Teresa A. Meade is Florence B. Sherwood Professor of History and Culture Emerita at Union College, New York. She is the author and editor of many books and articles on Latin American and Caribbean history, especially social movements, issues of gender, and labor history in the 19th and 20th centuries. She is a member of the Editorial Collective of Radical History Review, former president of the Board of Trustees of The Journal of Women's History, and a recipient of grants from Fulbright, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Hadassah Brandeis Institute.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Maps xvPreface to the Third Edition xviAcknowledgments xxi1 Introduction to the Land and Its People 1Geography 2People 2Economies 6Politics 8Culture and Entertainment 13Latin America: Past and Present 242 Latin America in 1790 26Colonial Background 27Power and Privilege 31Wealth 32Colonial Administration 36Enlightened Monarchy 38The Agents of the Reform 39Disorder and Rebellion 41Discontent and Disorder in Brazil 43Changing Gender Roles 44On the Road to Independence 46Nationalism and American Culture 463 Competing Notions of Freedom 53Five Roads to Independence 54African Slavery in the Americas 55Slavery and the Countryside 60Slavery in the Cities 60Treatment and Punishment 62Slavery and the Church 63African Medicine and Religious Practices 64Resistance and Rebellion 65The Sugar Colony of Saint-Domingue 68The Slave Revolt 69The Revolution Betrayed 71Brazil's Independent Empire 72Independence in Mexico 74South American Independence 76Post-IndependenceChanges in Racial and Gender Status 79The Last Holdout of Slavery in Spanish America 81Latin America in a Changing World Order 834 Fragmented Nationalisms 87Searching for Political and Economic Unity 87New World Feudalism 89Post-independence Politics 93Argentina and the Tyrants 94Populist Caudillismo: Paraguay and Bolivia 96After Caudillismo 98Race, Race Mixture, and Liberalism 100Gender and Liberalism 103Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class 105Nationalism 1085 Latin America's Place in the Commodity Chain 112The Guano Boom 113Nitrates in Chile 115Sugar and Coffee 116The Growth of São Paulo 118Colombian Coffee 120The Rubber Boom 121Expanding Exports 123Mexico and US Expansionism 124The North American Invasion 126General López de Santa Anna 128The New Age of Imperialism 129Central America and the Panama Canal 130Ecuador and the "Panama" Hat 132Independence at Last? Cuba and Puerto Rico 1356 Immigration, and Urban and Rural Life 142Asian Immigration 143European Immigration 144The Southern Cone 146Life on the Pampas 148British Investment 149The Changing Cultural Landscape 151Urban Renewal 154Mexico and Benito Juárez 156French Invasions 157The Rise of Porfirio Díaz 158Intellectual Theories: Positivism and Eugenics 1587 Revolution from Countryside to City: Mexico 163The Porfiriato 164Opposition to the Porfiriato 166Constitutional Opposition 167Madero Assassinated 169US Intervention 170Women in Combat 171Carranza as President 172The Constitution of 1917 174Aftermath of Struggle 176Agrarian Revolts in Latin America 1778 The Left and the Socialist Alternative 182Socialism on the World Stage 182Social Reform and the Middle Class 183Anarchism, Socialism, and Anarcho-syndicalism 184Women in the Workforce 185Colombia: Resistance to the United Fruit Company 187The Labor Movement 188Socialism and the Arts 190Tenentes Revolt and Brazilian Communism 192Modern Art Week in Brazil 193Women in the Arts 194Socialism versus Capitalism 196José Carlos Mariátegui 1979 Populism and the Struggle for Change 200Getúlio Vargas and "New State" Politics 202Juan Perón and Peronism 204Perón's Fall from Grace 207Politics Engendered 208Revolutionizing Mexico: Lázaro Cárdenas 209Populism in Colombia and Peru 210Central America 213The Long Twentieth Century 21710 Post–World War II Struggles for Sovereignty 220World War II 220Temporary Worker Program 222Post-war Latin America 225Military versus Civilian