Dean B. Andropoulos, MD, MHCM, is the Anesthesiologist-in-Chief and Chair, Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX, USA. He is also the editor of Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia, 6th Edition, and his research interests include neurological monitoring and outcomes of cardiac and non-cardiac surgery and anesthesia. Emad B. Mossad, MD, serves as the Director of the Arthur S. Keats Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesiology at Texas Children’s Hospital and Professor of Anesthesiology at Baylor College of Medicine since 2008. Prior to joining Texas Children’s Hospital, he served as Section Head for Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio from 1997-2008. He also served as a founding member and President of the Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society from 2014–2016. Erin A. Gottlieb, MD, MHCM, serves as the Chief of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology at Dell Children’s Medical Center and is Associate Professor of Surgery and Perioperative Care at the University of Texas Dell Medical School at Austin, TX, USA. Her research interests include bleeding and coagulation in congenital heart surgery, neurological outcomes, and multidisciplinary collaboration and communication in pediatric cardiac disease.

• List of Contributors, viiPreface to the Fourth Edition, xiiiList of Abbreviations, xvAbout the Companion Website, xixPart I History, Education, Outcomes, and Science1 History of Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease, 1Katherine L. Zaleski and Viviane G. Nasr2 Education for Anesthesia in Patients with Congenital Cardiac Disease, 16Viviane G. Nasr and Nina Deutsch3 Quality, Outcomes, and Databases in Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia, 29Lisa A. Caplan, Ehrenfried Schindler, and David F. Vener4 Multidisciplinary Collaboration, Team Functioning, and Communication in Congenital Cardiac Care, 44Dean B. Andropoulos5 Informatics and Artificial Intelligence in Congenital Heart Disease, 70Eric L. Vu, Craig G. Rusin, and Kenneth M. Brady6 Development of the Cardiovascular System, 83Barry D. Kussman, Amy E. Roberts, and Wanda C. Miller-Hance7 Nomenclature and Anatomic Evaluation in Congenital Heart Disease, 116Wanda C. Miller-Hance and Barry D. Kussman8 Genetic Syndromes and Associations in Congenital Heart Disease, 131Erin A. Gottlieb, Andrew Matisoff, and Dean B. Andropoulos9 Physiology and Cellular Biology of the Developing Circulation, 166Dean B. Andropoulos, Koichi Yuki, and Sophia Koutsogiannaki10 Anesthetic Agents and Their Cardiovascular Effects, 190Chinedu G. Otu, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Emad B. Mossad11 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 211Ralph Gertler, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Ashraf Resheidat12 Multiorgan Effects of Congenital Cardiac Surgery, 244Gina Whitney, Nicholas Houska, Megan Albertz, Brian Donahue, and Suanne DavesPart II Monitoring13 Vascular Access and Monitoring, 272Kenji Kayashima, Shoichi Uezono, Maricarmen R. Rodriguez, Koichi Yuki, and Dean B. Andropoulos14 Neurological Monitoring and Outcome, 305Kenneth M. Brady, Chandra Ramamoorthy, R. Blaine Easley, and Dean B. Andropoulos15 Transesophageal and Epicardial Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease, 331Annette Vegas and Wanda C. Miller-Hance16 Coagulation, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, and Bleeding, 377Laura A. Downey and David Faraoni17 Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Congenital Heart Disease Patients, 409Alan F. Riley, Kriti Puri, and Adam C. AdlerPart III Preoperative Considerations18 Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation, 425Emad B. Mossad, Rahul Baijal, and Rajesh Krishnamurthy19 Approach to the Fetus, Premature, and Full-Term Neonate, 448Lee P. Ferguson, Annette Y. Schure, Peter C. Laussen, and Kirsten C. Odegard20 Anesthesia for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, 466Jane Heggie, Catherine Ashes, Andrea Girnius, and Pablo MottaPart IV Management21 Hemodynamic Management, 494Mirela Bojan and Philippe Pouard22 Arrhythmias: Diagnosis and Management, 527Santiago O. Valdes, Jeffrey J. Kim, and Wanda C. Miller-Hance23 Airway and Ventilatory Management, 558Loren D. Sacks, Gregory B. Hammer, and Stephen A. Stayer24 Early Tracheal Extubation, Enhanced Recovery After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Regional Anesthesia and Postoperative Pain Management, 578Alexander Mittnacht25 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease, 599Javier J. Lasa, Daniel Stromberg, Sai S. Raju, and Timothy P. WelchPart V Anesthesia for Specific Lesions26 Anesthesia for Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions, 624Scott G. Walker27 Anesthesia for Left-sided Obstructive Lesions, 650James P. Spaeth and Andreas W. Loepke28 Anesthesia for Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions, 674Michael L. Schmitz, Destiny F. Chau, R. Ryan Das, Lorraine L. Thompson, and Sana Ullah29 Anesthesia for Transposition of the Great Arteries, 710Valentine Woodham, Mariepi Manolis, Lucy Hepburn, and Angus McEwan30 Anesthesia for the Patient with a Single Ventricle, 741Laura Diaz-Berenstain, Rania K. Abbasi, Lori Q. Riegger, James M. Steven, Susan C. Nicolson, and Dean B. Andropoulos31 Anesthesia for Miscellaneous Cardiac Lesions, 781Ian McKenzie, Maria Markakis Zestos, Stephen A. Stayer, Edward Kaminski, Paul Davies, and Dean B. Andropoulos32 Anesthesia for Cardiac and Pulmonary Transplantation, 832Glyn D. Williams, Chandra Ramamoorthy, Anshuman Sharma, and Manchula Navratnam33 Anesthesia for Pulmonary Hypertension, 869Mark D. Twite and Robert H. FriesenPart VI Anesthesia Outside the Cardiac Operating Room34 Anesthesia for the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, 890Premal M. Trivedi, Philip Arnold, Aarti Shah, and Athar M. Qureshi35 Anesthesia for Noncardiac Surgery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 934Andres Bacigalupo Landa, Anthony Zapata, Stephen A. Stayer, and Erin A. Gottlieb36 Cardiac Intensive Care, 958Gary Dhillon, Elizabeth Herrup, Paula Holinski, Peter C. Laussen, V. Ben Sivarajan, Stephen J. Roth, and Justin C. Yeh37 Mechanical Circulatory Support, 996Stephen B. Horton, Adam Skinner, Andres Bacigalupo Landa, Iki Adachi, Stephen A. Stayer, and Pablo MottaAppendix: Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesia Drug Sheet (September 2022), 1026Lisa A. Caplan and Erin A. GottliebIndex, 1032

