Victoria L. Black is an RCVS and European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine at Langford Vets, Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol, UK. Kathryn F. Murphy is a Fellow of the RCVS and an RCVS and European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine at Rowe Referrals, Bristol, UK. Jessie Rose Payne is an RCVS and ACVIM Specialist in Veterinary Cardiology at Langford Vets, Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol, UK. Edward J. Hall is a Fellow of the RCVS, an RCVS and European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine, and Emeritus Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

• Preface xviiAcknowledgements xixUsing this book xxiCommonly used abbreviations xxiiSection 1Presenting Complaints 11.1 Abortion 31.2 Alopecia 41.3 Altered behaviour 71.4 Altered consciousness 101.5 Anorexia/hyporexia/inappetence 121.6 Anosmia 141.7 Anuria/oliguria 151.8 Ataxia 171.9 Bleeding 191.10 Blindness 211.11 Constipation 231.12 Corneal opacity 251.13 Coughing 261.14 Deafness 291.15 Diarrhoea 301.15.1 Acute diarrhoea 311.15.2 Chronic diarrhoea 341.16 Drooling 381.17 Dysphagia 391.18 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea 411.19 Dysuria 441.20 Dystocia 461.21 Epistaxis 481.22 Exercise intolerance 491.23 Faecal incontinence 511.24 Flatulence/borborygmi 521.25 Haematemesis 541.26 Haematochezia 551.27 Haematuria and discoloured urine 571.28 Haemoptysis 601.29 Halitosis 611.30 Head tilt 621.31 Melaena 641.32 Nasal discharge 661.33 Nystagmus 671.34 Paresis/paralysis 691.35 Perinatal death 701.36 Polyphagia 721.37 Polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) 731.38 Preputial discharge 771.39 Pruritus 781.40 Red eye (and pink eye) 801.41 Regurgitation 811.42 Seizures 841.43 Sneezing 861.44 Stiffness, joint swelling and generalised lameness 871.45 Stunting 891.46 Tenesmus and dyschezia 911.47 Tremors 921.48 Urinary incontinence 941.49 Vomiting 961.50 Vulval discharge 981.51 Weakness, collapse and syncope 1001.52 Weight gain/obesity 1041.53 Weight loss 105Section 2Physical Abnormalities 1092.1 Abdominal enlargement 1112.2 Abdominal masses 1132.3 Abnormal lung sounds 1152.4 Arrhythmias 1182.5 Ascites 1212.6 Cyanosis 1242.7 Eye lesions 1262.8 Hepatomegaly 1292.9 Horner’s syndrome 1312.10 Hypertension 1332.11 Hypotension 1342.12 Hypothermia 1352.13 Icterus/jaundice 1362.14 Lymphadenopathy 1392.15 Murmur 1402.16 Oral masses 1412.17 Pain 1422.17.1 Abdominal pain 1422.17.2 Generalised pain 1462.18 Pallor 1472.19 Perineal lesions 1482.20 Peripheral oedema 1492.21 Pleural effusion 1512.22 Pneumothorax 1542.23 Prostatomegaly 1542.24 Pulse abnormalities156 2.25 Pyrexia and hyperthermia 1582.26 Skin lesions 1602.27 Skin pigmentation changes 1672.28 Splenomegaly 1692.29 Stomatitis 1712.30 Stridor and stertor 172Section 3Laboratory Abnormalities 1753a Biochemical tests 1773.1 Acid–base 1773.2 Ammonia 1783.3 Amylase and lipase 1793.4 Azotaemia 1803.5 Bile acids 1813.6 Bilirubin 1823.7 Calcium 1823.7.1 Hypercalcaemia 1823.7.2 Hypocalcaemia 1833.8 Cardiac biomarkers 1843.8.1 N- terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) 1843.8.2 Troponin I 1853.9 Chloride 1863.9.1 Hyperchloraemia 1863.9.2 Hypochloraemia 1863.10 Cobalamin 1873.11 Cortisol (basal) 1883.12 Creatine kinase 1893.13 Creatinine 1893.14 C- reactive protein (CRP)190 3.15 Folate 1913.16 Fructosamine 1913.17 Glucose 1923.17.1 Hyperglycaemia 1923.17.2 Hypoglycaemia 1933.18 Iron