Bioenergy Research

Neha Srivastava is a Research Scientist in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India.Manish Srivastava is a SERB-Research Scientist in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India.

• List of Contributors xiiiForeword xviiAcknowledgments xixBiofuels Production Technologies: Recent Advancement xxi1 Role of Enzymes in Biofuel Production 1Ashok Kumar Yadav, Surabhi Pandey, Abhishek Dutt Tripathi and Veena Paul1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biofuel Classification 21.3 Enzymes Role in Biofuels 31.4 Enzymatic Reaction 41.5 Enzyme Recovery and Reuse 41.6 Enzyme Immobilization 41.6.1 Adsorption on Physical Surface: Physical Adsorption 51.6.2 Ionic Bonding 51.6.3 Entanglement or Envelopment 61.6.4 Cross-Linkage 61.7 Unique Techniques of Enzyme Immobilization 61.8 Application of Various Enzymes in Biofuel Production 61.8.1 Amylases 61.8.2 Proteases 71.8.3 Dehydrogenases 71.8.4 Lipase 81.9 Biofuel Production Process 81.9.1 Bioethanol 81.9.2 Biohydrogen 111.9.3 Biomethane 111.9.4 Biodiesel 121.10 Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Catalysis 141.10.1 Batch Method 151.10.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Method 151.10.3 Packed-Bed Columns 151.11 Future Prospects 161.12 Conclusion 16References 172 Microbial Technology for Biofuel Production 19Spriha Raven, Sashita Bindu Ekka, Stephen Edward Chattree, Shivani Smita Sadanand, Lipi Rina and Archana Tiwari2.1 Introduction 192.2 Microbial Biofuel 202.3 Microbial Pathway for Biofuel Production 212.3.1 Sugar Conversion to Alcohols/Glycolytic Pathway 212.3.2 Butanol Synthetic Pathway/ABE Pathway 212.3.3 2-Keto Acid Pathways for Alcohols 222.3.4 2-Keto Acid Pathway for Iso-Butanol 222.3.5 Protein into Alcohol 222.4 Algal Biofuel Production 222.4.1 Microalgal Cultivation 232.4.2 Microalgae Harvesting 252.4.3 Conversion Techniques for Algal Biofuel Production 252.4.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion 252.4.3.2 Biochemical Conversion 272.4.3.3 Transesterification (or Chemical Conversion) 282.4.3.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell 282.5 Bioethanol 282.6 Biodiesel 292.6.1 Stages of Biodiesel Production 312.6.1.1 Cultivation 312.6.1.2 Harvesting/Dewatering 322.6.1.3 Oil Extraction 322.6.1.4 Conversion 332.7 Biohydrogen 332.7.1 Stages of Biohydrogen Production 342.7.1.1 Biophotolysis 342.7.1.2 Photo Fermentation 362.7.1.3 Dark Fermentation 362.7.1.4 Two-Step Process (a Combination of Photo and Dark Fermentation) 372.8 Applications of Biofuel Production 382.8.1 In Aviation 392.8.2 Maritime Industry 392.8.3 Heat 392.8.4 Backup Systems 392.8.5 Cleaning Oil Spills 392.8.6 Microalgae Applications 392.9 Conclusion 40References 403 Biohydrogen Production from Cellulosic Waste Biomass 47Enosh Phillips3.1 Introduction 473.2 History of Hydrogen Fuel 483.3 Biohydrogen Fuel Cell 483.4 Cellulosic Biohydrogen Production from Waste Biomass 503.4.1 Biohydrogen Production from Wheat Straw and Wheat Bran 513.4.2 Biohydrogen Production from Corn Stalk 543.4.3 Biohydrogen from Rice Straw and Rice Bran 553.4.4 Biohydrogen Production from Food Waste 573.4.5 Biohydrogen from Bagasse 583.4.6 Biohydrogen Production from Mushroom CultivationWaste 603.4.7 Biohydrogen Production from Sweet Potato Starch Residue 613.4.8 Biohydrogen from De-Oiled Jatropha 613.4.9 Biohydrogen Production Banyan Leaves and Maize Leaves 623.5 Conclusion 62References 644 Strategies for Obtaining Biofuels Through the Fermentation of C5-Raw Materials: Part 1 69Alexandre S. Santos, Lílian A. Pantoja, Mayara C. S. Barcelos, Kele A. C. Vespermann and Gustavo Molina4.1 The Nature of Pentoses 694.2 Alcoholic Fermentation of C5 714.3 Lipid Biosynthesis from C5 794.4 Conclusion 82References 825 Strategies for Obtaining Biofuels Through the