Dr. Michael F.Byrne, lead editor, is a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of British Columbia, and is also CEO and founder of Satisfai Health, a leading provider of AI solutions in Gastroenterology. He is in great demand as a speaker and thought leader on the international medical AI circuit.Dr. Nasim Parsa is a gastroenterologist and clinical researcher with interest in patient outcomes and meaningful ­implementation of AI in practice. She is also the Vice President of Medical Affairs at Satisfai Health.Dr. Alexandra T. Greenhill is one of the leading physicians in healthinnovation, founder, advisor and board member of some of the best digital health focused organizations on a mission to accelerate the future of health.Dr. Daljeet Chahal is a board-certified gastroenterologist and clinical researcher who recently finished advanced ­hepatology training at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. He has returned to Vancouver to practice medicine at the ­University of British Columbia, and hopes to incorporate machine learning technologies into his future clinical, research, and ­business endeavors.Dr. Omer Ahmad is a gastroenterologist and senior clinical translational research scientist at University College London. He has successfully co-developed AI software that is being used in routine clinical practice, and published international initiatives related to the effective implementation of AI solutions.Dr. Ulas Bagci is an Associate Professor at Northwestern University’s Radiology, ECE, and Biomedical Engineering ­Departments in Chicago, and Courtesy Professor at the Center for Research in Computer Vision (CRCV), Department of Computer Science, at the University of Central Florida (UCF).

• List of Contributors xiiForeword xxivPreface xxviMichael ByrneAcknowledgements xxxRelevant AI Terms xxxiiAbout the Companion Website xxxviSECTION I Overview of Medical AI: The What, the Why, and the How 11 An Introduction to AI for Non-Experts 3Sharib Ali and Michael Byrne2 General Framework for Using AI in Clinical Practice 13Judy L Barkal, Jack W Stockert, Jesse M Ehrenfeld, Charles E Aunger, and Lawrence K Cohen3 AI and Medical Education 27Alexandra T GreenhillSECTION II AI Foundations 394 History of AI in Clinical Medicine 41Isaak Kavasidis, Federica Proietto Salanitri, Simone Palazzo, and Concetto Spampinato5 History, Core Concepts, and Role of AI in Clinical Medicine 49Christoph Palm6 Building Blocks of AI 56Ulas Bagci, Ismail Irmakci, Ugur Demir, and Elif Keles7 Expert Systems for Interpretable Decisions in the Clinical Domain 66Syed Muhammad Anwar8 The Role of Natural Language Processing in Intelligence-Based Medicine 73Maryam Panahiazar, Nolan Chen, Ramin E Beygui, and Dexter HadleySECTION III AI Applied to Clinical Medicine 81Frontline Care Specialties9 AI in Primary Care, Preventative Medicine, and Triage 83Yasmin Abedin, Omer F Ahmad, and Junaid Bajwa10 Do It Yourself: Wearable Sensors and AI for Self-Assessment of Mental Health 94Harish RaviPrakash and Syed Muhammad Anwar11 AI in Dentistry 104Lyudmila Tuzova, Dmitry Tuzoff, and L Eric Pulver12 AI in Emergency Medicine 117Jonathon Stewart, Adrian Goudie, Juan Lu, and Girish DwivediMedical Specialties13 AI in Respirology and Bronchoscopy 129Kevin Deasy, Henri Colt, and Marcus Kennedy14 AI in Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery 144Lin Gu15 AI in the Intensive Care Unit 154Dipayan Chaudhuri and Sandeep S Kohli16 AI in Dermatology 165Albert T Young, Jennifer Y Chen, Abhishek Bhattarcharya, and Maria L Wei17 Artificial Intelligence in Gastroenterology 176Trent Walradt and Tyler M Berzin18 AI in Haematology 184Paulina B Szklanna, Luisa Weiss, Brian Mac Namee, Rehman Faryal, Barry Kevane, Fionnuala Ní Áinle, and Patricia B Maguire19 AI and Infectious Diseases 192Alanna Ebigbo and Helmut Messmann20 AI in Precision Medicine: The Way Forward 200Prasun J Mishra21 AI in Paediatrics 210Darren Gates and Iain Hennessey22 AI Applications in Rheumatology 219Sarah Quidwai, Colm Kirby, and Grainne MurphySurgical Specialties23 Perspectives on AI in Anaesthesiology 228Vesela Kovacheva24 AI in Ear, Nose, and Throat 233Jesús Rogel-Salazar and Krishan Ramdoo25 AI in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 239Sam Mathewlynn and Lucy Mackillop26 