Smart Grid Telecommunications

Alberto Sendin, PhD, is Head of Telecommunications in Iberdrola, Spain and Professor with the Comillas Pontifical University, Spain. He received his PhD from the University of the Basque Country, Spain in 2013 and has authored eight books on telecommunications.Javier Matanza, PhD, is a Research Professional with the Institute for Research in Technology, and a Lecturer with the Comillas Pontifical University, Spain. He received his PhD in 2013 from the same university. Ramon Ferrús, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), from which he received his PhD in 2000. He has authored two books and 130+ publications in peer-reviewed journals and conferences on topics related to wireless communications.

• Author Biographies xvPreface xviiAcronyms xxi1 The Smart Grid: A General Perspective 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Electric Power Systems 11.2.1 Electricity 21.2.1.1 Frequency and Voltage 31.2.2 The Grid 41.2.2.1 The Grid from a Technical Perspective 51.2.2.2 The Grid from a Regulatory Perspective 91.2.3 Grid Operations 121.2.4 The Grid Assets 141.2.4.1 Substations 141.2.4.2 Power Lines 161.3 A Practical Definition of the Smart Grid 181.4 Why Telecommunications Are Instrumental for the Smart Grid 201.5 Challenges of the Smart Grid in Connection with Telecommunications 231.5.1 Customer Engagement Challenges 231.5.1.1 Customers as Smart Electricity Consumers 231.5.1.2 Customers as Energy Generators 241.5.2 Grid Control Challenges 251.6 Challenges of Telecommunications for Smart Grids 261.6.1 Telecommunication Solutions for Smart Grids 261.6.2 Standards for Telecommunications for Smart Grids 271.6.3 Groups of Interest Within Telecommunications for Smart Grids 291.6.4 Locations to be Served with Telecommunications 291.6.5 Telecommunication Services Control 311.6.6 Environmental Conditions 321.6.7 Distributed Intelligence 341.6.8 Resilient Telecommunication Networks and Services 341.6.9 Telecommunications Special Solution for Utilities 35References 362 Telecommunication Networks and Systems Concepts 412.1 Introduction 412.2 Telecommunication Networks, Systems, and Services Definitions 412.3 Telecommunication Model and Services 422.3.1 Telecommunication Model 422.3.2 Analog and Digital Telecommunications 442.3.3 Types of Telecommunications Services 452.4 Telecommunication Networks 462.4.1 Network Topologies 482.4.2 Transport and Switching/Routing Functions 482.4.3 Circuit-switched and Packet-switched Networks 502.4.3.1 Circuit-switched Technologies 512.4.3.2 Packet-switched Technology 512.4.3.3 Multilayered Telecommunication Networks 542.4.4 Telecommunications Networks and Computing 552.5 Protocol Architectures for Telecommunication Networks 552.5.1 Why a Protocol Layered Model Is Needed 552.5.2 The OSI Model 562.5.3 The TCP/IP Protocol Stack 572.5.4 User, Control, and Management Planes 592.6 Transmission Media in Telecommunications for Smart Grids 592.6.1 Optical Fibers 612.6.1.1 Optical Fiber Cables for Smart Grids 632.6.1.2 Optical Fiber Cables Specifications 652.6.2 Radio Spectrum 672.6.2.1 Radio Spectrum for Utility Telecommunications 692.6.2.2 Radio Spectrum Use 702.7 Electricity Cables 712.7.1 PLC Use 73References 753 Telecommunication Fundamental Concepts 793.1 Introduction 793.2 Signals 793.2.1 Analog vs. Digital 793.2.1.1 Continuous vs. Discrete 793.2.1.2 Sampling 813.2.1.3 Quantizing and Coding 813.2.1.4 Analog and Digital Signals 823.2.2 Frequency Representation of Signals 833.2.2.1 The Continuous-time Fourier Transform 833.2.2.2 The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 853.2.3 Bandwidth 883.3 Transmission and Reception 893.3.1 Modulation 893.3.1.1 Example of a Simple Analog Modulation: Double Sideband 913.3.1.2 Example of a Simple Digital Modulation: Quadrature-Phase Shift Keying 913.3.2 Channel Impairments 933.3.2.1 Attenuation 933.3.2.2 Noise and Interference 933.3.2.3 Signal Distortion 943.3.3 Demodulation, Equalization, and Detection 973.3.3.