Werner Zimmerli is Professor Emeritus in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Consultant for Orthopedic Infections at the Kantonsspital Baselland/Liestal. His primary research focus is on implant-associated infections. He is also the co-publisher of an algorithm on the surgical management of periprosthetic joint infection.

• List of Contributors xiiPreface to the Second Edition xviForeword to the First Edition xviiAcknowledgments xixChapter 1 Introduction 1Werner ZimmerliChapter 2 Diagnostic Approach in Bone and Joint Infections 5Nora Renz, Donara Margaryan, and Andrej TrampuzIntroduction 5Common Microorganisms Causing Bone and Joint Infection 7Diagnostic Approach in Spinal Infection 8Diagnostic Approach in Bone Fixation Device‐Associated Infection 10Diagnostic Approach in Native Arthritis and Infections after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair (ACL‐R) 12Diagnostic Approach in Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI) 15Key Points 17References 17Chapter 3 Unusual Microorganisms in Periprosthetic Joint Infection 21Camelia Marculescu and Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 21Gram‐Positive Microorganisms 21Gram‐Negative Microorganisms 26Zoonotic Microorganisms 29Anaerobic Microorganisms 34Mycobacteria 35Other Microorganisms 38Key Points 40References 40Chapter 4 Identification of Pathogens in Bone and Joint Infections by Non‐Culture Techniques 51Maria Eugenia Portillo and Stephane CorvecIntroduction 51Broad‐Range PCR 51Targeted PCR 53Multiplex PCR 54Next‐Generation Sequencing Approach 55Mass Spectrometry‐Based Methods 58Key Points 61References 61Chapter 5 Bacteriophages for Treatment of Biofilm Infections 65Mercedes Gonzalez‐Moreno, Paula Morovic, Tamta Tkhilaishvili, and Andrej TrampuzHistory of Bacteriophage Use in Human Infections 65Principles of Bacteriophage Therapy 66Activity of Bacteriophages against Bacterial Biofilms and Persisters 69Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing: the Phagogram 71Experimental and Clinical Evidence with Bacteriophage Treatment 72Local Delivery and Systemic Bacteriophage Application 74Outlook and Future Perspectives 76Key Points 77References 78Chapter 6 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics in Bone 81Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, Jurgen B. Bulitta, Roger L. Nation, and Fritz SorgelPharmacokinetics 81Bone Sample Preparation and Analysis 82Pharmacokinetic Sampling and Data Analysis 83Penetration of Antibiotics into Bone 84Pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations 93Conclusions 95Key Points 96References 96Chapter 7 Preclinical Models of Infection in Bone and Joint Surgery 99Caroline Constant, Lorenzo Calabro, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, R. Geoff Richards, and T. Fintan MoriartyIntroduction 99Influence of Species in Preclinical Models of Bone and Joint Infection 100Overview of Animal Models 103Direct Inoculation with Minimal Trauma 103Animal Models of Bone and Joint Infection Incorporating Trauma 108Hematogenous Models 108Future Directions 109Conclusions 110Key Points 110References 110Chapter 8 Native Joint Arthritis in Children 117Pablo YagupskyIntroduction 117Epidemiology 117Microbiology 118Pathogenesis 122Clinical Presentation 123Laboratory Investigation 125Imaging Studies 127Differential Diagnosis 128Treatment 128Prognosis 133Key Points 134References 134Chapter 9 Native Joint Arthritis in Adults 139Florian B. Imhoff, David E. Bauer, and Ilker UckayIntroduction 139Risk Factors 139Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Microbiology 140Diagnosis 141Treatment 144Outcome 147Key Points 148Acknowledgments 148References 148Chapter 10 Septic Arthritis of Axial Joints 151Werner ZimmerliSeptic Arthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint 151Key Points 157Septic Arthritis of the Symphysis Pubis 157Key Points 161Septic Arthritis of the Sacroiliac Joint 161Key Points 165References 165Chapter 11 Periprosthetic Joint Infection: General Aspects 171Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 171Definition 172Classification 172Pathogenesis 172Laboratory Investigation 176Therapeutic Management 178Prophylaxis 179Errors in the Management of PJI 180Key Points 180References 181Chapter 12 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty 187Werner