Energy Storage for Modern Power System Operations

Sandeep Dhundhara, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Basic Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, India. He completed his doctorate in electrical engineering from Panjab University Chandigarh and has worked as a visiting research fellow at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom. His areas of interest are power system controls and stability, operational planning and control, deregulation and applications of energy storage systems. He has published more than 25 papers in various national and international journals and conferences and is a member of several scientific and technical societies. Yajvender Pal Verma, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at UIET Panjab University Chandigarh. He completed his doctorate in electrical engineering from NIT Kurukshetra, in India. His research interest includes distributed generation, wind power integration, power system restructuring, and power system optimization. He has one book and more than 60 papers in various national and international Journals and conferences to his credit. He is also a member of a number of scientific and technical societies.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction to Energy Storage Systems 1Rajender Kumar Beniwal, Sandeep Dhundhara and Amarjit Kalra1.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Basic Components of Energy Storage Systems 51.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems 51.2.1 Chemical Energy Storage System 61.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage System 81.2.3 Electromagnetic Energy Storage System 111.2.4 Electrostatic Energy Storage System 121.2.5 Electrochemical Energy Storage System 141.2.6 Thermal Energy Storage System 181.3 Terminology Used in ESS 191.4 Applications of ESS 211.5 Comparative Analysis of Cost and Technical Parameters of ESSs 231.6 Analysis of Energy Storage Techniques 231.7 Conclusion 28References 282 Storage Technology Perspective in Modern Power System 33Reinaldo Padilha França*, Ana Carolina Borges Monteiro, Rangel Arthur and Yuzo Iano2.1 Introduction 342.2 Significance of Storage Technologies in Renewable Integration 352.3 Overview of Current Developments in Electrical Energy Storage Technologies 382.4 Commercial Aspects of Energy Storage Technologies 402.5 Reducing the Costs of Storage Systems 412.6 Energy Storage Economics – A View Through Current Scenario 422.7 Implications for Researchers, Practitioners, and Policymakers 432.8 Regulatory Considerations – A Need for Reform 442.9 Discussion 462.10 Conclusions 472.11 Trends and Technological Modernizations – A Look Into What the Future Might Bring 49References 503 Virtual Inertia Provision Through Energy Storage Technologies 59Shreya Mahajan and Yajvender Pal Verma3.1 Introduction 593.2 Virtual Inertia-Based Frequency Control 613.2.1 Concept of Virtual Inertia 613.2.2 Virtual Inertia Emulation 623.3 Impact of Low System Inertia on Power System Voltage and Operation & Control Due to Large Share of Renewables 633.4 Control Methods for Inertia Emulation in RES-Based Power Systems 653.4.1 Control Methods Without ESS for Frequency Control 663.4.2 Control Methods with ESS for Frequency Control 673.4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) 693.4.2.2 Super Capacitors and Ultra-Capacitors 703.4.2.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) 703.4.2.4 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 713.5 Challenges 73References 734 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles 79M. Nandhini Gayathri4.1 Introduction 794.2 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle 824.3 Types of Electric Vehicles 824.3.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) 854.3.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) 864.3.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 874.4 Review of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications 884.4.1 Key Attributes of Battery Technologies 884.4.2 Widely Used Battery Technologies 884.4.3 Alternate Energy Storage Solutions 924.5 Electric Vehicle Charging Schemes 934.6 Issues and Challenges of ESSs in EV Applications 944.7 Recent Advancements in the Storage Technologies of EVs 944.8 Factors, Challenges and Problems in Sustainable Electric Vehicle 964.9 Conclusions and Recommendations 97References 975 Fast-Acting Electrical Energy Storage Systems for Frequency Regulation 105Mandeep Sharma, Sandeep Dhundhara, Yogendra Arya and Maninder Kaur5.1 Introduction 1065.1.1 Significance of Fast-Acting Electrical Energy Storage (EES) System in Frequency Regulation 1065.1.2 Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) 1075.1.2.1 Basic Configuration of CES 1095.1.2.2 CES Control Logic 1125.1.3 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 1135.1.3.1 Constructional and Working Details of SMES 1135.1.3.2 Basic Configuration of SMES 1145.1.3.3 SMES Block Diagram Presentation 1155.1.3.4 Benefits Over Other Energy Storage Methods 1165.1.4 Advantages of CES Over SMES 1175.2 Case Study to Investigate the Impact of CES and SMES in Modern Power System 1185.2.1 Literature Review 1185.2.2 Modeling of the System Under Study 1215.2.3 Control Approach 1215.3 Impact of Fast-Acting EES Systems on the Frequency Regulation Services of Modern Power Systems 1245.3.1 System Model-1 1245.3.2 System Model-2 1285.4 Conclusion 137Appendix A 137References 1386 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell and Its Control 143Preeti Gupta, Vivek Pahwa and Yajvender Pal VermaAbbreviations 144Symbols and Molecular Formulae 144Nomenclature 1456.1 Introduction 1456.2 Fuel Cells 1476.2.1 Different Types of Fuel Cells 1486.