Biofuel Cells

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning. Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over 20 book chapters. Mashallah Rezakazemi, PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Tehran (UT) in 2015. In his first appointment, he served as associate professor in the Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Shahrood University of Technology. He has co-authored in more than 140 highly cited journal publications, conference articles and book chapters. He has received numerous major awards and grants from various funding agencies in recognition of his research. Notable among these are Khwarizmi Youth Award from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), and the Outstanding Young Researcher Award in Chemical Engineering from the Academy of Sciences of Iran. He was named a top 1% most Highly Cited Researcher by Web of Science (ESI).

• Preface xvii1 Bioelectrocatalysis for Biofuel Cells 1Casanova-Moreno Jannu, Arjona Noé and Cercado Bibiana1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the Bioelectrocatalysis 21.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis 31.2.1 Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions 31.2.2 Reactions Catalyzed by Microorganisms 81.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst 91.3.1 Immobilization of Enzymes on Electrodes 91.3.2 Preparation of Microbial Bioelectrodes 151.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel Cells 171.4.1 Buckypaper Bioelectrodes for BFCs 201.4.2 Carbon Paper Bioelectrodes for BFCs 211.4.3 Nitrogen-Doped Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs 221.4.4 Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Carbonaceous Materials as Bioelectrodes for BFCs 231.4.5 Flexible Bioelectrodes for Flexible BFCs 241.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena 251.5.1 Enzyme-Electrode Electron Transfer 251.5.2 Microorganism-Electrode Electron Transfer 311.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control 341.6.1 Control of Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis 341.6.2 Microbiological Catalysis Control 351.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis 361.7.1 Biosensors 361.7.2 Microbial Catalyzed CO2 Reduction 37References 392 Novel Innovations in Biofuel Cells 53Muhammet Samet Kilic and Seyda Korkut2.1 Introduction to Biological Fuel Cells 532.1.1 Implantable BFCs 552.1.2 Wearable BFCs 592.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 63Acknowledgment 64References 643 Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications 69Arushi Chauhan and Pramod Avti3.1 Introduction 703.2 Biofuel Cells 723.2.1 Microbial Biofuel Cells 723.2.1.1 Design and Configuration 733.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 753.3.1 Design and Configurations 753.3.2 Factors Affecting 773.4 Mechanism of Electron Transfer 803.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body 813.6 Biomedical Applications 833.6.1 Glucose-Based Biofuels Cells 843.6.2 Pacemakers 853.6.3 Implanted Brain–Machine Interface 863.6.4 Biomarkers 873.7 Limitations 873.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 88References 88Abbreviations 954 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 97Rabisa Zia, Ayesha Taj, Sumaira Younis, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Waheed S. Khan and Sadia Z. Bajwa4.1 Introduction 984.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs 994.3 Enzyme Immobilization Materials 1034.3.1 Physical Adsorption Onto a Solid Surface 1054.3.2 Entrapment in a Matrix 1064.3.3 Sol–Gel Entrapment 1064.3.4 Nanomaterials as Matrices for Enzyme Immobilization 1074.3.5 Covalent Bonding 1094.3.6 Cross-Linking With Bifunctional or Multifunctional Reagents 1104.4 Applications of EBFCs 1114.4.1 Self-Powered Biosensors 1114.4.2 EBFCs Into Implantable Bioelectronics 1114.4.3 EBFCs Powering Portable Devices 1124.5 Challenges 1144.6 Conclusion 116References 1165 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity 123Rustiana Yuliasni, Abudukeremu Kadier, Nanik Indah Setianingsih, Junying Wang, Nani Harihastuti and Peng-Cheng Ma5.1 Introduction 1245.2 Operating Principles of MFC 1255.