Building Services Engineering

Professor Tarik Al-Shemmeri is an Independent Consultant and a Visiting Lecturer to the School of Chemical Engineering at the University of Birmingham, UK. He has lectured, researched and published many research papers and text books in the area of thermo-fluids, renewable energy, and power generation.Neil Packer is a Chartered Engineer who has taught Mechanical Engineering to students in the Higher Education sector for over 25 years. He has acted as an Energy Consultant on a range of low carbon projects in the UK, mainland Europe, and North Africa.

• Preface xiiiStructure of the Book xvNotation xxi1 Ambient Air11.1 Overview 11.2 Why Ambient Air Is Important? 11.3 Air Composition 21.4 Gas Mixtures 31.5 Air Thermodynamic and Transport Properties 71.6 Important Energy Concepts 121.7 Worked Examples 161.8 Tutorial Problems 212 The Thermodynamics of the Human Machine and Thermal Comfort 252.1 Overview 252.2 Thermal Comfort of Human Beings 262.3 Energy Balance of the Human Body 262.4 Metabolism (M) and Physical Work (W) 272.5 Optimum Comfort Temperature 312.6 Estimation of Thermal Comfort 312.7 Worked Examples 332.8 Tutorial Problems 413 Ventilation 453.1 Overview 453.2 Concentrations, Contaminants, and the Decay Equation 463.3 Natural Ventilation 483.4 Mechanical Ventilation 523.5 Fan Types and Selection 533.6 Duct Sizing and Fan Matching 563.7 Worked Examples 633.8 Tutorial Problems 734 Psychrometry and Air Conditioning 754.1 Overview 754.2 Psychrometric Properties 754.3 The Psychrometric Chart 784.4 Air-Conditioning Processes 804.5 Air-Conditioning Cycles 864.6 Worked Examples 914.7 Tutorial Problems 1035 The Building Envelope 1075.1 Overview 1075.2 Variation in Meteorological Conditions 1075.3 Heat Transfer 1095.4 Solar Irradiation 1135.5 Heat Losses/Gains Across the Envelope 1185.6 Moisture and Air Transfer 1255.7 Internal Heat Gains 1285.8 Worked Examples 1285.9 Tutorial Problems 1396 Refrigeration and Heat Pumps 1436.1 Overview 1436.2 Choice of Refrigerants 1446.3 Heat Pump, Refrigeration, and Vapour Compression Cycles 1476.4 Absorption Refrigeration 1556.5 Adsorption Refrigeration 1596.6 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 1596.7 Reverse Brayton–Air Refrigeration Cycle 1626.8 Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle 1636.9 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 1656.10 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 1666.11 Worked Examples 1676.12 Tutorial Problems 1797 Acoustic Factors 1857.1 Overview 1857.2 The Human Ear 1857.3 SoundWaves 1877.4 Power, Intensity, and Pressure 1907.5 Laws of Sound Combination 1937.6 Sound Propagation 1937.7 Sound Fields 1997.8 Acoustic Pollution or Noise 2017.9 Worked Examples 2037.10 Tutorial Problems 208 8 Visual Factors 2118.1 Overview 2118.2 The Human Eye 2118.3 Light Sources and Receivers 2128.4 Laws of Illumination 2158.5 Lamp Types 2178.6 Luminaires and Directional Control 2228.7 Worked Examples 2268.8 Tutorial Problems 2329 Cleaning the Air 2359.1 Overview 2359.2 Concentration and Exposure 2369.3 Particulate Pollution 2369.4 Principles of Particulate Collection 2409.5 Control Technologies 2429.6 Non-particulate Pollutants 2579.7 Principles of Non-particulate Collection 2599.8 Pressure Drop Considerations 2609.9 Worked Examples 2619.10 Tutorial Problems 26810 Solar Energy Applications 27110.1 Overview 27110.2 Solar Thermal Collector Technologies 27110.3 Solar Electricity 27610.4 Ground-Based Energy Sources 27910.5 Energy Storage 28110.6 Daylighting 28810.7 Worked Examples 28910.8 Tutorial Problems 29711 Measurements and Monitoring 30111.1 Overview 30111.2 Compositional Parameters 30211.3 Physical Parameters 30311.4 Visual and Aural Parameters 31411.5 Utility Measurement and Metering 31511.6 Worked Examples 32111.7 Tutorial Problems 32712 Drivers, Standards, and Methodologies 33112.1 Overview 331Learning Outcomes 33112.2 Compliance Considerations 33212.3 External Certification and Recognition 33612.4 Operational Considerations 33813 Emerging Technologies 34313.1 Overview 34313.2 Smart Ventilation 34313.3 Smart Active Glazing 34413.4 Cooling Technologies 34513.5 Smart Tuneable Acoustic Insulation 35013.6 Smart (Human Centric) Lighting Design 35113.7 Active Botanical Air Filtration 35113.8 Peak Lopping Thermal Mass 35213.9 Smart Batteries 35313.10 Smart Sensors and Meters 35313.11 Smart Microgrids 35513.12 Hydrogen 35614 Closing Remarks 359Appendix A The Psychrometric Chart 361Appendix B Refrigerant Thermodynamic Properties 363Bibliography 367Index 369