Fermentation of C5-Raw Materials: Part 2 85Alexandre Soares dos Santos, Lílian Pantoja, Kele A. C. Vespermann, Mayara C. S. Barcelos and Gustavo Molina5.1 Introduction 855.2 Ethanol Production Using C5-Fermenter Strain 865.2.1 Pentose-Fermenting Microorganisms 865.3 Microbial Lipid Production by C5-Fermenter Strains for Biofuel Advances 905.4 Concluding Remarks 96References 966 An Overview of Microalgal Carotenoids: Advances in the Production and Its Impact on Sustainable Development 105Rahul Kumar Goswami, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma6.1 Introduction 1056.1.1 Interaction and Understanding of Carotenoid 1066.1.2 Differentiation between Natural or Chemically Synthesized Carotenoids 1066.2 Diverse Category of Carotenoids 1076.2.1 β-Carotene 1076.2.2 Lutein 1076.2.3 Astaxanthin 1086.2.4 Canthaxanthin 1086.3 Microalgae Prospects for the Production of Carotenoids 1096.3.1 Bio-Formation of Carotenoids inside Microalgae/Carotenogenesis inside Microalgae Cells 1106.3.2 Potent Microalgae Strain for Carotenoid Production 1116.3.2.1 Haematococcus pluvialis 1126.3.2.2 Dunaliella salina. 1136.3.2.3 Other Microalgae Species Used for the Production of Carotenoids 1136.3.3 Enhancement of Carotenoid Productivity by Optimizing Various Physiological Condition/Physiological Approaches for Enhancement of Carotenoid Production inside Microalga Cells 1156.3.3.1 Role of Nutrient Deficient Stress for Carotenogenesis 1156.3.3.2 Lights and Temperature Stress for Induction of Carotenogenesis 1166.3.3.3 Role of Oxidative Stress in Carotenogenesis 1166.3.3.4 Approaches which Enhance Carotenogenesis by Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae 1176.3.3.5 Cohesive Cultivation System in Microalgae for Enhancement of Carotenoid 1176.3.4 Metabolic and Genetic Modification in Microalgae for Enhancement of Carotenoid Production 1186.4 Significance of Carotenoid in Human Health 1196.4.1 Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties 1196.4.2 Anticancerous Activity and their Potential of a Generation of an Immune Response 1196.4.3 As Provitamin 1216.4.4 Other Significance of Microalgae Carotenoids 1216.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Carotenoid Production 1216.6 Present Drifts and Future Prospects 1226.7 Conclusion 123References 1237 Microbial Xylanases: A Helping Module for the Enzyme Biorefinery Platform 129Nisha Bhardwaj and Pradeep Verma7.1 Introduction 1297.2 Raw Material for Biorefinery 1307.3 Structure of Lignocellulosic Plant Biomass 1327.4 The Concept of Biorefinery 1327.5 Role of Enzymes in Biorefinery 1347.5.1 In Biological Pretreatment 1347.5.2 In Enzymatic Hydrolysis 1357.6 Enzyme Synergy: A Conceptual Strategy 1367.7 Factors Affecting Biological Pretreatment 1377.8 Advantages of Xylanases from Thermophilic Microorganisms in Biorefinery 1387.9 The Products of Biorefinery 1387.9.1 Bioethanol 1387.9.2 Biobutanol 1417.9.3 Hydrogen 1427.10 Molecular Aspects of Enzymes in Biorefinery 1427.11 Conclusion 143References 1438 Microbial Cellulolytic-Based Biofuel Production 153S.M. Bhatt8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Biofuel Classifications 1538.2.1 Generations of Biofuel 1538.2.2 Bioethanol Production Using Lignocellulose 1548.2.2.1 Polymeric Lignocellulosic Composition 1578.3 Bioprocessing of Bagasse for Bioethanol Production 1578.3.1 Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Cellulose Structure 1598.3.1.1 Cellulolytic Microbes 1598.4 Microbial Cellulase 1608.5 Mode of Economical Production of Enzyme 1618.6 Structure of Cellulase 1638.6.1 CBH1 Structure 1648.6.2 Thermophilic Cellulase Enzyme 1648.7 Family Classification 1648.8 Consortia-Based Cellulase Production 1658.9 Cellulase Production SSF Mode 1658.10 Concluding Remarks 166Declarations 166Acknowledgment 166References 1669 Recent