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 1486.2.3 Applications in Modern Power System 1506.3 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell 1506.3.1 Mathematical Modeling 1526.3.2 Linearization 1536.3.3 Control Schemes for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Based Power System 1556.3.3.1 Constant Voltage Control 1566.3.3.2 Constant Fuel Utilization Control 1566.4 Illustration of a Case Study on Control of Grid-Connected SOFC 1606.5 Recent Trend in Fuel Cell Technologies 1656.5.1 Techno-Economic Comparison 1666.5.2 Market and Policy Barriers 1686.6 Summary and Future Scope 169Acknowledgement 170References 1707 Lithium-Ion vs. Redox Flow Batteries – A Techno-Economic Comparative Analysis for Isolated Microgrid System 177Maninder Kaur, Sandeep Dhundhara, Sanchita Chauhan and Mandeep Sharma7.1 Introduction to Battery Energy Storage System 1787.1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery 1787.1.2 Redox Flow Batteries 1827.2 Role of Battery Energy Storage System in Microgrids 1867.3 Case Study to Investigate the Impact of Li-Ion and VRFB Energy Storage System in Microgrid System 1887.3.1 System Modelling 1887.3.2 Evaluation Criteria for a Microgrid System 1917.3.3 Load and Resource Assessment 1917.4 Results and Discussion 1927.5 Conclusion 194References 1958 Role of Energy Storage Systems in the Micro-Grid Operation in Presence of Intermittent Renewable Energy Sources and Load Growth 199V V S N Murty, Ashwani Kumar and M. Nageswara Rao8.1 Introduction 2008.1.1 Techniques and Classification of Energy Storage Technologies Used in Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grids 2018.1.2 Applications and Benefits of Energy Storage Systems in the Microgrid System 2028.1.2.1 Applications and Benefits of BESS in Micro-Grid 2038.1.3 Importance of Appropriate Configuration of Energy Storage System in Micro-Grid 2058.1.3.1 Decentralized Control 2068.1.3.2 Centralized Control 2068.1.3.3 Coordinated Control 2078.1.3.4 Topology of BESS and PCS 2088.1.3.5 Battery Management System 2088.2 Concept of Micro-Grid Energy Management 2098.2.1 Concept of Micro-Grid 2108.2.2 Benefits of Micro-Grids 2128.2.3 Overview of MGEM 2138.3 Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources and Battery Storage System 2148.4 Uncertainty of Load Demand and Renewable Energy Sources 2208.5 Demand Response Programs in Micro-Grid System 2218.5.1 Modelling of Price Elasticity of Demand 2218.5.2 Load Control in Time-Based Rate DR Program 2238.5.3 Load Control in Incentive-Based DR Program 2238.6 Economic Analysis of Micro-Grid System 2238.7 Results and Discussions 2248.7.1 Dispatch Schedule Without Demand Response 2248.7.2 Dispatch Schedule with Demand Response 2258.7.3 Micro-Grid Resiliency 2298.7.4 BESS for Emergency DG Replacement 2358.8 Conclusions 237List of Symbols and Indices 238References 2409 Role of Energy Storage System in Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Active Distribution Network 243Vijay Babu Pamshetti and Shiv Pujan SinghNomenclature 2449.1 Introduction 2469.1.1 Background 2469.1.2 Motivation and Aim 2489.1.3 Related Work 2499.1.4 Main Contributions 2539.2 Active Distribution Network 2539.3 Uncertainties Modelling of Renewable Energy Sources and Load 2549.3.1 Uncertainty of Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation 2549.3.2 Uncertainty of Wind Power Generation 2559.3.3 Voltage Dependent Load Modelling (VDLM) 2569.3.4 Proposed Stochastic Variable Module for Uncertainties Modelling 2569.3.5 Modelling of Energy Storage System 2589.3.6 Basic Concept of Conservation Voltage Reduction 2599.3.7 Framework of Proposed Two-Stage Coordinated Optimization Model 2599.3.8 Proposed Problem Formulation 2609.3.8.1 Investments Constraints 2629.3.8.2 Operational Constraints 2629.3.9 Proposed Solution Methodology 2639.3.10 Simulation Results and Discussions 2659.3.10.1 Simulation Platform 2659.3.10.2 Data and Assumptions 2659.3.10.3 Numerical Results and Discussions 2669.3.10.4 Effect of Voltage Profile 2689.3.10.5 Effect of Energy Losses and Consumption 2689.3.10.6 Effect of Energy Not Served and Carbon Emissions 2729.3.10.7 Performance of Proposed Hybrid Optimization Solver 2729.3.11 Conclusion 274References 27510 Inclusion of Energy Storage System with Renewable Energy Resources in Distribution Networks 281Rayees Ahmad Thokar, Vipin Chandra Pandey, Nikhil Gupta, K. R. Niazi, Anil Swarnkar, Pradeep Singh and N. K. Meena10.1 Introduction 28210.2 Optimal Allocation of ESSs in Modern Distribution Networks 28410.2.1 ESS Allocation (Siting and Sizing) 28510.2.2 ESS Allocation Methods 28610.3 Applications of ESS in Modern Distribution Networks 29010.3.1 ESS Applications at the Generation and Distribution Side 29310.3.2 ESS Applications at the End-Consumer Side 29310.4 Different Types of ESS Technologies Employed for Sustainable Operation of Power Networks 29410.5 Case Study 30110.5.1 Proposed Two-Layer Optimization Framework and Problem Formulation 30210.5.1.1 Upper-Layer Optimization 30310.5.1.2 Internal-Layer Optimization 30410.5.1.3 Problem Constraints 30510.5.1.4 Proposed Management Strategies for BESS Deployment 30710.5.2 Results and Discussions 30810.5.3 Conclusions 31610.6 Future Research and Recommendations 317Appendix A 318Acknowledgement 319References 319Index 329