification: Combined Use of the K-Means Algorithm with Infrared Thermography for Predictive Maintenance 822.6 Facilities of a Prototype Network Implementing Advanced Technology: Example of an Advanced Platform Suitable for Industry 5.0 Integrating Predictive Maintenance 842.7 Predictive Maintenance Approaches 862.7.1 Preventive Maintenance and Predictive Maintenance Operations in the Railway Industry 902.8 Examples of Advanced Infrastructures Implementing AI 932.9 Examples of Telemedicine Platforms Integrating Advanced Facilities 942.9.1 Advanced Telecardiology Platform 942.9.2 Advanced Teleoncology Platform 962.9.3 Multipurpose E-Health Platform 97References 993 Human–Machine Interfaces 1033.1 Mechatronic Machine Interface Architectures Integrating Sensor Systems 1043.1.1 Multiple Mechatronic Boards Managing Different Production Stages 1043.1.2 Mechatronic Boards Managing Component Processing 1043.2 Machine-to-Machine Interfaces: New Concepts of Industry 5.0 1063.3 Production Line Command and Actuation Interfaces in Upgraded Systems 1113.3.1 PLC, PAC, Industrial PC, and Improvements 1113.3.2 SCADA Systems for Centralization of Data Production 1153.4 McCulloch–Pitts Neurons and Logic Port for Automatic Decision-Making Setting Thresholds 1233.5 Programmable Logic Controller I/O Ports Interfacing with AI Engine 1323.6 Human–Machine Interface for Data Transfer and AI Data Processing 1343.7 Example of Interface Configuration of Temperature Control 1353.8 AI Interfaces Oriented on Cybersecurity Attack Detection 1363.9 AI Interfaces Oriented on Database Security 1393.10 Cybersecurity Platform and AI Control Interface 148References 1514 Internet of Things Solutions in Industry 1554.1 Cloud Computing IoT 1564.1.1 IoT Agent 1564.1.2 IoT Gateway in Smart Environments 1584.1.3 Basic Elements of a Smart Industry Environment Controlling Production 1604.1.3.1 Feedback Control: Basic Concepts 1674.1.4 Augmented Reality Hardware and Cloud Computing Processing 1694.1.5 Real-Time Control and Actuation 1714.1.6 Localization Technologies in an Industrial Environment 1754.1.7 GPU Processing Units 1764.1.7.1 Performance of GPUs by Processing Binary Matrices 1764.2 IoT and External Artificial Intelligence Engines 1804.2.1 Artificial Engines and Server Location: Artificial Intelligence and Adaptive Production 1804.2.2 IoT Security Systems in the Working Environment and Implementation Aspects 1824.2.3 Example of Energy Power Control and Actuation: Energy Routing and Priority Load Management for Energy Efficiency 1824.2.4 Online Configurators: Cloud DSS 1864.3 Blockchain and IoT Data Storage Systems 1944.3.1 Blockchain Implementation Rules 1944.3.2 Blockchain and IoT Production Traceability 1974.4 Mechatronic Machine Interface Architectures Integrating Sensor Systems 1994.5 Multiple Mechatronic Boards Managing Different Production Stages 200References 2025 Advanced Robotics 2035.1 Collaborative Robotics in Industry and Protocols 2045.1.1 Data Protocols 2065.1.2 Basic Concepts of Robotic Arms and Control Improvement 2065.1.3 Collaborative Exoskeleton Communication System Protocols 2125.1.4 Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Automation in Manufacturing: Logic Conditions and PLC Programming 2135.2 Artificial Intelligence in Advanced Robotics and Auto-Adaptive Movement 2185.2.1 General Technological Aspects about Auto-Adaptive Motion in Advanced Robotics 2185.2.1.1 Main Aspects of Electrostatic Actuators 2195.2.1.2 Microelectromechanical System Electrostatic Actuators 2205.