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Bit Error Rate 973.3.3.2 Channel Equalization 983.3.4 Multiplexing 993.3.5 Channel Coding 1033.3.5.1 A Simple Example of Coding 1043.3.5.2 Interleaving 1063.3.5.3 Advanced Coding Techniques 1063.3.5.4 Channel Coding in Multicarrier Modulations 1073.3.6 Duplexing 1073.3.7 Multiple Access 1083.3.7.1 TDMA/FDMA/CDMA/OFDMA 1083.3.7.2 Multiple Access Methods 1093.3.7.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (Collision Avoidance/Collision Detection) 1093.4 Signal Propagation 1103.4.1 Optical Fiber Propagation 1103.4.1.1 Optical Communications Components 1103.4.1.2 Optical Fiber Propagation Phenomena 1113.4.2 Radio Propagation 1123.4.2.1 Antennas 1133.4.2.2 Array Antennas and Beamforming 1133.4.2.3 Free-space Propagation Phenomena 1143.4.3 Link Budget 115References 1164 Transport, Switching, and Routing Technologies 1174.1 Introduction 1174.2 Transport Networks 1174.2.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 1184.2.2 SDH/SONET 1194.2.3 DWDM 1214.2.4 Optical Transport Network (OTN) 1234.3 Switching and Routing 1244.3.1 Switching Principles 1244.3.1.1 Switching Process 1254.3.1.2 Solving Switching Loops: Spanning Tree Protocol 1264.3.2 Routing Principles 1274.3.2.1 Routing Classification 1274.3.2.2 Routing Metrics 1284.3.2.3 Autonomous Systems 1294.3.2.4 Routing Algorithms 1294.3.2.5 Routing Protocols 1314.3.3 Ethernet 1324.3.3.1 Carrier Ethernet 1334.3.4 Internet Protocol (IP) 1334.3.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 1344.3.5.1 Multiprotocol Label Switching – Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) 134References 1355 Smart Grid Applications and Services 1375.1 Introduction 1375.2 Smart Grid Applications and Their Telecommunication Needs 1375.3 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 1395.3.1 Components 1405.3.2 Protocols 1415.3.2.1 Central Infrastructure to Field Protocols 1425.3.2.2 Central Infrastructure Protocols 1435.4 Protection 1435.5 Distribution Automation 1475.5.1 Distributed Energy Resources Integration 1485.5.2 Electric Vehicles Integration 1505.5.3 Fault Location, Isolation, and Service Restoration 1515.5.4 Indices for Operations Performance 1515.6 Substation Automation 1535.7 Metering 1585.8 Synchrophasors 1615.9 Customers 1645.9.1 Demand-side Management 1655.9.2 Energy Management 1665.9.3 Microgrids 1685.10 Power Lines 1695.10.1 Flexible AC Transmission System 1695.10.2 Dynamic Line Rating 1695.11 Premises and People 1705.11.1 Business Connectivity 1705.11.2 Workforce Mobility 1715.11.3 Surveillance 172References 1746 Optical Fiber and PLC Access Technologies 1796.1 Introduction 1796.2 Optical Fiber Passive Network Technologies 1796.2.1 Mainstream Technologies and Standards 1806.2.1.1 PON Technologies Evolution 1806.2.1.2 Supported Services and Applicability Scenarios 1836.2.1.3 Spectrum 1846.2.1.4 System Architecture 1846.2.2 Main Capabilities and Features 1866.2.2.1 Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing 1866.2.2.2 Features Needed in PONs 1876.2.2.3 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment 1876.2.3 ITU’s GPON Family 1886.2.3.1 GPON 1886.2.3.2 XG(S)-PON 1906.2.3.3 NG-PON2 1906.2.4 IEEE’s EPON Family 1916.2.4.1 EPON 1916.2.4.2 10G-EPON 1916.3 Power Line Communication Technologies 1916.3.1 Mainstream Technologies and Standards 1926.3.1.1 PLC Technologies Evolution 1926.3.1.2 Supported Services and Applicability Scenarios 1936.3.1.3 Architecture 1946.3.2 Main Capabilities and Features 1966.3.2.1 Common Transceiver Designs in PLC Systems 1966.3.2.2 PLC Signal Coupling 1976.3.3 Narrowband PLC Systems 1986.3.3.1 ITU-T G.9904 (PRIME v1.3) 1986.3.3.2 Future ITU-T G.9904.1 (PRIME v1.4) 2046.3.3.3 ITU-T G.9903 (G3-PLC) 2056.3.3.4 IEEE 1901.2 2096.3.3.5 ITU-T G.9902 (G.hnem) 2106.3.4 Broadband PLC Systems 2116.3.4.1 IEEE 1901 2116.3.4.2 ITU-T G.996x (G.hn) 2146.4 Applicability to Smart Grids 2156.4.1 Passive vs. Active Optical Fiber Networks 2166.4.2 Broadband PLC over Medium Voltage for Secondary Substation Connectivity 2176.4.3 High Data Rate Narrowband PLC over the Low Voltage Grid for Smart Metering 218References 2207 Wireless Cellular Technologies 2257.1 Introduction 2257.2 Mainstream Technologies and Standards 2257.2.1 Cellular