Rule 227The Absolute Dictator: Rafael Trujillo 228Americas in Transition: Guatemala and Bolivia 232Guatemala 232Revolution in Bolivia 235Mining and the Voice of Bolivian Activism 237The Revolution in Decline 23911 Cuba: Guerrillas Take Power 243"History Will Absolve Me" 245Causes for Discontent 245The Revolutionary War 246Ernesto "Che" Guevara 249What Difference Did the Revolution Make? 252The Special Period in Peacetime 254Democratic Shortcomings 255The United States Escape Hatch 256Cuba and the World 25712 Progress and Reaction 263Modernization and Progress 263Brazil's Military Coup 265The National Security State 266Latin America's Youth Movement 267Mexico 268The Massacre at Tlatelolco 268The Chilean Road to Socialism 270The Chilean Road to Socialism Dead Ends 272Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Uruguay 273Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Argentina 275Dictatorship and State Terror 278Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 280The War of the Malvinas/Falkland Islands 281Movements for Revolutionary Change: Peru 283Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path 284Women and Shining Path 286Repression and Fujimori 28713 Revolution and Its Alternatives 290A Changing Catholic Church 291Marxism and Catholic Humanism 292The Opposition 294The Somozas versus Sandino: the Next Generation 295The Sandinista Opposition 296Sandinistas in Power 299United States and the Sandinistas 302Effects of the Contra War 303Central America in Turmoil: El Salvador and Guatemala 304Politics of Repression in El Salvador 305The Opposition 307The Fighting Ends 309Guatemala: The Bloodiest War 310The Evangelical Alternative 312Colombia: The Longest War 315The War on Drugs in Latin America 31714 The Americas in the Twenty-first Century 322The Washington Consensus 323Brazil and the Workers' Alternative 326The Workers' Party in Power 327Scandal and Crisis 328Bolivia: Twenty-first-century Indigenismo 331Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chávez 333The Bolivarian Mission 335The Pink Tide Stalls 337Chile's Transition to Democracy 338New Social Movements 340Movements for Racial and Gender Equality 34215 A Future of Sustainable Cooperation? 348Opponents Confront Free Trade 349The Latin Americanization of the United States 352Immigration and Neoliberalism 354Central American Refugees 355Sharing the Environment and the Cost of Stewardship 358The Role of the United Nations and International Bodies 358The History of Resource Exploitation 359Effects of Deforestation and Climate Change 360Environmental Activism 362Cost to Indigenous People 364Conclusion 366Notes 368Further Reading 369Index 383

Teresa A. Meade is Florence B. Sherwood Professor of History and Culture Emerita at Union College, New York. She is the author and editor of many books and articles on Latin American and Caribbean history, especially social movements, issues of gender, and labor history in the 19th and 20th centuries. She is a member of the Editorial Collective of Radical History Review, former president of the Board of Trustees of The Journal of Women's History, and a recipient of grants from Fulbright, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Hadassah Brandeis Institute.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Maps xvPreface to the Third Edition xviAcknowledgments xxi1 Introduction to the Land and Its People 1Geography 2People 2Economies 6Politics 8Culture and Entertainment 13Latin America: Past and Present 242 Latin America in 1790 26Colonial Background 27Power and Privilege 31Wealth 32Colonial Administration 36Enlightened Monarchy 38The Agents of the Reform 39Disorder and Rebellion 41Discontent and Disorder in Brazil 43Changing Gender Roles 44On the Road to Independence 46Nationalism and American Culture 463 Competing Notions of Freedom 53Five Roads to Independence 54African Slavery in the Americas 55Slavery and the Countryside 60Slavery in the Cities 60Treatment and Punishment 62Slavery and the Church 