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Actuators 2215.2.1.4 DC Motor Actuation 2225.2.1.5 Intelligent Control Integrating AI: Speed Regulation 2275.2.2 Improvement of Collaborative Exoskeletons by Auto-Adaptive Solutions Implementing Artificial Intelligence 2315.3 Human–Robot Self-Learning Collaboration in Industrial Applications and Electronic Aspects 2325.3.1 DC–DC Converter 2325.3.2 Voltage Source Inverter 2335.3.3 Current-Source Inverter 2375.3.4 DC Voltage Source 2385.3.5 Capacitor and Reactor Effects on Signal Control 2385.3.6 Human-Robot System and Learning Approaches 2395.3.6.1 Example of PID Implementation of Self-Adapting Gains 2435.3.7 Unsupervised Learning Approaches 2445.3.8 Soft Robotics for Intelligent Collaborative Robotics 2455.4 Robotics in Additive Manufacturing 2465.4.1 Additive Manufacturing in Industrial Production and Spray Technique 2465.4.2 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Additive Manufacturing 2475.4.3 Advanced Electronic for Design-to-Product Transformation: Laser Texturing Manufacturing and Artificial Intelligence 248References 2496 Advanced Optoelectronic and Micro-/Nanosensors 2536.1 Nanotechnology Laboratories in Industries 2546.1.1 Facilities for Micro-/Nanosensor Fabrication and Characterization 2546.2 Micro- and Nanosensors as Preliminary Prototypes for Industry Research 2606.2.1 Nanocomposite Optoelectronic Sensors and Optoelectronic Circuits for Pressure Sensors 2606.2.1.1 Optical Fiber Nanocomposite Tip 2606.2.2 Plasmonic Probes 2666.2.3 Nanocomposite Pressure Sensor 2736.2.4 Nanocomposite Sensor for Liquid Detection Systems and Fluid Loss Systems 2776.2.4.1 Nanocomposite Sensor for Liquid Detection Systems Based on a Pillar-Type Layout 2786.2.4.2 Micro- and Nanosensors in the Monitoring of Production Processes: Leakage Monitoring 2856.2.5 Examples of Digital MEMS/NEMS Sensors: Technological Aspects and Applications 2866.2.5.1 Thin Film MEMS 2866.2.5.2 Nanoprobes for Medical Imaging 2886.2.5.3 Diamond Thin Film Devices: Sensing Improvements 2936.3 Multisensor Systems and Big Data Synchronization of Micro-/Nanoprobes 295References 2967 Image Vision Advances 3017.1 Defect Classification by Artificial Intelligence and Data Processor Units 3027.1.1 Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and Automatism for Defect Classification: Case Study of Tire Production 3027.1.2 Welding Classification and Nondestructive Testing Suitable for the Quality Check 3047.1.2.1 Watershed Image Segmentation and Automatic Welding Defect Classification 3077.1.3 Encoding and Decoding Circuits in Artificial Intelligence Data Processing 3097.1.4 Electronic Logic Port Implementations: Pixel Matrix Logic Condition 3147.2 Image Vision Architectures and Electronic Design 3147.2.1 Infrared Thermography Monitoring Industrial Processes 3157.2.1.1 Welding Image Vision Processing and Architecture Design: Radiometric Post Processing 3157.2.2 Electronic and Firmware for Inline Image Monitoring Systems: Hole Precision in Milling Quality Processes 3167.2.3 Image Vision and Predictive Maintenance by Artificial Intelligence 3197.2.3.1 Profilometer for Image Vision 3197.2.3.2 In-Line 3D Image Vision AI System Integrating Profilometer and Image Processing 3217.2.4 Augmented Reality Systems and Artificial Neural Networks: Image Vision Supporting Production Processes 3237.2.5 Infrared Thermography Circuit Design and Automated System 3247.3 Image Segmentation and Image Clustering 3277.3.1 Electronic and Firmware for In-Line