Flame Retardants

Inbunden, Engelska, 2020

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Beskrivning

This book focuses on the chemistry and applications of flame retardants for polymers and other materials. It starts with a description and types of flame retardants, as well as their properties and chemical structures, to include chlorine- and bromine-containing flame retardants, phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, and silicones. Inorganic materials that serve as flame retardants, such as boron-based additives, graphenes, and others are discussed in detail.In addition, the following subjects are discussed in detail: Flame retardant polymersThe mechanisms of flame retardants, such as flame cooling, synergetic effects, degradation of flame retardants, and othersOther flame retardant compositions, such as dripping inhibitors and smoke suppressantsTesting methods for flame retardants, international standards, human health hazards, such as smoke toxicity and problems with wastesSynthesis and fabrication methods, as well as recycling methodsThe application of flame retardants to the coating material using 3D printing, reactive coating, and bulk addition methodsNon-burning comonomers, foams, nanocomposites and bio-based materialsFlame retardants with other textiles, such as wool and electrical applications such as batteries

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2020-10-02
Mått:10 x 10 x 10 mm
Vikt:454 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:384
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781119750611

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Mer om författaren

Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 40 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published many books on physical chemistry and polymer science including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2009), The Chemistry of Biobased Polymers, 2nd edition (Wiley-Scrivener 2019), 3D Industrial Printing with Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2019) and The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xiii1 Types of Flame Retardants 11.1 History of Organic Flame Retardants 11.2 Commercially Available Flame Retardants 31.3 Chlorine-Containing Materials 71.3.1 HET Acid 71.3.2 Dechlorane Plus 71.3.3 Chlordene 101.3.4 Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate 101.3.5 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate 111.4 Bromine-Containing Materials 111.4.1 Brominated Diphenyl Ethers 111.4.2 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane 131.4.3 Trioxohexahydrotriazine Compound 151.4.4 2,4,6-Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine 151.4.5 Pentabromodiphenyl ether 171.5 Phosphorus Flame Retardants 171.5.1 DOPO 181.5.2 Resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) 191.5.3 Resorcinol bis(di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) 191.5.4 Phosphor Amides 201.5.5 Polyphosphate Ester Morpholides 201.5.6 Cyclic Phosphazenes 221.6 Boron Additives 231.6.1 Zinc Borate 231.6.2 Boron Compounds and Magnesium Hydroxide 281.6.3 Boron Compounds and Aluminum Trihydroxide 281.6.4 Boron/Phosphorus Polymer 291.6.5 Boron Phosphate 311.6.6 Boron-Containing Novolac Resins 321.6.7 Spirocyclic Boron Compounds 331.6.8 Boron Triazine 341.6.9 Boron Nitride 371.6.10 Azo-Boron Compounds 431.6.11 Isosorbide-Derived Boron and Phosphorus Materials 461.6.12 Boron Cyclophosphazene Derivatives 461.6.13 Cardanol DOPO and Boron-Doped Graphene 491.6.14 