profile 1943.19 Lipids 1953.19.1 Hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia 1953.19.2 Hypocholesterolaemia 1963.20 Liver enzymes 1963.20.1 Hepatocellular marker enzymes 1963.20.1A Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)1973.20.1B Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)197 3.20.1C Other hepatocellular enzymes 1973.20.2 Cholestatic marker enzymes 1973.20.2A Alkaline phosphatase (ALP or ALKP)1983.20.2B Gamma- glutamyl transferase (GGT)1983.21 Pancreatic lipase (cPL)198 3.22 Phosphate 1993.22.1 Hyperphosphataemia 1993.22.2 Hypophosphataemia 2003.23 Potassium 2003.23.1 Hyperkalaemia 2003.23.2 Hypokalaemia 2013.24 Sodium 2023.24.1 Hypernatraemia 2023.24.2 Hyponatraemia 2023.25 Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)203 3.26 Thyroid hormone 2043.27 Total protein (albumin and globulin) 2063.27.1 Hyperproteinaemia 2063.27.1A Hyperalbuminaemia 2063.27.1B Hyperglobulinaemia 2063.27.2 Hypoproteinaemia 2073.27.2A Hypoalbuminaemia 2073.27.2B Hypoglobulinaemia 2073.28 Trypsin- like immunoreactivity (TLI)208 3.29 Urea 2083b Haematology 2103.30 Red blood cells (RBCs)210 3.30.1 Anaemia 2103.30.2 Erythrocytosis 2133.31 Platelets 2143.31.1 Thrombocytopenia 2143.31.2 Thrombocytosis 2153.32 White blood cells (WBCs)216 3.32.1 Leukocytosis 2163.32.2 Leukopenia 2173.33 Pancytopenia 2183c Urinalysis 2193.34 Biochemical analysis 2193.34.1 Protein 2193.34.2 Bilirubin 2193.34.3 Glucose 2193.34.4 Haem 2203.34.5 Ketones 2203.35 Sediment 2203.35.1 Red blood cells 2203.35.2 White blood cells 2203.35.3 Epithelial cells 2213.35.4 Crystals 2213.35.5 Tubular casts 2213.35.6 Waxy cast 2213.36 Urine protein: creatinine (UPC) ratio 2213.37 Urine specific gravity (USG)222Section 4Imaging Patterns 2234.1 Abdomen 2254.1.1 Radiography 2254.1.1A Abdominal enlargement and mass(es) 2254.1.1b Calcification (bone/mineral density) 2254.1.1c Extra- intestinal gas 2284.1.1D Gas dilation of GI tract229 4.1.1e Loss of contrast/peritoneal detail/serosal detail 2304.1.1f Metal densities 2304.1.1G Organ displacement 2314.1.1H Organomegaly or change in shape 2314.1.2 Ultrasound 2324.1.2A Free abdominal fluid 2324.1.2b Lymphadenopathy – mesenteric/inguinal/sublumbar 2324.2 Bone 2344.2.1 Bone deformities 2344.2.2 Bone density changes 2344.2.2A Decreased bone density (osteopenia) 2344.2.2b Increased bone density 2354.2.3 Bone lucencies and proliferative lesions 2364.3 Thorax 2394.3.1 Alveolar pattern 2394.3.2 Bronchial pattern 2394.3.3 Changes in cardiac outline and pulmonary vasculature 2404.3.4 Interstitial pattern 2444.3.5 Loss of detail 245Section 5Organ Systems 2475.1 Alimentary system 2495.1.1 Oropharynx 2525.1.1A Craniomandibular osteopathy 2525.1.1b Cricopharyneal achalasia 2535.1.1C Masticatory myositis 2535.1.1D Oral neoplasia 2545.1.1e Stomatitis 2555.1.2 Salivary glands 2555.1.2A Hypersialosis/salivary gland infarction/sialoadenitis 2565.1.3 Oesophagus 2565.1.3A Foreign body 2575.1.3b Megaoesophagus (MO) 2585.1.3C Oesophagitis 2615.1.3D Sliding hiatal hernia 2625.1.3e Stricture 2635.1.4 Stomach 2645.1.4A Acute gastritis 2655.1.4b Chronic gastritis 2675.1.4C Gastric carcinoma 2685.1.4D Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) 2695.1.4e Delayed gastric emptying 2705.1.4f Gastric ulcer 2725.1.5 Small intestine 2735.1.5.1 Acute small intestinal diseases 2745.1.5.1A Acute enteritis 2755.1.5.1b Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS)/ haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) 