Zimmerli, Rihard Trebse, and Martin ClaussIntroduction 187Risk Factors 188Microbiology 188Clinical Features 189Laboratory Investigation 190Imaging Procedures 191Management 192Instructive Cases 202References 206Chapter 13 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Shoulder Arthroplasty 213Parham Sendi, Andreas Marc Muller, Beat K. Moor, and Matthias A. ZumsteinIntroduction 213Risk Factors 213Microbiology 215Pathogenesis 216Clinical Features 217Laboratory Investigation 218Imaging Procedures 220Management 220Instructive Cases 224References 226Chapter 14 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Elbow Arthroplasty 231Yvonne Achermann, Michael C. Glanzmann, and Christoph SpormannIntroduction 231Microbiology 232Clinical Features 232Diagnostic Procedures 234Management 237Instructive Cases 242References 245Chapter 15 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Ankle Arthroplasty 251Parham Sendi, Bernhard Kessler, and Markus KnuppIntroduction 251Risk Factors 252Microbiology 254Clinical Features 254Laboratory Investigation 255Imaging Procedures 256Management 257Instructive Cases 260References 262Chapter 16 Osteomyelitis: Classification 265Werner ZimmerliClassification According to Pathogenesis 265Classification According to the Duration of Infection 267Classification According to the Localization 268Classification According to the Presence of an Implant 269Classification According to Anatomy and Comorbidity 269References 270Chapter 17 Osteomyelitis in Children 273Alexander Aarvold, Priya Sukhtankar, and Saul N. FaustIntroduction 273Epidemiology 273Pathophysiology 274Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Microbiology 275Treatment 282Complications 284Key Points 285References 286Chapter 18 Acute Osteomyelitis in Adults 289Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 289Pathogenesis 289Epidemiology 290Microbiology 291Risk Factors 293Clinical Features 295Laboratory Investigation 296Imaging Procedures 298Clinical and Imaging Differential Diagnosis 300Treatment 301Key Points 304References 304Chapter 19 Subacute Osteomyelitis: Tuberculous and Brucellar Vertebral Osteomyelitis 309Juan D. Colmenero and Pilar MorataIntroduction 309Epidemiology 309Clinical Features 310Laboratory Investigation 312Imaging Procedures 315Antimicrobial and Surgical Therapy 318Key Points 321References 321Chapter 20 Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults 325Felix W.A. Waibel, Benedikt Jochum, and Ilker UckayIntroduction 325Pathogenesis 326Diagnosis 326Treatment 328Key Points 333Acknowledgments 333References 333Chapter 21 Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis 337Eric Senneville and Olivier RobineauIntroduction 337Classification 337Microbiology 339Risk Factors 341Clinical Features 342Inflammatory Parameters 342Imaging Procedures 343Treatment 344Prevention 347References 348Chapter 22 Osteomyelitis of the Jaws 353Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 353Classification 353Microbiology 355Risk Factors 356Clinical Features 356Laboratory Investigation 359Imaging Procedures 360Management 361Key Points 363References 364Chapter 23 Fracture‐Related Infection of the Long Bones 367Parham Sendi, Mario Morgenstern, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, and Martin McNallyIntroduction 367Classification and Risk Factors 368Microbiology 370Clinical Features 371Laboratory Investigation 372Imaging Procedures 373Management 373Instructive Cases 380References 383Chapter 24 Implant‐Associated Vertebral Osteomyelitis 387Todd J. Kowalski and Arick P. SabinIntroduction 387Classification and Risk Factors 388Microbiology 389Clinical Features 393Diagnostic Procedures 393Treatment 395Instructive Cases 402References 404Chapter 25 Postoperative Sternal Osteomyelitis 409Parham Sendi, Mihai Constantinescu, and Lars EnglbergerIntroduction 409Risk Factors 410Microbiology 414Clinical Features 414Laboratory Investigation 415Imaging Procedures 417Management 417Instructive Cases 422References 425Index 429

Werner Zimmerli is Professor Emeritus in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Consultant for Orthopedic Infections at the Kantonsspital Baselland/Liestal. His primary research focus is on implant-associated infections. He is also the co-publisher of an algorithm on the surgical management of periprosthetic joint infection.