Monitoring Systems: Camera Connection 3277.3.2 Image Segmentation and Clustering Techniques: Automated In-Line Monitoring Systems 3277.3.3 Circuit Timing In-Line Monitoring and Data Storage Systems 3287.3.4 Image Segmentation in Product Quality Monitoring: Snake Contour Approach 3297.3.5 Advanced Image Clustering: K-Means Applied to Radiometric Images 3317.4 Image Segmentation for Food Defect Detection 3337.5 Random Forest Pixel Classification 335References 3398 Electronic and Reverse Engineering 3418.1 Reverse Engineering Systems and Mechanical Precision 3428.1.1 Reverse Engineering Platform: Tools, Approaches, and Facilities 3448.2 Working Processing and Adaptation 3498.2.1 Process Simulations 3498.2.2 Process Mining Actuation and Digital Aspects Concerning Decision Support Systems Implemented by Data Mining Algorithms 3508.3 Reverse Engineering and Self-Learning Automatic Working Piece Classification 3548.4 Tools Supporting RE: AR and Image Processing for Size Measurement 3568.5 RE in Micrometric Scale: RE Approach for Photonic Crystals 3578.6 RE for the Production of Pipeline Components 3618.7 RE in the Precision Manufacturing Process for Thin Film Devices 3638.7.1 Ring MEMS Manufacturing 3638.7.2 Thin Film Diamond Antenna 3698.8 Advanced RE Processes in Industry 5.0 3728.9 RE in Nanocomposite Production Processes 3748.10 RE in Electronic Board Production 3768.10.1 Transfer of the Master to the Copper Plate 3788.10.2 Chemical Attack of Copper 3788.10.3 Drilling and Finishing Processes 379References 3799 Rapid Prototyping 3819.1 Rapid Prototyping Tools and Microscale Electronic Systems: Methodological Approaches 3829.1.1 Photonic Crystal Pillars for Filtering and Optical Resonance 3829.1.2 Thin Film Microelectromechanical System Prototyping and Photolithography Approach 3879.1.3 Thin Film GHz Microstructures by the Photolithography Approach 3879.1.4 Gas Sensing Homemade Experimental Setup for Rapid Prototyping 3909.2 Examples of Antenna and Detection System Rapid Prototyping 3929.2.1 GPR Antenna Design for UAV Integration System 3929.2.2 Example of an Underground Water Leakage Detection System Integrating GPR, UAV, and Infrared Thermal Imaging: System Prototyping 3979.2.3 Integrated Diamond Patch-Type Antennas and Applications 4009.3 Principles of Mechanical Piece Rapid Prototyping and Innovative Materials 4119.3.1 Example of Diamond Material Implementations 4139.4 Rapid Prototyping and Artificial Intelligence Upgrade 4159.5 Rapid Prototyping Oriented Toward Patent Development 4189.5.1 Prototyping of Devices Implementing Nanoparticles 4189.5.2 Prototyping of an Optoelectronic Device Based on a Nanocomposite Tip 4189.5.3 DNA Lab-on-Chip 4189.6 Nanocomposite Artificial Skin Rapid Prototyping Process 437References 43910 Scientific Research in Industry 44510.1 Guidelines to Construct an Advanced Research Unit in Industry in the Electronic and Mechatronic Field 44610.2 Guidelines to Formulate a Patent 44810.3 Guideline to Propose Technological Advances for Public Entities and in Industry 5.0 Research Project 44910.3.1 Setting of a Research Project of Underground Water Leakage 44910.3.2 Setting a Research Project Involving Technologies for Hydrogeological Risk Monitoring 45610.3.3 Setting a Research Project in Mechatronics: Production of a Diagnostic Machine by Means of Industry 5.0 Facilities 46810.4 Innovation Process Projects: Example of a Smart Wine Factory 48310.5 Guideline for Project Management 485References 506Abbreviations and Acronyms 507Index 515