2765.1.5.1C Bacterial enteritis 2775.1.5.1D Parvovirosis 2785.1.5.1e Small intestinal obstruction 2805.1.5.2 Chronic small intestinal diseases 2815.1.5.2A Alimentary lymphoma (AL) 2825.1.5.2b Antibiotic-responsive diarrhoea (ARD) 2835.1.5.2C Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) 2855.1.5.2D Dietary sensitivity 2875.1.5.2e Intestinal parasitism 2885.1.5.2f Intestinal protozoal infections 2915.1.5.2G Lymphangiectasia 2925.1.6 Large intestine 2935.1.6A Acute colitis 2945.1.6b Chronic colitis 2955.1.6C Constipation 2975.1.6D Granulomatous (histiocytic ulcerative) colitis 2985.1.6e Large intestinal neoplasia 2985.1.7 Pancreas 2995.1.7A Acute pancreatitis 3005.1.7b Chronic pancreatitis 3025.1.7C Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) 3035.2 Cardiovascular system 3055.2.1 Acquired cardiac diseases 3105.2.1A Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) 3105.2.1b Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) 3115.2.1C Heartworm disease/dirofilariasis 3145.2.1D Myxomatous mitral valve disease 3165.2.2 Congenital cardiac diseases 3185.2.2A Aortic stenosis 3185.2.2b Mitral valve dysplasia 3195.2.2C Patent ductus arteriosus 3215.2.2D Pulmonic stenosis 3225.2.2e Tetralogy of fallot 3245.2.2f Tricuspid dysplasia 3255.2.2G Ventricular septal defect 3265.2.3 Congestive heart failure (CHF) 3285.2.3A Left-sided congestive heart failure 3305.2.3b Right-sided congestive heart failure 3315.2.4 Arrhythmias 3325.2.4.1 Bradyarrhythmias 3335.2.4.1A Atrial standstill 3335.2.4.1b Atrioventricular (AV) block 3335.2.4.1C Sinus bradycardia 3365.2.4.1D Sinus arrest 3365.2.4.1e Sick sinus syndrome 3365.2.4.2 Tachyarrhythmias 3375.2.4.2A Sinus tachycardia 3375.2.4.2b Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias 3385.2.4.2C Ventricular tachyarrhythmias 3405.2.5 Pericardial diseases 3435.2.5.A Pericardial effusion 3435.2.5.B Peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) 3465.3 Endocrine system 3475.3.1 Diabetes insipidus (DI) 3475.3.2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) 3505.3.3 Growth hormone disorders 3545.3.3A Acromegaly (hypersomatotropism) 3545.3.3b Pituitary dwarfism 3555.3.4 Adrenal gland disorders 3565.3.4A Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) 3565.3.4b Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) 3605.3.5 Hypothyroidism 3645.3.6 Insulinoma 3675.3.7 Parathyroid diseases 3685.3.7A Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) 3685.3.7b Hypoparathyroidism 3695.4 Haemopoietic system 3715.4.1 Anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3715.4.2 Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) 3735.4.3 Iron-deficiency anaemia 3775.4.4 Lymphoid leukaemia 3785.4.5 Other haemopoietic neoplasms 3795.4.6 Leukopenia 3805.4.7 Thrombosis 3805.5 Haemostatic system 3835.5.1 Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning 3865.5.2 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 3885.5.3 Factor VIII deficiency (haemophilia A) 3905.5.4 Hyperfibrinolysis 3915.5.5 Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP) 3925.5.6 von Willebrand disease 3935.5.7 Vasculitis 3955.6 Hepatobiliary system 3975.6.1 Chronic hepatitis (CH)/cirrhosis 3995.6.2 Cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis 4005.6.3 Cholecystitis 4015.6.4 Congenital porto-systemic shunt (PSS) 4025.6.5 Copper-associated chronic hepatitis 4045.6.6 Extra-hepatic bile duct obstruction (EHBDO) 4045.6.7 Gall bladder mucocoele 4055.6.8 Hepatic