63African Medicine and Religious Practices 64Resistance and Rebellion 65The Sugar Colony of Saint-Domingue 68The Slave Revolt 69The Revolution Betrayed 71Brazil's Independent Empire 72Independence in Mexico 74South American Independence 76Post-IndependenceChanges in Racial and Gender Status 79The Last Holdout of Slavery in Spanish America 81Latin America in a Changing World Order 834 Fragmented Nationalisms 87Searching for Political and Economic Unity 87New World Feudalism 89Post-independence Politics 93Argentina and the Tyrants 94Populist Caudillismo: Paraguay and Bolivia 96After Caudillismo 98Race, Race Mixture, and Liberalism 100Gender and Liberalism 103Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class 105Nationalism 1085 Latin America's Place in the Commodity Chain 112The Guano Boom 113Nitrates in Chile 115Sugar and Coffee 116The Growth of São Paulo 118Colombian Coffee 120The Rubber Boom 121Expanding Exports 123Mexico and US Expansionism 124The North American Invasion 126General López de Santa Anna 128The New Age of Imperialism 129Central America and the Panama Canal 130Ecuador and the "Panama" Hat 132Independence at Last? Cuba and Puerto Rico 1356 Immigration, and Urban and Rural Life 142Asian Immigration 143European Immigration 144The Southern Cone 146Life on the Pampas 148British Investment 149The Changing Cultural Landscape 151Urban Renewal 154Mexico and Benito Juárez 156French Invasions 157The Rise of Porfirio Díaz 158Intellectual Theories: Positivism and Eugenics 1587 Revolution from Countryside to City: Mexico 163The Porfiriato 164Opposition to the Porfiriato 166Constitutional Opposition 167Madero Assassinated 169US Intervention 170Women in Combat 171Carranza as President 172The Constitution of 1917 174Aftermath of Struggle 176Agrarian Revolts in Latin America 1778 The Left and the Socialist Alternative 182Socialism on the World Stage 182Social Reform and the Middle Class 183Anarchism, Socialism, and Anarcho-syndicalism 184Women in the Workforce 185Colombia: Resistance to the United Fruit Company 187The Labor Movement 188Socialism and the Arts 190Tenentes Revolt and Brazilian Communism 192Modern Art Week in Brazil 193Women in the Arts 194Socialism versus Capitalism 196José Carlos Mariátegui 1979 Populism and the Struggle for Change 200Getúlio Vargas and "New State" Politics 202Juan Perón and Peronism 204Perón's Fall from Grace 207Politics Engendered 208Revolutionizing Mexico: Lázaro Cárdenas 209Populism in Colombia and Peru 210Central America 213The Long Twentieth Century 21710 Post–World War II Struggles for Sovereignty 220World War II 220Temporary Worker Program 222Post-war Latin America 225Military versus Civilian Rule 227The Absolute Dictator: Rafael Trujillo 228Americas in Transition: Guatemala and Bolivia 232Guatemala 232Revolution in Bolivia 235Mining and the Voice of Bolivian Activism 237The Revolution in Decline 23911 Cuba: Guerrillas Take Power 243"History Will Absolve Me" 245Causes for Discontent 245The Revolutionary War 246Ernesto "Che" Guevara 249What Difference Did the Revolution Make? 252The Special Period in Peacetime 254Democratic Shortcomings 255The United States Escape Hatch 256Cuba and the World 25712 Progress and Reaction 263Modernization and Progress 263Brazil's Military Coup 265The National Security State 266Latin America's Youth Movement 267Mexico 268The Massacre at Tlatelolco 268The Chilean Road to Socialism 270The Chilean Road to Socialism Dead Ends 272Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Uruguay 273Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Argentina 275Dictatorship and State Terror 278Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 280The War of the Malvinas/Falkland Islands 281Movements for Revolutionary Change: Peru 283Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path 284Women and Shining Path 286Repression and Fujimori 28713 Revolution and Its Alternatives 290A Changing Catholic Church 291Marxism and Catholic Humanism 292The Opposition 294The Somozas versus