AI in Ophthalmology 253Nima John Ghadiri27 AI in Orthopaedic Surgery 266David Burns, Aazad Abbas, Jay Toor, and Michael Hardisty28 AI in Surgery 282Jesutofunmi A Omiye, Akshay Swaminathan, and Elsie G Ross29 AI in Urological Oncology: Prostate Cancer Diagnosis with Magnetic Resonance Imaging 298Sherif Mehralivand and Baris TurkbeyDiagnostic Specialties30 AI in Pathology 307Stephanie Harmon and Kevin Ma31 Introduction to AI in Radiology 318Shu Min Yu and Amarpreet Mahil32 Clinical Applications of AI in Diagnostic Imaging 321Mohammed F Mohammed, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh33 AI for Workflow Enhancement in Radiology 337Sabeena Jalal, Jason Yao, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh34 AI for Medical Image Processing: Improving Quality, Accessibility, and Safety 350Leonid L Chepelev, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh35 Future Developments and Assimilation of AI in Radiology 365Aakanksha Agarwal and Timothy É MurraySECTION IV Policy Issues, Practical Implementation, and Future Perspectives in Medical AI 377AI Regulation, Privacy, Law36 Medical Device AI Regulatory Expectations 379Vesna Janic, Helen Simons, and Taimoor Khan37 Privacy Laws in the USA, Europe, and South Africa 395Sara Gerke38 AI-Enabled Consumer-Facing Health Technology 407Alexandra T GreenhillEthics, Equity, Bias39 Biases in Machine Learning in Healthcare 426Dora Huang, Leo Anthony Celi, and Zachary O'Brien40 'Designing' Ethics into AI: Ensuring Equality, Equity, and Accessibility 437Lisa MurphyDesign and Implementation41 Making AI Work: Designing and Evaluating AI Systems in Healthcare 448Niels van Berkel42 Demonstrating Clinical Impact for AI Interventions: Importance of Robust Evaluation and Standardized Reporting 459Gagandeep Sachdeva, Diana Han, Pearse A Keane, Alastair K Denniston, and Xiaoxuan Liu43 The Importance and Benefits of Implementing Modern Data Infrastructure for Video-Based Medicine 469Matt Schwartz and Ian StrugThe Way Forward44 AI and the Evolution of the Patient--Physician Relationship 478Judy L Barkal, Jack W Stockert, Jesse M Ehrenfeld, and Lawrence K Cohen45 Virtual Care and AI: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts 488Junaid Kalia46 Summing It All Up: Evaluation, Integration, and Future Directions for AI in Clinical Medicine 498Mark A Shapiro and Marty Tenenbaum47 A Glimpse into the Future: AI, Digital Humans, and the Metaverse -- Opportunities and Challenges for Life Sciences in Immersive Ecologies 521Siddharthan Surveswaran and Lakshmi DeshpandeIndex 528

Dr. Michael F.Byrne, lead editor, is a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of British Columbia, and is also CEO and founder of Satisfai Health, a leading provider of AI solutions in Gastroenterology. He is in great demand as a speaker and thought leader on the international medical AI circuit.Dr. Nasim Parsa is a gastroenterologist and clinical researcher with interest in patient outcomes and meaningful ­implementation of AI in practice. She is also the Vice President of Medical Affairs at Satisfai Health.Dr. Alexandra T. Greenhill is one of the leading physicians in healthinnovation, founder, advisor and board member of some of the best digital health focused organizations on a mission to accelerate the future of health.Dr. Daljeet Chahal is a board-certified gastroenterologist and clinical researcher who recently finished advanced ­hepatology training at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. He has returned to Vancouver to practice medicine at the ­University of British Columbia, and hopes to incorporate machine learning technologies into his future clinical, research, and ­business endeavors.Dr. Omer Ahmad is a gastroenterologist and senior clinical translational research scientist at University College London. He has successfully co-developed AI software that is being used in routine clinical practice, and published international initiatives related to the effective implementation of AI solutions.Dr. Ulas Bagci is an Associate Professor at Northwestern University’s Radiology, ECE, and Biomedical Engineering ­Departments in Chicago, and Courtesy Professor at the Center for Research in Computer Vision (CRCV), Department of Computer Science, at the University of Central Florida (UCF).