neoplasia 4075.6.9 Infectious canine hepatitis 4085.6.10 Nodular hyperplasia 4085.6.11 Portal vein hypoplasia (PVH) 4095.6.11A Microvascular dysplasia (MVD) 4095.6.11b Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension/juvenile hepatic fibrosis 4105.6.12 Steroid hepatopathy 4105.6.13 Vacuolar/reactive hepatopathy 4115.7 Immune system 4135.7.1 (Auto)immune-mediated disorders 4145.7.1.1 Immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) 4145.7.1.2 Immunodeficiency 4155.7.1.2A Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) 4165.7.1.2B Cyclic haematopoiesis (cyclic neutropenia) 4165.7.1.2C Hereditary selective cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome) 4175.7.1.2D Immunoglobulin deficiency 4175.7.1.2E Trapped neutrophil syndrome 4185.7.1.3 Lymphadenitis 4185.7.1.4 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 4205.7.2 Neoplasia of immune cells 4205.7.2.1 Lymphoma 4205.7.2.2 Mast cell tumour (MCT) 4225.7.2.3 Multiple myeloma 4245.7.2.4 Thymoma 4245.8 Neurological system 4275.8.1 Cerebrovascular disease 4295.8.2 Corticosteroid-responsive tremor syndrome 4305.8.3 Hydrocephalus 4315.8.4 Idiopathic epilepsy 4315.8.5 Idiopathic head tremor 4335.8.6 Idiopathic vestibular disease 4345.8.7 Infectious diseases affecting the nervous system 4355.8.8 Movement disorders 4365.8.9 Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) 4375.8.10 Myasthenia gravis (MG) 4385.8.11 Neoplasia of the neurological system 4395.8.12 Polyradiculoneuritis 4415.8.13 Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) 4425.9 Reproductive system 4455.9.1 Mammary gland disease 4455.9.1a Mastitis 4465.9.1b Mammary neoplasia 4465.9.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome 4475.9.3 Prostatic disease 4485.9.4 Pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) 4495.9.5 Pyometra 4505.9.6 Testicular neoplasia 4515.9.7 Vaginitis 4525.10 Respiratory system 4555.10.1 Nasal disorders 4575.10.1A Chronic idiopathic rhinitis 4575.10.1b Sinonasal aspergillosis (fungal rhinitis) 4585.10.2 Upper-airway disorders 4595.10.2A Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) 4595.10.2b Infectious tracheobronchitis 4605.10.2C Laryngeal paralysis 4615.10.2D Tracheal collapse 4625.10.2e Tracheobronchial foreign body 4645.10.3 Lower-airway disorders 4645.10.3A Chronic bronchitis 4655.10.3b Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy 4655.10.3C Lungworm (Angiostronglylus vasorum)466 5.10.4 Pulmonary parenchymal disease 4685.10.4A Pneumonia 4685.10.4b Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema 4695.10.4C Pulmonary fibrosis 4705.10.4D Pulmonary neoplasia 4715.10.5 Pleural space disease 4735.10.5A Idiopathic chylothorax 4735.10.5b Pneumothorax 4745.10.5C Pyothorax 4755.11 Systemic infections 4775.11.1 Anaplasmosis 4795.11.2 Babesiosis 4805.11.3 Borreliosis (Lyme Disease) 4815.11.4 Brucellosis 4825.11.5 Distemper 4845.11.6 Ehrlichiosis 4855.11.7 Hepatozoonosis 4865.11.8 Leishmaniosis 4875.11.9 Leptospirosis 4895.11.10 Neosporosis 4915.11.11 Rabies 4925.11.12 Toxoplasmosis 4935.12 Urinary system 4955.12.1 Kidney diseases 4955.12.1A Acute kidney injury 4975.12.1b Chronic kidney disease 4995.12.1C Glomerular disorders 5015.12.1D Pyelonephritis 5035.12.1e Renal tubular disorders 5045.12.2 Lower urinary tract diseases 5065.12.2A Functional disorders of urination 5075.12.2b Neoplasia of the urinary system 5085.12.2C Urethritis 5095.12.2D Urinary tract infection (UTI) 5105.12.2e Urolithiasis 511Abbreviations 513Index 519