Developments of Bioethanol Production 175Arla Sai Kumar, Sana Siva Sankar, S K Godlaveeti, Dinesh Kumar, S Dheiver, RamPrasad, Chandrasekhar Nb, Thi Hong Chuong Nguyen and Quyet Van Le9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Emerging Techniques in Bioethanol Production 1789.3 Advancement in Distillation and Waste-Valorization Techniques 1799.3.1 Heat Integrated Distillation 1799.3.2 Membrane Technology 1809.3.2.1 Membrane-Assisted Vapor Stripping 1809.3.2.2 Combining Extractive and Azeotropic Distillation 1809.3.2.3 Feed-Splitting 1829.3.2.4 Ohmic-Assisted Hydro Distillation (OADH) 1829.4 Green Extraction of Bioactive Products 1829.4.1 Pulsed Electric Fields (PFE) 1839.4.2 High-Voltage Electrical Discharges 1849.4.3 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction 1849.4.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 1879.4.5 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 1889.4.6 Subcritical Fluid Extraction 1889.4.7 Ohmic-Assisted Extraction 1889.5 Advancement in Bioethanol Production from Microalgae 1889.5.1 Surface Methods 1889.5.2 Ligno Celluloic Bio Ethanol Production 1899.5.2.1 Membrane Technology 1899.5.2.2 Microbial Technique 1919.5.2.3 Brown Algae 1919.5.2.4 Integrated Processes 1919.5.2.5 Advances in Bioethanol Production from Agroindustrial Waste 1929.6 Fermentation Technique Advances 1929.6.1 Synthesis from Municipal Wastes 1939.6.1.1 Waste Paper 1939.6.1.2 Coffee Residue 1949.6.1.3 Food Waste 1949.6.1.4 Solid Waste 1959.7 Conclusion 196References 19810 Algal Biofuels – Types and Production Technologies 209Sreedevi Sarsan and K. Vindhya Vasini Roy10.1 Introduction 20910.2 Algal Biofuels 21010.3 Production of Algal Biofuels 21110.3.1 Algae Cultivation Systems 21110.3.1.1 Cultivation of Macroalgae 21210.3.1.2 Cultivation of Microalgae 21410.3.2 Harvesting of Algae 22010.3.2.1 Harvesting of Macroalgae 22010.3.2.2 Harvesting of Microalgae 22010.3.3 Drying 22210.3.4 Cell Disruption 22210.3.5 Conversion into Biofuel 22310.4 Types of Algal Biofuels 22310.4.1 Biodiesel 22410.4.2 Bioethanol 22610.4.3 Biogas/Biomethane 22810.4.4 Biomethanol 23010.4.5 Biobutanol 23010.4.6 Biohydrogen 23010.4.7 Biosyngas 23110.4.8 Green Diesel 23110.5 Advantages of Algal Biofuels 23210.5.1 Ease of Growth 23210.5.2 Impact on Food 23210.5.3 Environmental Impact 23310.5.4 Algal by Products 23410.5.5 Economic Benefits 23410.6 Limitations 23410.7 Conclusion 235References 23511 Biomethane Production and Advancement 245Rajeev Singh, P K Mishra, Neha Srivastava, Akshay Shrivastav and K R Srivastava11.1 Introduction 24511.1.1 Process Involved in Biomethane Production 24711.1.2 Purification of Biogas for Methane Production 24911.2 Advancement Undergoing in the Process of Methane Production 25011.2.1 Adsorption by Pressure Swing 25011.3 Adsorption Methods 25111.4 Separation by Membrane 25111.5 Cryogenic Separation 25211.6 Biological Technique for Purification of Biogas 25211.6.1 Advantage and Limitation of Biomethane Production 25211.6.2 Conclusion 253References 25412 Biodiesel Production and Advancement from Diatom Algae 261Abhishek Saxena and Archana Tiwari12.1 Introduction 26112.2 Diatom Algae as a Source of Lipids 26212.3 Biodiesel Production from Diatoms 26512.4 Innovative Approaches toward Enhancement in Biodiesel Production and Challenges 26712.5 Advancements in Diatoms-Based Biodiesel Production 26912.6 Conclusion 270Acknowledgments 272References 27213 Biobutanol Production and Advancement 279Enosh Phillips13.1 Introduction 27913.2 Biobutanol 27913.3 ABE Process for Biobutanol Production 28113.4 Biobutanol Production by ABE 28213.5 Substrate Used in Biobutanol Production 28313.6 Advancement in Pretreatment Method 28413.7 Microbial Engineering for Production Enhancement 28413.8 Conclusion 285Acknowledgment 286References 286Index 291