Sandino: the Next Generation 295The Sandinista Opposition 296Sandinistas in Power 299United States and the Sandinistas 302Effects of the Contra War 303Central America in Turmoil: El Salvador and Guatemala 304Politics of Repression in El Salvador 305The Opposition 307The Fighting Ends 309Guatemala: The Bloodiest War 310The Evangelical Alternative 312Colombia: The Longest War 315The War on Drugs in Latin America 31714 The Americas in the Twenty-first Century 322The Washington Consensus 323Brazil and the Workers' Alternative 326The Workers' Party in Power 327Scandal and Crisis 328Bolivia: Twenty-first-century Indigenismo 331Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chávez 333The Bolivarian Mission 335The Pink Tide Stalls 337Chile's Transition to Democracy 338New Social Movements 340Movements for Racial and Gender Equality 34215 A Future of Sustainable Cooperation? 348Opponents Confront Free Trade 349The Latin Americanization of the United States 352Immigration and Neoliberalism 354Central American Refugees 355Sharing the Environment and the Cost of Stewardship 358The Role of the United Nations and International Bodies 358The History of Resource Exploitation 359Effects of Deforestation and Climate Change 360Environmental Activism 362Cost to Indigenous People 364Conclusion 366Notes 368Further Reading 369Index 383

Teresa A. Meade is Florence B. Sherwood Professor of History and Culture Emerita at Union College, New York. She is the author and editor of many books and articles on Latin American and Caribbean history, especially social movements, issues of gender, and labor history in the 19th and 20th centuries. She is a member of the Editorial Collective of Radical History Review, former president of the Board of Trustees of The Journal of Women's History, and a recipient of grants from Fulbright, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Hadassah Brandeis Institute.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Maps xvPreface to the Third Edition xviAcknowledgments xxi1 Introduction to the Land and Its People 1Geography 2People 2Economies 6Politics 8Culture and Entertainment 13Latin America: Past and Present 242 Latin America in 1790 26Colonial Background 27Power and Privilege 31Wealth 32Colonial Administration 36Enlightened Monarchy 38The Agents of the Reform 39Disorder and Rebellion 41Discontent and Disorder in Brazil 43Changing Gender Roles 44On the Road to Independence 46Nationalism and American Culture 463 Competing Notions of Freedom 53Five Roads to Independence 54African Slavery in the Americas 55Slavery and the Countryside 60Slavery in the Cities 60Treatment and Punishment 62Slavery and the Church 63African Medicine and Religious Practices 64Resistance and Rebellion 65The Sugar Colony of Saint-Domingue 68The Slave Revolt 69The Revolution Betrayed 71Brazil's Independent Empire 72Independence in Mexico 74South American Independence 76Post-IndependenceChanges in Racial and Gender Status 79The Last Holdout of Slavery in Spanish America 81Latin America in a Changing World Order 834 Fragmented Nationalisms 87Searching for Political and Economic Unity 87New World Feudalism 89Post-independence Politics 93Argentina and the Tyrants 94Populist Caudillismo: Paraguay and Bolivia 96After Caudillismo 98Race, Race Mixture, and Liberalism 100Gender and Liberalism 103Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class 105Nationalism 1085 Latin America's Place in the Commodity Chain 112The Guano Boom 113Nitrates in Chile 115Sugar and Coffee 116The Growth of São Paulo 118Colombian Coffee 120The Rubber Boom 121Expanding Exports 123Mexico and US Expansionism 124The North American Invasion 126General López de Santa Anna 128The New Age of Imperialism 129Central America and the Panama Canal 130Ecuador and the "Panama" Hat 132Independence at Last? Cuba and Puerto Rico 1356 Immigration, and Urban and Rural Life 142Asian Immigration 143European Immigration 144The Southern Cone 146Life on the Pampas 148British Investment 149The Changing