Victoria L. Black is an RCVS and European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine at Langford Vets, Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol, UK. Kathryn F. Murphy is a Fellow of the RCVS and an RCVS and European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine at Rowe Referrals, Bristol, UK. Jessie Rose Payne is an RCVS and ACVIM Specialist in Veterinary Cardiology at Langford Vets, Bristol Veterinary School, Bristol, UK. Edward J. Hall is a Fellow of the RCVS, an RCVS and European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine, and Emeritus Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

• Preface xviiAcknowledgements xixUsing this book xxiCommonly used abbreviations xxiiSection 1Presenting Complaints 11.1 Abortion 31.2 Alopecia 41.3 Altered behaviour 71.4 Altered consciousness 101.5 Anorexia/hyporexia/inappetence 121.6 Anosmia 141.7 Anuria/oliguria 151.8 Ataxia 171.9 Bleeding 191.10 Blindness 211.11 Constipation 231.12 Corneal opacity 251.13 Coughing 261.14 Deafness 291.15 Diarrhoea 301.15.1 Acute diarrhoea 311.15.2 Chronic diarrhoea 341.16 Drooling 381.17 Dysphagia 391.18 Dyspnoea/tachypnoea 411.19 Dysuria 441.20 Dystocia 461.21 Epistaxis 481.22 Exercise intolerance 491.23 Faecal incontinence 511.24 Flatulence/borborygmi 521.25 Haematemesis 541.26 Haematochezia 551.27 Haematuria and discoloured urine 571.28 Haemoptysis 601.29 Halitosis 611.30 Head tilt 621.31 Melaena 641.32 Nasal discharge 661.33 Nystagmus 671.34 Paresis/paralysis 691.35 Perinatal death 701.36 Polyphagia 721.37 Polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) 731.38 Preputial discharge 771.39 Pruritus 781.40 Red eye (and pink eye) 801.41 Regurgitation 811.42 Seizures 841.43 Sneezing 861.44 Stiffness, joint swelling and generalised lameness 871.45 Stunting 891.46 Tenesmus and dyschezia 911.47 Tremors 921.48 Urinary incontinence 941.49 Vomiting 961.50 Vulval discharge 981.51 Weakness, collapse and syncope 1001.52 Weight gain/obesity 1041.53 Weight loss 105Section 2Physical Abnormalities 1092.1 Abdominal enlargement 1112.2 Abdominal masses 1132.3 Abnormal lung sounds 1152.4 Arrhythmias 1182.5 Ascites 1212.6 Cyanosis 1242.7 Eye lesions 1262.8 Hepatomegaly 1292.9 Horner’s syndrome 1312.10 Hypertension 1332.11 Hypotension 1342.12 Hypothermia 1352.13 Icterus/jaundice 1362.14 Lymphadenopathy 1392.15 Murmur 1402.16 Oral masses 1412.17 Pain 1422.17.1 Abdominal pain 1422.17.2 Generalised pain 1462.18 Pallor 1472.19 Perineal lesions 1482.20 Peripheral oedema 1492.21 Pleural effusion 1512.22 Pneumothorax 1542.23 Prostatomegaly 1542.24 Pulse abnormalities156 2.25 Pyrexia and hyperthermia 1582.26 Skin lesions 1602.27 Skin pigmentation changes 1672.28 Splenomegaly 1692.29 Stomatitis 1712.30 Stridor and stertor 172Section 3Laboratory Abnormalities 1753a Biochemical tests 1773.1 Acid–base 1773.2 Ammonia 1783.3 Amylase and lipase 1793.4 Azotaemia 1803.5 Bile acids 1813.6 Bilirubin 1823.7 Calcium 1823.7.1 Hypercalcaemia 1823.7.2 Hypocalcaemia 1833.8 Cardiac biomarkers 1843.8.1 N- terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) 1843.8.2 Troponin I 1853.9 Chloride 1863.9.1 Hyperchloraemia 1863.9.2 Hypochloraemia 1863.10 Cobalamin 1873.11 Cortisol (basal) 1883.12 Creatine kinase 1893.13 Creatinine 1893.14 C- reactive protein (CRP)190 3.15 Folate 1913.16 Fructosamine 1913.17 Glucose 1923.17.1 Hyperglycaemia 1923.17.2 Hypoglycaemia 1933.18 Iron profile 1943.19 Lipids 1953.19.1 Hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia 1953.19.2 Hypocholesterolaemia 1963.20 Liver enzymes 1963.20.1 Hepatocellular marker enzymes 1963.20.1A Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)1973.20.1B Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)197 3.20.1C Other hepatocellular enzymes 1973.20.2 Cholestatic marker enzymes 1973.20.2A Alkaline phosphatase (ALP or ALKP)1983.20.2B Gamma- glutamyl transferase (GGT)1983.21 Pancreatic lipase (cPL)198 3.22 Phosphate 1993.22.1 Hyperphosphataemia 1993.22.2 Hypophosphataemia 2003.23 Potassium 2003.23.1 Hyperkalaemia 2003.23.2 Hypokalaemia 2013.24 Sodium 2023.24.1 Hypernatraemia 2023.24.2 Hyponatraemia 2023.25 Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)203 3.26 Thyroid hormone 2043.27 Total protein (albumin and globulin) 2063.27.1 Hyperproteinaemia 2063.27.1A Hyperalbuminaemia 2063.27.1B Hyperglobulinaemia 2063.27.2 Hypoproteinaemia 2073.27.2A Hypoalbuminaemia 2073.27.2B Hypoglobulinaemia 2073.28 Trypsin- like immunoreactivity (TLI)208 3.29 Urea 2083b Haematology 2103.30 Red blood cells (RBCs)210 3.30.1 Anaemia 2103.30.2 Erythrocytosis 2133.31 Platelets 2143.31.1 Thrombocytopenia 2143.31.2 Thrombocytosis 2153.32 White blood cells (WBCs)216 3.32.1 Leukocytosis 2163.32.2 Leukopenia 2173.33 Pancytopenia 2183c Urinalysis 2193.34 Biochemical analysis 2193.34.1 Protein 2193.34.2 Bilirubin 2193.34.3 Glucose 2193.34.4 Haem 2203.34.5 Ketones 2203.35 Sediment 2203.35.1 Red blood cells 2203.35.2 White blood cells 2203.35.3 Epithelial cells 2213.35.4 Crystals 2213.35.5 Tubular casts 2213.35.6 Waxy cast 2213.36 Urine protein: creatinine (UPC) ratio 2213.37 Urine specific gravity (USG)222Section 4Imaging Patterns 2234.1 Abdomen 2254.1.1 Radiography 2254.1.1A Abdominal enlargement and mass(es) 2254.1.1b Calcification (bone/mineral density) 2254.1.1c Extra- intestinal gas 2284.1.1D Gas dilation of GI tract229 4.1.1e Loss of contrast/peritoneal detail/serosal detail 2304.1.1f Metal densities 2304.1.1G Organ displacement 2314.1.1H Organomegaly or change in shape 2314.1.2 Ultrasound 2324.1.2A Free abdominal fluid 2324.1.2b Lymphadenopathy – mesenteric/inguinal/sublumbar 2324.2 Bone 2344.2.1 Bone deformities 2344.2.2 Bone density changes 2344.2.2A Decreased bone density (osteopenia) 2344.2.2b Increased bone density 2354.2.3 Bone lucencies and proliferative lesions 2364.3 Thorax 2394.3.1 Alveolar pattern 2394.3.2 Bronchial pattern 2394.3.3 Changes in cardiac outline and pulmonary vasculature 2404.3.4 Interstitial pattern 2444.3.5 Loss of detail 245Section 5Organ Systems 2475.1 Alimentary system 2495.1.1 Oropharynx 2525.1.1A Craniomandibular osteopathy 2525.1.1b Cricopharyneal achalasia 2535.1.1C Masticatory myositis 2535.1.1D Oral neoplasia 2545.1.1e Stomatitis 2555.1.2 Salivary glands 2555.1.2A Hypersialosis/salivary gland infarction/sialoadenitis 2565.1.3 Oesophagus 2565.1.3A Foreign body 2575.1.3b Megaoesophagus (MO) 2585.1.3C Oesophagitis 2615.1.3D Sliding hiatal hernia 2625.1.3e Stricture 2635.1.4 Stomach 2645.1.4A Acute gastritis 2655.1.4b Chronic gastritis 2675.1.4C Gastric carcinoma 2685.1.4D Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) 2695.1.4e Delayed gastric emptying 2705.1.4f Gastric ulcer 2725.1.5 Small intestine 2735.1.5.1 Acute small intestinal diseases 2745.1.5.1A Acute enteritis 2755.1.5.1b Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS)/ haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) 2765.1.5.1C Bacterial enteritis 