Boron Crosslinked Cellulose Nanofibrils 491.7 Silicones 511.7.1 Hydroxy Silicone Oil 511.7.2 Hydrogen-Containing Silicone Oil 541.7.3 Red Phosphorus and Alumina Trihydrate 551.7.4 Aluminum Hypophosphite and Expandable Graphite 551.7.5 Phosphaphenanthrene Compound 561.7.6 Phosphorus-Silicone-Nitrogen Ternary Flame Retardant 581.7.7 Calcium and Aluminium-Based Fillers 591.7.8 Macromolecular Charring Agent 601.7.9 Intumescent Flame Retardants 611.7.10 Chitosan-Based Nanocoatings 671.7.11 Lignin-Based Silicone 671.7.12 Silicone-Based Adhesive 681.7.13 Nanofillers 691.8 Molybdenum Compounds 691.9 Graphenes 701.9.1 Synergist for Intumescent Flame Retardants 701.9.2 Electrochemical Preparation 731.9.3 Phosphaphenanthrene Graphene Hybrid Flame Retardant 751.9.4 Phosphaphenanthrene Graphene Copolymer 751.9.5 Bio-Based Polyphosphonate and Modified Graphene Oxide 771.9.6 Black Phosphorene Graphene Composite 781.9.7 Waste Deoxyribonucleic Acid 781.9.8 Poly(ionic liquid) and Graphene 791.9.9 Copper Decorated Graphene 801.9.10 Lignin-Modified Carbon Nanotube Graphene 811.9.11 κ-Carrageenan Flame Retardant Microspheres 821.9.12 Phenethyl-Bridged DOPO and Graphene Nanosheets 831.9.13 Graphene Nanoplatelets 831.9.14 Aerogels 871.9.15 Poly(etherimide) Membranes 891.9.16 Chitosan-Graphene Coatings 891.9.17 Polymeric Flame Retardant Functionalized Graphene 901.9.18 Graphene Oxide Compositions 901.10 Flame Retardant Fillers 1041.10.1 Mineral Fillers 1041.10.2 Melamine Phosphate Compounds 1041.11 Admixed Additives 1051.11.1 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardant Fillers 1081.11.2 Thermal Conductive Fillers 1091.11.3 Organo-Modified Bentonites 1101.11.4 Nanofillers 1101.12 Bound Additives 1111.12.1 Vinyl Ester Resin Monomer 1121.12.2 Flame Retardant and Ester Curing Agents 1121.12.3 DOPO Dicyandiamide 1141.12.4 Mixed Flame Retardants 114References 1182 Mechanisms of Flame Retardants 1312.1 Flame Cooling of Halogens 1312.1.1 Antimony Trioxide Synergism 1312.2 Halogen-Free Flame Retardants 1322.2.1 Poly(propylene)Wood Plastic Composites 1322.2.2 Diphenolic Acid-Based Biphosphate 1332.2.3 Degradation of Triphenyl Phosphate 1352.2.4 Phosphite-Silica Synergism 1362.3 Benzoxazine Resin with Triazine Structure 1372.3.1 Flame Retardant Carrageenan Fiber 1382.3.2 Modified Silica Sol 1402.3.3 DOPO-Based Triazole 1402.3.4 DOPO-Based Tetrazole 1432.3.5 Phosphor Nitrogen-Containing Compound 1442.3.6 Polyheptazine/PA6 Nanocomposites 144References 1453 Dripping Inhibitors 1473.1 Measurement Methods 1473.2 Materials 1493.2.1 PTFE Powder 1493.2.2 Support for Polyester 1503.2.3 Support for Poly(lactic acid) 1593.2.4 Support for Poly(urethane) Foams 160References 1614 Smoke Suppressants 1654.1 Materials 1664.1.1 Zinc Borate and Aluminum Trihydrate 1664.1.2 Zinc Hydroxystannate 1684.1.3 Low-Melting Sulfate Glasses 1704.1.4 Iron Oxide 1704.1.5 Zinc Oxide 1724.1.6 Ferrites 1734.1.7 Bromide-Intercalated Hydrotalcite 1764.1.8 Borate-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide 1764.1.9 Hot Melt Adhesive Composition 1774.1.10 Functionalized Graphene Oxide 1784.1.11 Expandable Graphene 1794.1.12 Modified Ammonium Poly(phosphate) for Thermoplastic PU 1804.1.13 Glass Microspheres with Ammonium Molybdophosphate for Thermoplastic PU 1804.1.14 Phosphorus-Containing Polyol for PU Foam 1814.1.15 Porous Silicon Dioxide PU Foams 1834.1.16 Sepiolite-Based Nanocoating for PU Foam 1844.1.17 Abandoned Molecular Sieve for PU 1844.1.18 Melamine Octamolybdate 1854.1.19 Cardanol-Derived Zirconium