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs 1265.3.1 Anode Materials 1265.3.2 Cathode Materials 1345.3.3 Substrates or Fed-Stocks 1355.3.4 MFC Cell Configurations 1355.4 Current and Prospective Applications of MFC Technology 1365.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 138Acknowledgement 138References 1386 Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview 145Gayatri Konwar and Debajyoti Mahanta6.1 Introduction 1456.1.1 Working Principle of Fuel Cell 1466.1.2 Types of Fuel Cells 1486.2 Biofuel Cells (BFCs) 1496.2.1 Working Principle 1496.2.1.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 1506.2.1.2 Photomicrobial Fuel Cell 1516.2.1.3 Enzymatic Fuel Cell 1516.2.2 Applications of Biofuel Cells 1526.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell 1536.3.1 Fuel Diversity 1536.3.2 Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells 1546.3.3 Fabrication of Bioelectrodes 1566.3.4 Recent Advances and New Progress for the Development of Flexible Biofuel Cell 1566.3.4.1 Carbon-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells 1576.3.4.2 Textile and Polymer-Based Electrode Materials for Flexible Biofuel Cells 1606.3.4.3 Metal-Based Electrode Materials 1626.3.5 Challenges Faced by Flexible Biofuel Cell 1626.4 Conclusion 164References 1647 Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells 171Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P.List of Abbreviations 1727.1 Introduction 1737.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 1747.2.1 Enzyme-Based Biofuel Cell (EBFC) 1757.2.2 Microbial-Based Biofuel Cells (MBFCs) 1767.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells 1767.3.1 Cellulose-Based Biomass Fuel Cells 1767.3.2 Starch and Glucose-Based Fuel Cells 1777.3.3 Carbon Nanoparticles (NPs) 1787.3.4 Graphite 1797.3.5 Nanographene 1797.3.5.1 N-Doped Graphene 1827.3.6 Carbon Nanotubes 1827.3.6.1 Buckypapers 1877.3.6.2 Hydrogenases 1887.3.6.3 N-Doped CNTs 1897.3.6.4 Biphenylated CNTs 1897.3.7 Nanohorns 1897.3.8 Nanorods 1907.3.9 Carbon Nanofibers 1917.3.10 Nanoballs 1917.3.11 Nanosheets 1927.3.12 Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC) 1927.3.13 Porous Carbon 1927.4 Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 1937.4.1 Living Batteries/Implantable Fuel Cells 1937.4.1.1 Animal In Vivo Implantation 1947.4.1.2 Energy Extraction From Body Fluids 1957.4.2 Energy Extraction From Fruits 1977.5 Conclusion 197References 1988 Glucose Biofuel Cells 219Srijita Basumallick8.1 Introduction 2198.2 Merits of BFC Over FC 2208.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in Glucose Biofuel Cells 2218.4 General Experimental Technique for Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation 2228.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized Working Electrode 2238.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant (ks) 2248.7 Denaturation of Enzymes 2258.8 Conclusions 225Acknowledgments 226References 2269 Photochemical Biofuel Cells 229Mohd Nur Ikhmal Salehmin, Rosmahani Mohd Shah, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed, Ibdal Satar and Siti Mariam Daud9.1 Introduction 2309.1.1 Various Configuration of PBEC-FC 2319.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC) 2339.2.1 Various Configurations of PS-BFC 2349.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC) 2389.4 Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC) 2409.4.1 The Basic Mechanism of Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Reaction 2419.4.2 Photoelectrode-Integrated BFC 2429.4.3 Various Configuration of PE-BFC 2439.4.4 Materials Used in PE-BFC 2459.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their Performance From PEC-BFC 2479.5.1 Hydrogen Generation 2479.5.2 Contaminants Removal and Waste Remediation 2499.5.3 Sustainable Power Generation 2519.6 Conclusion 252References 25310 Engineering Architectures for Biofuel Cells 261Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P.Abbreviations 26110.1 Introduction 26310.1.1 Biofuel Cell 26310.1.2 General Configuration of a Biofuel Cell 26310.