• List of Contributors xiiPreface to the Second Edition xviForeword to the First Edition xviiAcknowledgments xixChapter 1 Introduction 1Werner ZimmerliChapter 2 Diagnostic Approach in Bone and Joint Infections 5Nora Renz, Donara Margaryan, and Andrej TrampuzIntroduction 5Common Microorganisms Causing Bone and Joint Infection 7Diagnostic Approach in Spinal Infection 8Diagnostic Approach in Bone Fixation Device‐Associated Infection 10Diagnostic Approach in Native Arthritis and Infections after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair (ACL‐R) 12Diagnostic Approach in Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI) 15Key Points 17References 17Chapter 3 Unusual Microorganisms in Periprosthetic Joint Infection 21Camelia Marculescu and Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 21Gram‐Positive Microorganisms 21Gram‐Negative Microorganisms 26Zoonotic Microorganisms 29Anaerobic Microorganisms 34Mycobacteria 35Other Microorganisms 38Key Points 40References 40Chapter 4 Identification of Pathogens in Bone and Joint Infections by Non‐Culture Techniques 51Maria Eugenia Portillo and Stephane CorvecIntroduction 51Broad‐Range PCR 51Targeted PCR 53Multiplex PCR 54Next‐Generation Sequencing Approach 55Mass Spectrometry‐Based Methods 58Key Points 61References 61Chapter 5 Bacteriophages for Treatment of Biofilm Infections 65Mercedes Gonzalez‐Moreno, Paula Morovic, Tamta Tkhilaishvili, and Andrej TrampuzHistory of Bacteriophage Use in Human Infections 65Principles of Bacteriophage Therapy 66Activity of Bacteriophages against Bacterial Biofilms and Persisters 69Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing: the Phagogram 71Experimental and Clinical Evidence with Bacteriophage Treatment 72Local Delivery and Systemic Bacteriophage Application 74Outlook and Future Perspectives 76Key Points 77References 78Chapter 6 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics in Bone 81Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, Jurgen B. Bulitta, Roger L. Nation, and Fritz SorgelPharmacokinetics 81Bone Sample Preparation and Analysis 82Pharmacokinetic Sampling and Data Analysis 83Penetration of Antibiotics into Bone 84Pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations 93Conclusions 95Key Points 96References 96Chapter 7 Preclinical Models of Infection in Bone and Joint Surgery 99Caroline Constant, Lorenzo Calabro, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, R. Geoff Richards, and T. Fintan MoriartyIntroduction 99Influence of Species in Preclinical Models of Bone and Joint Infection 100Overview of Animal Models 103Direct Inoculation with Minimal Trauma 103Animal Models of Bone and Joint Infection Incorporating Trauma 108Hematogenous Models 108Future Directions 109Conclusions 110Key Points 110References 110Chapter 8 Native Joint Arthritis in Children 117Pablo YagupskyIntroduction 117Epidemiology 117Microbiology 118Pathogenesis 122Clinical Presentation 123Laboratory Investigation 125Imaging Studies 127Differential Diagnosis 128Treatment 128Prognosis 133Key Points 134References 134Chapter 9 Native Joint Arthritis in Adults 139Florian B. Imhoff, David E. Bauer, and Ilker UckayIntroduction 139Risk Factors 139Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Microbiology 140Diagnosis 141Treatment 144Outcome 147Key Points 148Acknowledgments 148References 148Chapter 10 Septic Arthritis of Axial Joints 151Werner ZimmerliSeptic Arthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint 151Key Points 157Septic Arthritis of the Symphysis Pubis 157Key Points 161Septic Arthritis of the Sacroiliac Joint 161Key Points 165References 165Chapter 11 Periprosthetic Joint Infection: General Aspects 171Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 171Definition 172Classification 172Pathogenesis 172Laboratory Investigation 176Therapeutic Management 178Prophylaxis 179Errors in the Management of PJI 180Key Points 180References 181Chapter 12 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty 187Werner Zimmerli, Rihard Trebse, and Martin ClaussIntroduction 187Risk Factors 188Microbiology 188Clinical Features 189Laboratory Investigation 190Imaging Procedures 191Management 