2775.1.5.1D Parvovirosis 2785.1.5.1e Small intestinal obstruction 2805.1.5.2 Chronic small intestinal diseases 2815.1.5.2A Alimentary lymphoma (AL) 2825.1.5.2b Antibiotic-responsive diarrhoea (ARD) 2835.1.5.2C Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) 2855.1.5.2D Dietary sensitivity 2875.1.5.2e Intestinal parasitism 2885.1.5.2f Intestinal protozoal infections 2915.1.5.2G Lymphangiectasia 2925.1.6 Large intestine 2935.1.6A Acute colitis 2945.1.6b Chronic colitis 2955.1.6C Constipation 2975.1.6D Granulomatous (histiocytic ulcerative) colitis 2985.1.6e Large intestinal neoplasia 2985.1.7 Pancreas 2995.1.7A Acute pancreatitis 3005.1.7b Chronic pancreatitis 3025.1.7C Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) 3035.2 Cardiovascular system 3055.2.1 Acquired cardiac diseases 3105.2.1A Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) 3105.2.1b Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) 3115.2.1C Heartworm disease/dirofilariasis 3145.2.1D Myxomatous mitral valve disease 3165.2.2 Congenital cardiac diseases 3185.2.2A Aortic stenosis 3185.2.2b Mitral valve dysplasia 3195.2.2C Patent ductus arteriosus 3215.2.2D Pulmonic stenosis 3225.2.2e Tetralogy of fallot 3245.2.2f Tricuspid dysplasia 3255.2.2G Ventricular septal defect 3265.2.3 Congestive heart failure (CHF) 3285.2.3A Left-sided congestive heart failure 3305.2.3b Right-sided congestive heart failure 3315.2.4 Arrhythmias 3325.2.4.1 Bradyarrhythmias 3335.2.4.1A Atrial standstill 3335.2.4.1b Atrioventricular (AV) block 3335.2.4.1C Sinus bradycardia 3365.2.4.1D Sinus arrest 3365.2.4.1e Sick sinus syndrome 3365.2.4.2 Tachyarrhythmias 3375.2.4.2A Sinus tachycardia 3375.2.4.2b Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias 3385.2.4.2C Ventricular tachyarrhythmias 3405.2.5 Pericardial diseases 3435.2.5.A Pericardial effusion 3435.2.5.B Peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) 3465.3 Endocrine system 3475.3.1 Diabetes insipidus (DI) 3475.3.2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) 3505.3.3 Growth hormone disorders 3545.3.3A Acromegaly (hypersomatotropism) 3545.3.3b Pituitary dwarfism 3555.3.4 Adrenal gland disorders 3565.3.4A Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) 3565.3.4b Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) 3605.3.5 Hypothyroidism 3645.3.6 Insulinoma 3675.3.7 Parathyroid diseases 3685.3.7A Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) 3685.3.7b Hypoparathyroidism 3695.4 Haemopoietic system 3715.4.1 Anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3715.4.2 Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) 3735.4.3 Iron-deficiency anaemia 3775.4.4 Lymphoid leukaemia 3785.4.5 Other haemopoietic neoplasms 3795.4.6 Leukopenia 3805.4.7 Thrombosis 3805.5 Haemostatic system 3835.5.1 Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning 3865.5.2 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 3885.5.3 Factor VIII deficiency (haemophilia A) 3905.5.4 Hyperfibrinolysis 3915.5.5 Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMTP) 3925.5.6 von Willebrand disease 3935.5.7 Vasculitis 3955.6 Hepatobiliary system 3975.6.1 Chronic hepatitis (CH)/cirrhosis 3995.6.2 Cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis 4005.6.3 Cholecystitis 4015.6.4 Congenital porto-systemic shunt (PSS) 4025.6.5 Copper-associated chronic hepatitis 4045.6.6 Extra-hepatic bile duct obstruction (EHBDO) 4045.6.7 Gall bladder mucocoele 4055.6.8 Hepatic neoplasia 4075.6.9 Infectious