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones 26410.3 Attractiveness 26610.3.1 Biological Sensors 26610.3.2 Implantable Medical Devices 26710.3.2.1 Invertebrates 26810.3.2.2 Vertebrates 26910.3.3 Electronics 26910.3.4 Building Materials 27010.4 Architecture 27010.4.1 Fabrication and Design 27010.4.1.1 Modeling 27110.4.1.2 Sol–Gel Encapsulation 27210.4.1.3 3D Electrode Architecture 27210.4.1.4 Multi-Enzyme Systems (Enzyme Cascades) 27310.4.1.5 Linear Cascades 27310.4.1.6 Cyclic Cascades 27410.4.1.7 Parallel Cascades 27410.4.1.8 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) 27410.4.2 Single Compartment Layout 27510.4.3 Two-Compartment Layout 27510.4.4 Mechanisms 27510.4.4.1 Direct Electron Transfer 27510.4.4.2 Mediated Electron Transfer 27610.4.5 Materials 27710.4.5.1 Carbon Nanomaterials 27710.4.5.2 H2/O2 Biofuel Cells 27710.4.5.3 Hydrogenases 27810.4.5.4 Fungal Cellulases 27910.4.6 Characterization 27910.4.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 27910.4.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 27910.4.6.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 28010.4.6.4 Fluorescence Microscopy 28010.4.7 Metagenomic Techniques 28010.4.7.1 Pre-Treatment of Environmental Samples 28110.4.7.2 Nucleic Acid Extraction 28110.4.8 Integrated Devices 28210.5 Issues and Perspectives 28210.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural Engineering 28310.7 Conclusions 283References 28411 Biofuel Cells for Commercial Applications 299Mohan Kumar Anand Raj, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Moganapriya Chinnasamy and Sathish Kumar PalaniappanAbbreviations 29911.1 Introduction 30011.1.1 History of Biofuel Cell 30011.2 Classification of Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement 30311.2.1 Process of Electron Shift From Response Site to Electrode 30311.2.2 Bioelectrochemical Cells Including an Entire Organism 30311.2.3 Entire Organism Product Biofuel Cells Producing Hydrogen Gas 30411.2.4 Entire Organism Non-Diffusive Biofuel Cells 30511.3 Application of Biofuel Cells 30711.3.1 Micro- and Nanotechnology 30811.3.2 Self-Powered Biofuel Sensor 30911.3.3 Switchable Biofuel Cells and Logic Gates 31011.3.4 Microbial Energy Production 31011.3.5 Transport and Energy Generation 31111.3.6 Infixable Power Sources 31211.3.7 Aqua Treatment 31211.3.8 Robots 31211.4 Conclusion 312References 31312 Development of Suitable Cathode Catalyst for Biofuel Cells 317Mehak Munjal, Deepak Kumar Yadav, Raj Kishore Sharma and Gurmeet Singh12.1 Introduction 31712.2 Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction 32112.3 Techniques for Evaluating ORR Catalyst 32212.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs 32612.5 Chemical Catalyst 32712.5.1 Metals-Based Catalyst 32712.5.1.1 Metals and Alloys 32712.5.1.2 Metal Oxide 32812.5.2 Carbon Materials 33112.6 Microbial Catalyst 33212.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell 33312.8 Conclusion 334Acknowledgements 335References 33513 Biofuel Cells for Water Desalination 345Somakraj Banerjee, Ranjana Das and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee13.1 Introduction 34513.2 Biofuel Cell 34713.2.1 Basic Mechanism 34713.2.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 34813.2.2.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cell 34913.2.2.2 Microbial Fuel Cell 34913.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial Desalination Cell 35013.3.1 Working Mechanism 35113.3.2 Microbial Desalination Cell Configurations 35313.3.2.1 Air Cathode MDC 35313.3.2.2 Biocathode MDC 35413.3.2.3 Stacked MDC (sMDC) 35513.3.2.4 Recirculation MDC (rMDC) 35713.3.2.5 Microbial Electrolysis Desalination and Chemical Production Cell (MEDCC) 35813.3.2.6 Capacitive MDC (cMDC) 35913.3.2.7 Upflow MDC (UMDC) 36013.3.2.8 Osmotic MDC (OMDC) 36113.3.2.9 Bipolar Membrane Microbial Desalination Cell 36213.3.2.10 Decoupled MDC 36313.3.2.11 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation MDC (c‐SMDC‐S) 36413.3.2.12 Ion-Exchange Resin Coupled Microbial Desalination Cell 36513.4 Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells 36613.4.1 Effect of External Resistance 36613.4.2 Effect of Internal Resistance 36713.4.3 Effect of pH 36713.4.4 Effect of Microorganisms 36813.4.5 Effect of Operating Conditions 36913.4.6 Effect of Membrane Scaling and Fouling 37013.4.7 Effect of Desalinated Water Contamination 37013.5 Current Challenges and Further Prospects 370Acknowledgment 371References 37214 Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells 377Naila Yamin, Wajeeha Khalid, Muhammad Altaf, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Munazza Shahid and Amna Zulfiqar14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell 37814.2 Types 37814.2.1 Fuel Cells 37814.2.1.1 Conventional Fuel Cell (FC) 37814.2.1.2 History 37814.2.1.3 Principle of FC 38014.2.1.4 Construction/Designs 38014.2.1.5 Stacking of Fuel Cell 38314.2.1.6 Importance of Conventional FC 38414.2.2 Types of FC 38414.2.2.