192Instructive Cases 202References 206Chapter 13 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Shoulder Arthroplasty 213Parham Sendi, Andreas Marc Muller, Beat K. Moor, and Matthias A. ZumsteinIntroduction 213Risk Factors 213Microbiology 215Pathogenesis 216Clinical Features 217Laboratory Investigation 218Imaging Procedures 220Management 220Instructive Cases 224References 226Chapter 14 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Elbow Arthroplasty 231Yvonne Achermann, Michael C. Glanzmann, and Christoph SpormannIntroduction 231Microbiology 232Clinical Features 232Diagnostic Procedures 234Management 237Instructive Cases 242References 245Chapter 15 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Ankle Arthroplasty 251Parham Sendi, Bernhard Kessler, and Markus KnuppIntroduction 251Risk Factors 252Microbiology 254Clinical Features 254Laboratory Investigation 255Imaging Procedures 256Management 257Instructive Cases 260References 262Chapter 16 Osteomyelitis: Classification 265Werner ZimmerliClassification According to Pathogenesis 265Classification According to the Duration of Infection 267Classification According to the Localization 268Classification According to the Presence of an Implant 269Classification According to Anatomy and Comorbidity 269References 270Chapter 17 Osteomyelitis in Children 273Alexander Aarvold, Priya Sukhtankar, and Saul N. FaustIntroduction 273Epidemiology 273Pathophysiology 274Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Microbiology 275Treatment 282Complications 284Key Points 285References 286Chapter 18 Acute Osteomyelitis in Adults 289Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 289Pathogenesis 289Epidemiology 290Microbiology 291Risk Factors 293Clinical Features 295Laboratory Investigation 296Imaging Procedures 298Clinical and Imaging Differential Diagnosis 300Treatment 301Key Points 304References 304Chapter 19 Subacute Osteomyelitis: Tuberculous and Brucellar Vertebral Osteomyelitis 309Juan D. Colmenero and Pilar MorataIntroduction 309Epidemiology 309Clinical Features 310Laboratory Investigation 312Imaging Procedures 315Antimicrobial and Surgical Therapy 318Key Points 321References 321Chapter 20 Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults 325Felix W.A. Waibel, Benedikt Jochum, and Ilker UckayIntroduction 325Pathogenesis 326Diagnosis 326Treatment 328Key Points 333Acknowledgments 333References 333Chapter 21 Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis 337Eric Senneville and Olivier RobineauIntroduction 337Classification 337Microbiology 339Risk Factors 341Clinical Features 342Inflammatory Parameters 342Imaging Procedures 343Treatment 344Prevention 347References 348Chapter 22 Osteomyelitis of the Jaws 353Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 353Classification 353Microbiology 355Risk Factors 356Clinical Features 356Laboratory Investigation 359Imaging Procedures 360Management 361Key Points 363References 364Chapter 23 Fracture‐Related Infection of the Long Bones 367Parham Sendi, Mario Morgenstern, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, and Martin McNallyIntroduction 367Classification and Risk Factors 368Microbiology 370Clinical Features 371Laboratory Investigation 372Imaging Procedures 373Management 373Instructive Cases 380References 383Chapter 24 Implant‐Associated Vertebral Osteomyelitis 387Todd J. Kowalski and Arick P. SabinIntroduction 387Classification and Risk Factors 388Microbiology 389Clinical Features 393Diagnostic Procedures 393Treatment 395Instructive Cases 402References 404Chapter 25 Postoperative Sternal Osteomyelitis 409Parham Sendi, Mihai Constantinescu, and Lars EnglbergerIntroduction 409Risk Factors 410Microbiology 414Clinical Features 414Laboratory Investigation 415Imaging Procedures 417Management 417Instructive Cases 422References 425Index 429

Werner Zimmerli is Professor Emeritus in Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases and Consultant for Orthopedic Infections at the Kantonsspital Baselland/Liestal. His primary research focus is on implant-associated infections. He is also the co-publisher of an algorithm on the surgical management of periprosthetic joint infection.

