History of Modern Germany

Martin Kitchen is Professor Emeritus of History at Simon Fraser University, Canada. His books include Nazi Germany at War, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany, The German Offensives of 1918, The Third Reich: Charisma and Community, and Rommel’s Desert War: Waging World War II in North Africa, 1941—1943. Internationally recognized as a key author in the study of contemporary history, Professor Kitchen has served on the editorial boards of International History Review, Canadian Journal of History, and International Affairs. Lauren Faulkner Rossi is Assistant Professor of History at Simon Fraser University, where she teaches courses on World War II and modern German history. She is the author of Wehrmacht Priests and has published articles in journals such as Contemporary European History, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, and Journal of Modern History.

• List of Illustrations xMaps xiiIntroduction to the Second Edition 1A Note on the Third Edition 71 Germany Under Napoleon 9The Continental System 11Resistance to Napoleon 12The Prussian Reform Movement 13Prussian Military Reforms 17Educational Reform 18The Confederation of the Rhine 20Germany and the Defeat of Napoleon 21The Congress of Vienna 222 German Society in Transition 24Women and Children 27The Household 29Town and Country 30Agriculture 31Industrialization 33Class Structure 36Jews 40Social Change 413 Restoration and Reform 1815–1840 43Demagogues and Radicals 44Bourgeois Discontent 47Nationalism 48The Zollverein 50Germany Under Metternich 52Catholicism 55Liberalism 56Radicalism 574 The Revolutions of 1848 59Revolution 62The Frankfurt Parliament 64Olmütz 705 The Struggle for Mastery 1850–1866 72Austro-Prussian Rivalry 73The “New Era” 75Changes in the Social Structure 76Liberalism and Conservatism 78Social Democracy 79Prussian Army Reforms 82Bismarck 83The German Question 84The Schleswig- Holstein Question 86The Austro-Prussian War 876 The Unification of Germany 1866–1871 90Liberalism, Nationalism, and Particularism 93The Franco-Prussian War 94The German Empire 96Bonapartism 99The Military and Militarism 101Nationalism 104The German Jewish Community 1057 Bismarck’s Germany 111The Kulturkampf 112Bismarck and the Liberals 115Social Democracy 116From Free Trade to Protectionism 116The Anti-Socialist Laws 118Bismarck’s New Course 119Social Policy 121The Social Structure of Imperial Germany 122Food and Drink 124Fashion 125Women 126Attitudes Toward Sexuality 1288 Germany and Europe 1871–1890 132The Congress of Berlin 134The Dual and Triple Alliances 135German Imperialism: Bismarck’s Colonialism 136The Collapse of Bismarck’s System of Alliances 1389 Wilhelmine Germany 1890–1914 141William II’s System of Government 143The Reichstag 145Caprivi and the “New Course” 146Hohenlohe 149Tirpitz, the Navy, and “World Politics” 150German Imperialism: Navalism and Overseas Colonization 151Criticisms of the Naval Building Program 153Bülow 154Anglo-German Rivalry 155The Bülow Bloc 156Scandals and Crises 157Bethmann Hollweg 159The Challenge from Social Democracy 160Armaments 161The Balkan Crisis of 1912 16210 The First World War 165Attitudes Toward the War 167War Aims 168German Society in Wartime 168Women and the Family 171Mounting Opposition to the War 173The Peace Resolution 174The Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution 176The Failure of the March Offensive 177Armistice Negotiations 17911 The Weimar Republic 1919–1933 181The Treaty of Versailles 182The Weimar Constitution 184The Kapp Putsch 184Reparations 185Rapallo 187Hyperinflation and the “Struggle for the Ruhr” 188Hindenburg Elected President 192Locarno 193The Depression 194Cultural Effervescence: Cinema, Music, Visual Arts 195The Middle Class 196The Working Class 199Rural Society 202The Demise of Parliamentary Democracy 203Gender and Sexuality 204Brüning 205Papen 208Schleicher 210Hitler Appointed Chancellor 21112 The Nazi Dictatorship to 1939: Politics, Society, Culture 214The Reichstag Fire 216Gleichschaltung 218The SA and the Röhm Putsch 221Hitler Becomes Head of State 223The National Socialist Dictatorship 224The SS 229Salvaging the Economy 231German Society in the Third Reich 234Labor 236Peasants 237Small Business 240Gender, Women, and the Family 241National Socialism and Modernity 24413 Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933–1945: Persecution, War, Genocide 250The Persecution of the Jews Before the War 252First Steps in Foreign Policy 255The Anschluss 258Munich 259War 260Poland 262The War in the West 263Barbarossa 264The Wartime Persecution of the Jews: The “Final Solution” 267The Turn of the Tide 273The Shortage of Labor 274The End 27614 The Adenauer Era 1945–1963 280The Occupation Zones 282From Bizonia to Trizonia 284The Formation of the Federal Republic of Germany 286Rearmament 289From the “Economic Miracle” to “Eurosclerosis” 292Culture and Society under Adenauer 295The Heyday of Adenauer’s Germany 297The Berlin Wall 298The End of the Adenauer Era 29915 The German Democratic Republic 303“The First Workers’ and Peasants’ State on German Soil” 308June 17, 1953 311The GDR after Stalin 313The Berlin Wall 315The New Economic System 316The GDR and Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik 318The Honecker Era 319Social Structure of the GDR 320Dissent 323Relations between the Two Germanys 324The Collapse of the GDR 32516 The Federal Republic 1963–1982 332The Great Coalition: 1966–1969 333Confrontations with the Past 335The Extra- Parliamentary Opposition (APO) 336The Chancellorship of Willy Brandt 338Terrorism 341Willy Brandt’s Second Term: 1972–1974 341Helmut Schmidt’s First Term: 1974–1976 343Helmut Schmidt’s Second Term: 1976–1980 344The Changing Nature of Dissent 345The Debate on Atomic Weapons 346Helmut Schmidt’s Third Term: 1980–1982 347The Historikerstreit: Debating Germany’s Past 349Class and Consumption 351Gender, Sexuality, and the Erosion of the Family Unit 356Immigration and German Identity 35817 The Reunification of Germany and Beyond 360The United States, the Soviet Union, and the German Question 361The New Germany’s First Decade 3639/11 and the Iraq War 372Gerhard Schröder’s Second Term 375Angela Merkel’s First Three Terms 376The Refugee Crisis, the Re-emergence of the Far Right, and Merkel’s Final Term 379Remembering and Forgetting in Reunified Germany 381Problems and Perspectives 384Bibliography 386Index 396