Cultural Landscape 151Urban Renewal 154Mexico and Benito Juárez 156French Invasions 157The Rise of Porfirio Díaz 158Intellectual Theories: Positivism and Eugenics 1587 Revolution from Countryside to City: Mexico 163The Porfiriato 164Opposition to the Porfiriato 166Constitutional Opposition 167Madero Assassinated 169US Intervention 170Women in Combat 171Carranza as President 172The Constitution of 1917 174Aftermath of Struggle 176Agrarian Revolts in Latin America 1778 The Left and the Socialist Alternative 182Socialism on the World Stage 182Social Reform and the Middle Class 183Anarchism, Socialism, and Anarcho-syndicalism 184Women in the Workforce 185Colombia: Resistance to the United Fruit Company 187The Labor Movement 188Socialism and the Arts 190Tenentes Revolt and Brazilian Communism 192Modern Art Week in Brazil 193Women in the Arts 194Socialism versus Capitalism 196José Carlos Mariátegui 1979 Populism and the Struggle for Change 200Getúlio Vargas and "New State" Politics 202Juan Perón and Peronism 204Perón's Fall from Grace 207Politics Engendered 208Revolutionizing Mexico: Lázaro Cárdenas 209Populism in Colombia and Peru 210Central America 213The Long Twentieth Century 21710 Post–World War II Struggles for Sovereignty 220World War II 220Temporary Worker Program 222Post-war Latin America 225Military versus Civilian Rule 227The Absolute Dictator: Rafael Trujillo 228Americas in Transition: Guatemala and Bolivia 232Guatemala 232Revolution in Bolivia 235Mining and the Voice of Bolivian Activism 237The Revolution in Decline 23911 Cuba: Guerrillas Take Power 243"History Will Absolve Me" 245Causes for Discontent 245The Revolutionary War 246Ernesto "Che" Guevara 249What Difference Did the Revolution Make? 252The Special Period in Peacetime 254Democratic Shortcomings 255The United States Escape Hatch 256Cuba and the World 25712 Progress and Reaction 263Modernization and Progress 263Brazil's Military Coup 265The National Security State 266Latin America's Youth Movement 267Mexico 268The Massacre at Tlatelolco 268The Chilean Road to Socialism 270The Chilean Road to Socialism Dead Ends 272Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Uruguay 273Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Argentina 275Dictatorship and State Terror 278Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 280The War of the Malvinas/Falkland Islands 281Movements for Revolutionary Change: Peru 283Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path 284Women and Shining Path 286Repression and Fujimori 28713 Revolution and Its Alternatives 290A Changing Catholic Church 291Marxism and Catholic Humanism 292The Opposition 294The Somozas versus Sandino: the Next Generation 295The Sandinista Opposition 296Sandinistas in Power 299United States and the Sandinistas 302Effects of the Contra War 303Central America in Turmoil: El Salvador and Guatemala 304Politics of Repression in El Salvador 305The Opposition 307The Fighting Ends 309Guatemala: The Bloodiest War 310The Evangelical Alternative 312Colombia: The Longest War 315The War on Drugs in Latin America 31714 The Americas in the Twenty-first Century 322The Washington Consensus 323Brazil and the Workers' Alternative 326The Workers' Party in Power 327Scandal and Crisis 328Bolivia: Twenty-first-century Indigenismo 331Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chávez 333The Bolivarian Mission 335The Pink Tide Stalls 337Chile's Transition to Democracy 338New Social Movements 340Movements for Racial and Gender Equality 34215 A Future of Sustainable Cooperation? 348Opponents Confront Free Trade 349The Latin Americanization of the United States 352Immigration and Neoliberalism 354Central American Refugees 355Sharing the Environment and the Cost of Stewardship 358The Role of the United Nations and International Bodies 358The History of Resource Exploitation 359Effects of Deforestation and Climate Change 360Environmental Activism 362Cost to Indigenous People 364Conclusion 366Notes 368Further Reading 369Index 383