• List of Contributors xiiPreface to the Second Edition xviForeword to the First Edition xviiAcknowledgments xixChapter 1 Introduction 1Werner ZimmerliChapter 2 Diagnostic Approach in Bone and Joint Infections 5Nora Renz, Donara Margaryan, and Andrej TrampuzIntroduction 5Common Microorganisms Causing Bone and Joint Infection 7Diagnostic Approach in Spinal Infection 8Diagnostic Approach in Bone Fixation Device‐Associated Infection 10Diagnostic Approach in Native Arthritis and Infections after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair (ACL‐R) 12Diagnostic Approach in Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI) 15Key Points 17References 17Chapter 3 Unusual Microorganisms in Periprosthetic Joint Infection 21Camelia Marculescu and Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 21Gram‐Positive Microorganisms 21Gram‐Negative Microorganisms 26Zoonotic Microorganisms 29Anaerobic Microorganisms 34Mycobacteria 35Other Microorganisms 38Key Points 40References 40Chapter 4 Identification of Pathogens in Bone and Joint Infections by Non‐Culture Techniques 51Maria Eugenia Portillo and Stephane CorvecIntroduction 51Broad‐Range PCR 51Targeted PCR 53Multiplex PCR 54Next‐Generation Sequencing Approach 55Mass Spectrometry‐Based Methods 58Key Points 61References 61Chapter 5 Bacteriophages for Treatment of Biofilm Infections 65Mercedes Gonzalez‐Moreno, Paula Morovic, Tamta Tkhilaishvili, and Andrej TrampuzHistory of Bacteriophage Use in Human Infections 65Principles of Bacteriophage Therapy 66Activity of Bacteriophages against Bacterial Biofilms and Persisters 69Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing: the Phagogram 71Experimental and Clinical Evidence with Bacteriophage Treatment 72Local Delivery and Systemic Bacteriophage Application 74Outlook and Future Perspectives 76Key Points 77References 78Chapter 6 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics in Bone 81Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, Jurgen B. Bulitta, Roger L. Nation, and Fritz SorgelPharmacokinetics 81Bone Sample Preparation and Analysis 82Pharmacokinetic Sampling and Data Analysis 83Penetration of Antibiotics into Bone 84Pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations 93Conclusions 95Key Points 96References 96Chapter 7 Preclinical Models of Infection in Bone and Joint Surgery 99Caroline Constant, Lorenzo Calabro, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, R. Geoff Richards, and T. Fintan MoriartyIntroduction 99Influence of Species in Preclinical Models of Bone and Joint Infection 100Overview of Animal Models 103Direct Inoculation with Minimal Trauma 103Animal Models of Bone and Joint Infection Incorporating Trauma 108Hematogenous Models 108Future Directions 109Conclusions 110Key Points 110References 110Chapter 8 Native Joint Arthritis in Children 117Pablo YagupskyIntroduction 117Epidemiology 117Microbiology 118Pathogenesis 122Clinical Presentation 123Laboratory Investigation 125Imaging Studies 127Differential Diagnosis 128Treatment 128Prognosis 133Key Points 134References 134Chapter 9 Native Joint Arthritis in Adults 139Florian B. Imhoff, David E. Bauer, and Ilker UckayIntroduction 139Risk Factors 139Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Microbiology 140Diagnosis 141Treatment 144Outcome 147Key Points 148Acknowledgments 148References 148Chapter 10 Septic Arthritis of Axial Joints 151Werner ZimmerliSeptic Arthritis of the Sternoclavicular Joint 151Key Points 157Septic Arthritis of the Symphysis Pubis 157Key Points 161Septic Arthritis of the Sacroiliac Joint 161Key Points 165References 165Chapter 11 Periprosthetic Joint Infection: General Aspects 171Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 171Definition 172Classification 172Pathogenesis 172Laboratory Investigation 176Therapeutic Management 178Prophylaxis 179Errors in the Management of PJI 180Key Points 180References 181Chapter 12 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty 187Werner Zimmerli, Rihard Trebse, and Martin ClaussIntroduction 187Risk Factors 188Microbiology 188Clinical Features 189Laboratory Investigation 190Imaging Procedures 191Management 192Instructive Cases 202References 206Chapter 13 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Shoulder Arthroplasty 213Parham Sendi, Andreas Marc Muller, Beat K. Moor, and Matthias A. ZumsteinIntroduction 213Risk Factors 213Microbiology 215Pathogenesis 216Clinical Features 217Laboratory Investigation 218Imaging Procedures 220Management 220Instructive Cases 224References 226Chapter 14 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Elbow Arthroplasty 231Yvonne Achermann, Michael C. Glanzmann, and Christoph SpormannIntroduction 231Microbiology 232Clinical Features 232Diagnostic Procedures 234Management 237Instructive Cases 242References 245Chapter 15 Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Ankle Arthroplasty 251Parham Sendi, Bernhard Kessler, and Markus KnuppIntroduction 251Risk Factors 252Microbiology 254Clinical Features 254Laboratory Investigation 255Imaging Procedures 256Management 257Instructive Cases 260References 262Chapter 16 Osteomyelitis: Classification 265Werner ZimmerliClassification According to Pathogenesis 265Classification According to the Duration of Infection 267Classification According to the Localization 268Classification According to the Presence of an Implant 269Classification According to Anatomy and Comorbidity 269References 270Chapter 17 Osteomyelitis in Children 273Alexander Aarvold, Priya Sukhtankar, and Saul N. FaustIntroduction 273Epidemiology 273Pathophysiology 274Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Microbiology 275Treatment 282Complications 284Key Points 285References 286Chapter 18 Acute Osteomyelitis in Adults 289Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 289Pathogenesis 289Epidemiology 290Microbiology 291Risk Factors 293Clinical Features 295Laboratory Investigation 296Imaging Procedures 298Clinical and Imaging Differential Diagnosis 300Treatment 301Key Points 304References 304Chapter 19 Subacute Osteomyelitis: Tuberculous and Brucellar Vertebral Osteomyelitis 309Juan D. Colmenero and Pilar MorataIntroduction 309Epidemiology 309Clinical Features 310Laboratory Investigation 312Imaging Procedures 315Antimicrobial and Surgical Therapy 318Key Points 321References 321Chapter 20 Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults 325Felix W.A. Waibel, Benedikt Jochum, and Ilker UckayIntroduction 325Pathogenesis 326Diagnosis 326Treatment 328Key Points 333Acknowledgments 333References 333Chapter 21 Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis 337Eric Senneville and Olivier RobineauIntroduction 337Classification 337Microbiology 339Risk Factors 341Clinical Features 342Inflammatory Parameters 342Imaging Procedures 343Treatment 344Prevention 347References 348Chapter 22 Osteomyelitis of the Jaws 353Werner ZimmerliIntroduction 353Classification 353Microbiology 355Risk Factors 356Clinical Features 356Laboratory Investigation 359Imaging Procedures 360Management 361Key Points 363References 364Chapter 23 Fracture‐Related Infection of the Long Bones 367Parham Sendi, Mario Morgenstern, Willem‐Jan Metsemakers, and Martin McNallyIntroduction 367Classification and Risk Factors 368Microbiology 370Clinical Features 371Laboratory Investigation 372Imaging Procedures 373Management 373Instructive Cases 380References 383Chapter 24 Implant‐Associated Vertebral Osteomyelitis 387Todd J. Kowalski and Arick P. SabinIntroduction 387Classification and Risk Factors 388Microbiology 389Clinical Features 393Diagnostic Procedures 393Treatment 395Instructive Cases 402References 404Chapter 25 Postoperative Sternal Osteomyelitis 409Parham Sendi, Mihai Constantinescu, and Lars EnglbergerIntroduction 409Risk Factors 410Microbiology 414Clinical Features 414Laboratory Investigation 415Imaging Procedures 417Management 417Instructive Cases 422References 425Index 429