• List of Contributors xiiForeword xxivPreface xxviMichael ByrneAcknowledgements xxxRelevant AI Terms xxxiiAbout the Companion Website xxxviSECTION I Overview of Medical AI: The What, the Why, and the How 11 An Introduction to AI for Non-Experts 3Sharib Ali and Michael Byrne2 General Framework for Using AI in Clinical Practice 13Judy L Barkal, Jack W Stockert, Jesse M Ehrenfeld, Charles E Aunger, and Lawrence K Cohen3 AI and Medical Education 27Alexandra T GreenhillSECTION II AI Foundations 394 History of AI in Clinical Medicine 41Isaak Kavasidis, Federica Proietto Salanitri, Simone Palazzo, and Concetto Spampinato5 History, Core Concepts, and Role of AI in Clinical Medicine 49Christoph Palm6 Building Blocks of AI 56Ulas Bagci, Ismail Irmakci, Ugur Demir, and Elif Keles7 Expert Systems for Interpretable Decisions in the Clinical Domain 66Syed Muhammad Anwar8 The Role of Natural Language Processing in Intelligence-Based Medicine 73Maryam Panahiazar, Nolan Chen, Ramin E Beygui, and Dexter HadleySECTION III AI Applied to Clinical Medicine 81Frontline Care Specialties9 AI in Primary Care, Preventative Medicine, and Triage 83Yasmin Abedin, Omer F Ahmad, and Junaid Bajwa10 Do It Yourself: Wearable Sensors and AI for Self-Assessment of Mental Health 94Harish RaviPrakash and Syed Muhammad Anwar11 AI in Dentistry 104Lyudmila Tuzova, Dmitry Tuzoff, and L Eric Pulver12 AI in Emergency Medicine 117Jonathon Stewart, Adrian Goudie, Juan Lu, and Girish DwivediMedical Specialties13 AI in Respirology and Bronchoscopy 129Kevin Deasy, Henri Colt, and Marcus Kennedy14 AI in Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery 144Lin Gu15 AI in the Intensive Care Unit 154Dipayan Chaudhuri and Sandeep S Kohli16 AI in Dermatology 165Albert T Young, Jennifer Y Chen, Abhishek Bhattarcharya, and Maria L Wei17 Artificial Intelligence in Gastroenterology 176Trent Walradt and Tyler M Berzin18 AI in Haematology 184Paulina B Szklanna, Luisa Weiss, Brian Mac Namee, Rehman Faryal, Barry Kevane, Fionnuala Ní Áinle, and Patricia B Maguire19 AI and Infectious Diseases 192Alanna Ebigbo and Helmut Messmann20 AI in Precision Medicine: The Way Forward 200Prasun J Mishra21 AI in Paediatrics 210Darren Gates and Iain Hennessey22 AI Applications in Rheumatology 219Sarah Quidwai, Colm Kirby, and Grainne MurphySurgical Specialties23 Perspectives on AI in Anaesthesiology 228Vesela Kovacheva24 AI in Ear, Nose, and Throat 233Jesús Rogel-Salazar and Krishan Ramdoo25 AI in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 239Sam Mathewlynn and Lucy Mackillop26 AI in Ophthalmology 253Nima John Ghadiri27 AI in Orthopaedic Surgery 266David Burns, Aazad Abbas, Jay Toor, and Michael Hardisty28 AI in Surgery 282Jesutofunmi A Omiye, Akshay Swaminathan, and Elsie G Ross29 AI in Urological Oncology: Prostate Cancer Diagnosis with Magnetic Resonance Imaging 298Sherif Mehralivand and Baris TurkbeyDiagnostic Specialties30 AI in Pathology 307Stephanie Harmon and Kevin Ma31 Introduction to AI in Radiology 318Shu Min Yu and Amarpreet Mahil32 Clinical Applications of AI in Diagnostic Imaging 321Mohammed F Mohammed, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh33 AI for Workflow Enhancement in Radiology 337Sabeena Jalal, Jason Yao, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh34 AI for Medical Image Processing: Improving Quality, Accessibility, and Safety 350Leonid L Chepelev, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh35 Future Developments and Assimilation of AI in Radiology 365Aakanksha Agarwal and Timothy É MurraySECTION IV Policy Issues, Practical Implementation, and Future Perspectives in Medical AI 377AI Regulation, Privacy, Law36 Medical Device AI Regulatory Expectations 379Vesna Janic, Helen Simons, and Taimoor Khan37 Privacy Laws in the USA, Europe, and South Africa 395Sara Gerke38 AI-Enabled Consumer-Facing Health Technology 407Alexandra T GreenhillEthics, Equity, Bias39 Biases in Machine Learning in Healthcare 426Dora Huang, Leo Anthony Celi, and