Phosphate 1854.1.20 Montmorillonite Nanocomposites 1874.1.21 Waste Printed Circuit Boards 1884.2 Special Applications 1894.2.1 Diesel Fuel Filters 1894.2.2 Electrical Cables 190References 1925 Standards and Testing 1955.1 Abbreviation Standard for Chemicals 1955.2 Test Procedures 1975.2.1 Bromine-Based Flame Retardant Determination 1975.3 Hazard Assessment 2005.3.1 Human Health Hazards 2005.3.2 Tetrabromobisphenol A 2065.3.3 Phosphorus Flame Retardants 2075.4 Standards 2095.4.1 Test for Flammability 2095.4.2 Ignition Characteristics of Plastics 2095.4.3 Heat Release Rate 2125.4.4 Smoke Toxicity 2135.4.5 Smoke Density 2135.4.6 Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables 2145.4.7 Textiles 2145.5 Life Cycle Sustainability of Flame Retardants 2155.5.1 Life Cycle Method 2155.5.2 Electronic Applications 2215.5.3 Textile Products 2225.5.4 Phenolic Resin with Brominated Flame Retardant 222References 2236 Synthesis and Fabrication Methods 2296.1 3D Printing 2296.2 Mechanochemical Phosphorylation 2306.3 Coating Methods 2316.3.1 Reactive Coating 2316.3.2 Bulk Addition 2316.4 Recycling 2326.4.1 Brominated Flame Retardants 2326.4.2 Enzymatic Recycling 2356.4.3 Waste Melamine Formaldehyde Foam 236References 2367 Examples of Polymers 2397.1 Poly(amides) 2397.2 Nylons 2407.2.1 Halogen-Containing Products 2417.3 Poly(phenylene ether) Resins 2457.4 Brominated Poly(phenylene ether) 2467.5 Unsaturated Poly(ester)s 2477.6 Epoxide Resins 2487.7 Poly(carbonate) 2497.8 Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polymers 2507.8.1 Organophosphorus Monomers 2517.8.2 Epoxy Compounds 2517.8.3 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 2537.8.4 Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) 2547.8.5 Poly(phosphate ester)s 2567.9 Silicones 2577.9.1 Degradation Mechanism 2577.9.2 Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Silicone Rubber 2587.9.3 Silicone Thermoplastic Elastomer 2597.10 Foams 2607.10.1 Poly(styrene) Foams 2607.10.2 Poly(urethane) Foams 2647.11 Nanocomposites 2877.11.1 Dispersion of Nanofillers 2877.11.2 Clay Nanocomposites 2887.11.3 Epoxy Nanocomposites 2887.11.4 Poly(styrene) Nanocomposites 2897.11.5 Poly(lactic acid)-Containing Nanomaterials 2907.12 Cellulosic Materials 2927.12.1 Silica Nanoparticles 2927.12.2 Phytic Acid 2937.12.3 Bio-Based Foams 294References 2958 Special Uses 3038.1 Textiles 3038.1.1 Environmental Issues of the End-of-Life Phase 3038.1.2 Flame Retardant Poly(amide) 6 3058.1.3 Flame Retardant Textile Finishes 3068.1.4 Condensed Tannin 3078.1.5 Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants 3088.1.6 Textile Coatings 3108.1.7 Flame Retardant Back Coating Layer for Historic Textile Fabrics 3108.2 Flame RetardantWool 3118.2.1 Flame Retardant Monomer 3118.2.2 Phytic Acid Compositions 3138.2.3 Sulfamic Acid 3158.3 Compositions for Asphalt and Bitumen 3168.3.1 Comprehensive Testing Program 3168.3.2 Thermal Decomposition Rates 3188.3.3 Mixed Flame Retardants 3208.3.4 Nanoclays 3218.3.5 Effects of Aging 3228.3.6 Non-Flammable Grades of Asphalts 3228.3.7 Composite Flame Retardant Asphalt 3248.3.8 Layered Double Hydroxides 3248.3.9 Warm-Mixed Flame Retardant Modified Asphalt Binder 3258.3.10 Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardant 3258.4 Batteries 3278.4.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 3278.4.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 3368.4.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 338References 339Index 345Acronyms 345Chemicals 350General Index 358