Technologies Evolution 2257.2.1.1 1G and 2G. Voice-centric, Circuit-switched Services 2257.2.1.2 3G. Paving the Way for Mobile Data Services 2277.2.1.3 4G. The First Global Standard for Mobile Broadband 2277.2.1.4 5G. Expanding the Applicability Domain of Cellular Technologies 2287.2.2 Supported Services and Applicability Scenarios 2297.2.2.1 Service Categories 2297.2.2.2 Performance Indicators 2297.2.2.3 Commercial Networks and Private Networks 2297.2.3 Spectrum 2317.2.3.1 Spectrum Harmonization. IMT Bands 2317.2.3.2 Frequency Bands Being Prioritized for 5G 2327.2.3.3 Spectrum Exploitation Models 2337.2.4 3GPP Standardization 2357.3 System Architecture 2377.3.1 High-level Architecture of 4G/5G Systems 2377.3.2 Radio Access Network 2407.3.2.1 E-UTRAN 2407.3.2.2 NG-RAN 2467.3.3 Core Network 2507.3.3.1 Evolved Packet Core 2507.3.3.2 5G Core Network 2527.3.3.3 Transitioning from 4G to 5G 2557.3.4 Service Platforms 2567.3.4.1 IMS and Voice Services over 4G/5G 2567.3.4.2 5G Service Frameworks and Application Enablers 2567.3.5 Main System Procedures 2577.3.5.1 Network Registration 2577.3.5.2 Service Request 2587.3.5.3 PDU Session Establishment 2597.3.5.4 Handover 2607.4 Main Capabilities and Features 2617.4.1 LTE Radio Interface 2617.4.1.1 Operating Bands 2627.4.1.2 Time-frequency Resource Grid 2627.4.1.3 Scheduling, Link Adaptation, and Power Control 2647.4.1.4 Fast Retransmissions and Minimum Latency 2657.4.1.5 Multiple-antenna Transmission and Reception 2657.4.1.6 Carrier Aggregation and Dual Connectivity 2667.4.1.7 Physical Signals and Physical Channels 2667.4.1.8 Mapping Between Physical, Transport, and Logical Channels 2697.4.1.9 Radio Access Procedures 2707.4.2 5G NR Interface 2717.4.2.1 Flexible Waveform and Numerologies 2727.4.2.2 Reduced Latency 2747.4.2.3 Bandwidth Parts 2747.4.2.4 Flexible Placement of the Control Channels 2747.4.2.5 Massive MIMO and Beamforming 2767.4.2.6 New Operating Bands 2767.4.3 Edge Computing Support 2767.4.4 QoS Parameters and Characteristics 2787.4.5 Network Slicing 2787.4.6 Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum 2807.4.7 Private Networks 2817.5 Applicability to Smart Grids 2827.5.1 Smart Metering 2857.5.2 Distribution Grid Multiservice Access 287References 2898 Wireless IoT Technologies 2938.1 Introduction 2938.2 Mainstream Wireless IoT Technologies for the Smart Grid 2938.3 IEEE 802.15.4-based Technologies: Zigbee and Wi-SUN 2948.3.1 Scope and Standardization 2948.3.1.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Standard 2948.3.1.2 Zigbee 2968.3.1.3 Wi-SUN 2978.3.2 Network and Protocol Stack Architecture 2978.3.2.1 Network Components and Topologies 2978.3.2.2 Zigbee Network Architecture and Protocol Stack 3008.3.2.3 Wi-SUN FAN Network Architecture and Protocol Stack 3008.3.3 Main Capabilities and Features 3028.3.3.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer 3028.3.3.2 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer 3038.3.3.3 Zigbee Specifics 3048.3.3.4 Wi-SUN FAN Specifics 3058.4 Unlicensed Spectrum-based LPWAN: LoRaWAN and Sigfox 3078.4.1 Scope and Standardization 3078.4.2 LoRaWAN 3088.4.2.1 Network Architecture and Protocol Stack 3088.4.2.2 Protocol Frame Structure 3098.4.2.3 Physical Layer 3108.4.2.4 MAC Layer 3108.4.3 Sigfox 3118.4.3.1 Network Architecture and Protocol Stack 3118.4.3.2 Protocol Frame Structure 3128.4.3.3 Physical Layer 3138.4.3.4 MAC Layer 3148.5 Cellular IoT: LTE-M and NB-IoT 3148.5.1 Scope and Standardization 3148.5.2 Network and Protocol Stack Architecture 3158.5.2.1 New Network Attach Method and Connectivity Options 3158.5.2.2 New Network Entities 3168.5.2.3 Control Plane and Data Plane Optimizations 3178.5.3 Main Capabilities and Features 3178.5.3.1 LTE-M Radio Access 3178.5.3.2 NB-IoT Radio Access 3228.5.3.3 Operation in Unlicensed Spectrum 3258.5.3.4 LTE-M and NB-IoT Roadmap in 5G 3268.6 IoT Application and Management Layer Protocols 3278.6.1 CoAP 3288.6.2 MQTT 3288.6.3 OMA LwM2M 3298.7 Applicability to Smart Grids 3298.7.1 Great Britain Smart Metering System 3298.7.2 Unlicensed Spectrum-based LPWAN Technologies for Smart Metering 331References 333Index 339