Zachary O'Brien40 'Designing' Ethics into AI: Ensuring Equality, Equity, and Accessibility 437Lisa MurphyDesign and Implementation41 Making AI Work: Designing and Evaluating AI Systems in Healthcare 448Niels van Berkel42 Demonstrating Clinical Impact for AI Interventions: Importance of Robust Evaluation and Standardized Reporting 459Gagandeep Sachdeva, Diana Han, Pearse A Keane, Alastair K Denniston, and Xiaoxuan Liu43 The Importance and Benefits of Implementing Modern Data Infrastructure for Video-Based Medicine 469Matt Schwartz and Ian StrugThe Way Forward44 AI and the Evolution of the Patient--Physician Relationship 478Judy L Barkal, Jack W Stockert, Jesse M Ehrenfeld, and Lawrence K Cohen45 Virtual Care and AI: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts 488Junaid Kalia46 Summing It All Up: Evaluation, Integration, and Future Directions for AI in Clinical Medicine 498Mark A Shapiro and Marty Tenenbaum47 A Glimpse into the Future: AI, Digital Humans, and the Metaverse -- Opportunities and Challenges for Life Sciences in Immersive Ecologies 521Siddharthan Surveswaran and Lakshmi DeshpandeIndex 528

Dr. Michael F.Byrne, lead editor, is a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of British Columbia, and is also CEO and founder of Satisfai Health, a leading provider of AI solutions in Gastroenterology. He is in great demand as a speaker and thought leader on the international medical AI circuit.Dr. Nasim Parsa is a gastroenterologist and clinical researcher with interest in patient outcomes and meaningful ­implementation of AI in practice. She is also the Vice President of Medical Affairs at Satisfai Health.Dr. Alexandra T. Greenhill is one of the leading physicians in healthinnovation, founder, advisor and board member of some of the best digital health focused organizations on a mission to accelerate the future of health.Dr. Daljeet Chahal is a board-certified gastroenterologist and clinical researcher who recently finished advanced ­hepatology training at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. He has returned to Vancouver to practice medicine at the ­University of British Columbia, and hopes to incorporate machine learning technologies into his future clinical, research, and ­business endeavors.Dr. Omer Ahmad is a gastroenterologist and senior clinical translational research scientist at University College London. He has successfully co-developed AI software that is being used in routine clinical practice, and published international initiatives related to the effective implementation of AI solutions.Dr. Ulas Bagci is an Associate Professor at Northwestern University’s Radiology, ECE, and Biomedical Engineering ­Departments in Chicago, and Courtesy Professor at the Center for Research in Computer Vision (CRCV), Department of Computer Science, at the University of Central Florida (UCF).

• List of Contributors xiiForeword xxivPreface xxviMichael ByrneAcknowledgements xxxRelevant AI Terms xxxiiAbout the Companion Website xxxviSECTION I Overview of Medical AI: The What, the Why, and the How 11 An Introduction to AI for Non-Experts 3Sharib Ali and Michael Byrne2 General Framework for Using AI in Clinical Practice 13Judy L Barkal, Jack W Stockert, Jesse M Ehrenfeld, Charles E Aunger, and Lawrence K Cohen3 AI and Medical Education 27Alexandra T GreenhillSECTION II AI Foundations 394 History of AI in Clinical Medicine 41Isaak Kavasidis, Federica Proietto Salanitri, Simone Palazzo, and Concetto Spampinato5 History, Core Concepts, and Role of AI in Clinical Medicine 49Christoph Palm6 Building Blocks of AI 56Ulas Bagci, Ismail Irmakci, Ugur Demir, and Elif Keles7 Expert Systems for Interpretable Decisions in the Clinical Domain 66Syed Muhammad Anwar8 The Role of Natural Language Processing in Intelligence-Based Medicine 73Maryam Panahiazar, Nolan Chen, Ramin E Beygui, and Dexter HadleySECTION III AI Applied to Clinical Medicine 81Frontline Care Specialties9 AI in Primary Care, Preventative