canine hepatitis 4085.6.10 Nodular hyperplasia 4085.6.11 Portal vein hypoplasia (PVH) 4095.6.11A Microvascular dysplasia (MVD) 4095.6.11b Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension/juvenile hepatic fibrosis 4105.6.12 Steroid hepatopathy 4105.6.13 Vacuolar/reactive hepatopathy 4115.7 Immune system 4135.7.1 (Auto)immune-mediated disorders 4145.7.1.1 Immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) 4145.7.1.2 Immunodeficiency 4155.7.1.2A Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) 4165.7.1.2B Cyclic haematopoiesis (cyclic neutropenia) 4165.7.1.2C Hereditary selective cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome) 4175.7.1.2D Immunoglobulin deficiency 4175.7.1.2E Trapped neutrophil syndrome 4185.7.1.3 Lymphadenitis 4185.7.1.4 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 4205.7.2 Neoplasia of immune cells 4205.7.2.1 Lymphoma 4205.7.2.2 Mast cell tumour (MCT) 4225.7.2.3 Multiple myeloma 4245.7.2.4 Thymoma 4245.8 Neurological system 4275.8.1 Cerebrovascular disease 4295.8.2 Corticosteroid-responsive tremor syndrome 4305.8.3 Hydrocephalus 4315.8.4 Idiopathic epilepsy 4315.8.5 Idiopathic head tremor 4335.8.6 Idiopathic vestibular disease 4345.8.7 Infectious diseases affecting the nervous system 4355.8.8 Movement disorders 4365.8.9 Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) 4375.8.10 Myasthenia gravis (MG) 4385.8.11 Neoplasia of the neurological system 4395.8.12 Polyradiculoneuritis 4415.8.13 Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) 4425.9 Reproductive system 4455.9.1 Mammary gland disease 4455.9.1a Mastitis 4465.9.1b Mammary neoplasia 4465.9.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome 4475.9.3 Prostatic disease 4485.9.4 Pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) 4495.9.5 Pyometra 4505.9.6 Testicular neoplasia 4515.9.7 Vaginitis 4525.10 Respiratory system 4555.10.1 Nasal disorders 4575.10.1A Chronic idiopathic rhinitis 4575.10.1b Sinonasal aspergillosis (fungal rhinitis) 4585.10.2 Upper-airway disorders 4595.10.2A Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) 4595.10.2b Infectious tracheobronchitis 4605.10.2C Laryngeal paralysis 4615.10.2D Tracheal collapse 4625.10.2e Tracheobronchial foreign body 4645.10.3 Lower-airway disorders 4645.10.3A Chronic bronchitis 4655.10.3b Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy 4655.10.3C Lungworm (Angiostronglylus vasorum)466 5.10.4 Pulmonary parenchymal disease 4685.10.4A Pneumonia 4685.10.4b Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema 4695.10.4C Pulmonary fibrosis 4705.10.4D Pulmonary neoplasia 4715.10.5 Pleural space disease 4735.10.5A Idiopathic chylothorax 4735.10.5b Pneumothorax 4745.10.5C Pyothorax 4755.11 Systemic infections 4775.11.1 Anaplasmosis 4795.11.2 Babesiosis 4805.11.3 Borreliosis (Lyme Disease) 4815.11.4 Brucellosis 4825.11.5 Distemper 4845.11.6 Ehrlichiosis 4855.11.7 Hepatozoonosis 4865.11.8 Leishmaniosis 4875.11.9 Leptospirosis 4895.11.10 Neosporosis 4915.11.11 Rabies 4925.11.12 Toxoplasmosis 4935.12 Urinary system 4955.12.1 Kidney diseases 4955.12.1A Acute kidney injury 4975.12.1b Chronic kidney disease 4995.12.1C Glomerular disorders 5015.12.1D Pyelonephritis 5035.12.1e Renal tubular disorders 5045.12.2 Lower urinary tract diseases 5065.12.2A Functional disorders of urination 5075.12.2b Neoplasia of the urinary system 5085.12.2C Urethritis 5095.12.2D Urinary tract infection (UTI) 5105.12.2e Urolithiasis 511Abbreviations 513Index 519