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 38514.2.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 38614.2.2.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 38814.2.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 38914.2.2.5 Alkaline FC (AFC) 39014.2.2.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 39114.2.3 Advantages of Fuel Cells 39414.2.3.1 Efficiency 39414.2.3.2 Low Emissions 39414.2.3.3 Noiseless 39414.2.4 Applications 39414.3 Biofuel Cells 39514.3.1 Introduction 39514.3.2 Categories of Biofuel 39514.3.2.1 First-Generation Biofuel 39514.3.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuel 39914.3.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuel 39914.3.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuel 39914.3.3 Advantages of Biofuels 39914.4 Types of Biofuel Cells 39914.4.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 39914.4.1.1 Basic Principles of MFC 40114.4.1.2 Types of MFCs 40314.4.1.3 Mechanism of Electron Transfer 40414.4.1.4 Uses of MFCs 40514.4.1.5 Advantages of MFCs 40614.4.1.6 Disadvantage of MFCs 40714.4.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells (EBCs) 40714.4.2.1 Principle/Mechanism 40714.4.2.2 Working of EBCs 40714.4.2.3 Immobilization of an Enzyme 40814.4.3 Glucose Biofuel Cells (GBFCs) 40914.4.4 Photochemical Biofuel Cell 41114.4.5 Flexible or Stretchable Biofuel Cell 41214.5 Conclusion 413References 41315 State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability 423Biswajit Debnath, Moumita Sardar, Khushbu K. Birawat, Indrashis Saha and Ankita Das15.1 Introduction 42315.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells 42515.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 42915.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells 43215.5 Fuels for Biofuel Cells 43415.6 Roadmap to Sustainability 43415.7 Conclusion and Future Direction 438Acknowledgement 439References 43916 Anodes for Biofuel Cells 449Naveen Patel, Dibyajyoti Mukherjee, Ishu Vansal, Rama Pati Mishra and Vinod Kumar Chaudhary16.1 Introduction 45016.2 Anode Material Properties 45116.3 Anode 45216.3.1 Non-Carbon Anode Materials 45216.3.2 Carbon Anode Materials 45316.4 Anode Modification 45316.4.1 Anode Modification With Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 45316.4.2 Graphite-Based Material for Anode Electrode Modification 45416.4.3 Anode Modification With Nanocomposite of Metal Oxides 45416.4.4 Anode Modification With Conducting Polymer 45516.4.5 Chemical and Electrochemical Anode Modifications 45616.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives 45616.6 Conclusion 457Acknowledgements 457References 45717 Applications of Biofuel Cells 465Joel Joseph, Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy, Ashish Kapoor and Prabhakar Sivaraman17.1 Introduction 46517.2 Fuel Cell 46717.3 Biofuel Cells 46817.3.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell 46917.3.1.1 At Anode Chamber 47017.3.1.2 At Cathode Chamber 47117.3.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell 47117.3.3 Mammalian Biofuel Cell 47217.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell 47317.4.1 Implantable Biofuel Cell for Pacemakers or Artificial Urinary Sphincter 47317.4.2 Implantable Medical Devices Powered by Mammalian Biofuel Cells 47417.4.3 Medical Devices Using PEM Fuel Cell 47517.4.4 Implantable Brain Machine Interface Using Glucose Fuel Cell 47517.5 Single Compartment EBFCs 47617.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell 47617.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy Source 47717.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters 47717.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail 47717.10 Application of Biofuel Cell 47817.11 Conclusion 479References 479Index 483