Medicine, and Triage 83Yasmin Abedin, Omer F Ahmad, and Junaid Bajwa10 Do It Yourself: Wearable Sensors and AI for Self-Assessment of Mental Health 94Harish RaviPrakash and Syed Muhammad Anwar11 AI in Dentistry 104Lyudmila Tuzova, Dmitry Tuzoff, and L Eric Pulver12 AI in Emergency Medicine 117Jonathon Stewart, Adrian Goudie, Juan Lu, and Girish DwivediMedical Specialties13 AI in Respirology and Bronchoscopy 129Kevin Deasy, Henri Colt, and Marcus Kennedy14 AI in Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery 144Lin Gu15 AI in the Intensive Care Unit 154Dipayan Chaudhuri and Sandeep S Kohli16 AI in Dermatology 165Albert T Young, Jennifer Y Chen, Abhishek Bhattarcharya, and Maria L Wei17 Artificial Intelligence in Gastroenterology 176Trent Walradt and Tyler M Berzin18 AI in Haematology 184Paulina B Szklanna, Luisa Weiss, Brian Mac Namee, Rehman Faryal, Barry Kevane, Fionnuala Ní Áinle, and Patricia B Maguire19 AI and Infectious Diseases 192Alanna Ebigbo and Helmut Messmann20 AI in Precision Medicine: The Way Forward 200Prasun J Mishra21 AI in Paediatrics 210Darren Gates and Iain Hennessey22 AI Applications in Rheumatology 219Sarah Quidwai, Colm Kirby, and Grainne MurphySurgical Specialties23 Perspectives on AI in Anaesthesiology 228Vesela Kovacheva24 AI in Ear, Nose, and Throat 233Jesús Rogel-Salazar and Krishan Ramdoo25 AI in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 239Sam Mathewlynn and Lucy Mackillop26 AI in Ophthalmology 253Nima John Ghadiri27 AI in Orthopaedic Surgery 266David Burns, Aazad Abbas, Jay Toor, and Michael Hardisty28 AI in Surgery 282Jesutofunmi A Omiye, Akshay Swaminathan, and Elsie G Ross29 AI in Urological Oncology: Prostate Cancer Diagnosis with Magnetic Resonance Imaging 298Sherif Mehralivand and Baris TurkbeyDiagnostic Specialties30 AI in Pathology 307Stephanie Harmon and Kevin Ma31 Introduction to AI in Radiology 318Shu Min Yu and Amarpreet Mahil32 Clinical Applications of AI in Diagnostic Imaging 321Mohammed F Mohammed, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh33 AI for Workflow Enhancement in Radiology 337Sabeena Jalal, Jason Yao, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh34 AI for Medical Image Processing: Improving Quality, Accessibility, and Safety 350Leonid L Chepelev, Savvas Nicolaou, and Adnan Sheikh35 Future Developments and Assimilation of AI in Radiology 365Aakanksha Agarwal and Timothy É MurraySECTION IV Policy Issues, Practical Implementation, and Future Perspectives in Medical AI 377AI Regulation, Privacy, Law36 Medical Device AI Regulatory Expectations 379Vesna Janic, Helen Simons, and Taimoor Khan37 Privacy Laws in the USA, Europe, and South Africa 395Sara Gerke38 AI-Enabled Consumer-Facing Health Technology 407Alexandra T GreenhillEthics, Equity, Bias39 Biases in Machine Learning in Healthcare 426Dora Huang, Leo Anthony Celi, and Zachary O'Brien40 'Designing' Ethics into AI: Ensuring Equality, Equity, and Accessibility 437Lisa MurphyDesign and Implementation41 Making AI Work: Designing and Evaluating AI Systems in Healthcare 448Niels van Berkel42 Demonstrating Clinical Impact for AI Interventions: Importance of Robust Evaluation and Standardized Reporting 459Gagandeep Sachdeva, Diana Han, Pearse A Keane, Alastair K Denniston, and Xiaoxuan Liu43 The Importance and Benefits of Implementing Modern Data Infrastructure for Video-Based Medicine 469Matt Schwartz and Ian StrugThe Way Forward44 AI and the Evolution of the Patient--Physician Relationship 478Judy L Barkal, Jack W Stockert, Jesse M Ehrenfeld, and Lawrence K Cohen45 Virtual Care and AI: The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts 488Junaid Kalia46 Summing It All Up: Evaluation, Integration, and Future Directions for AI in Clinical Medicine 498Mark A Shapiro and Marty Tenenbaum47 A Glimpse into the Future: AI, Digital Humans, and the Metaverse -- Opportunities and Challenges for Life Sciences in Immersive Ecologies 521Siddharthan Surveswaran and Lakshmi DeshpandeIndex 528