Dean B. Andropoulos, MD, MHCM, is the Anesthesiologist-in-Chief and Chair, Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX, USA. He is also the editor of Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia, 6th Edition, and his research interests include neurological monitoring and outcomes of cardiac and non-cardiac surgery and anesthesia. Emad B. Mossad, MD, serves as the Director of the Arthur S. Keats Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesiology at Texas Children’s Hospital and Professor of Anesthesiology at Baylor College of Medicine since 2008. Prior to joining Texas Children’s Hospital, he served as Section Head for Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio from 1997-2008. He also served as a founding member and President of the Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society from 2014–2016. Erin A. Gottlieb, MD, MHCM, serves as the Chief of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology at Dell Children’s Medical Center and is Associate Professor of Surgery and Perioperative Care at the University of Texas Dell Medical School at Austin, TX, USA. Her research interests include bleeding and coagulation in congenital heart surgery, neurological outcomes, and multidisciplinary collaboration and communication in pediatric cardiac disease.

• List of Contributors, viiPreface to the Fourth Edition, xiiiList of Abbreviations, xvAbout the Companion Website, xixPart I History, Education, Outcomes, and Science1 History of Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease, 1Katherine L. Zaleski and Viviane G. Nasr2 Education for Anesthesia in Patients with Congenital Cardiac Disease, 16Viviane G. Nasr and Nina Deutsch3 Quality, Outcomes, and Databases in Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia, 29Lisa A. Caplan, Ehrenfried Schindler, and David F. Vener4 Multidisciplinary Collaboration, Team Functioning, and Communication in Congenital Cardiac Care, 44Dean B. Andropoulos5 Informatics and Artificial Intelligence in Congenital Heart Disease, 70Eric L. Vu, Craig G. Rusin, and Kenneth M. Brady6 Development of the Cardiovascular System, 83Barry D. Kussman, Amy E. Roberts, and Wanda C. Miller-Hance7 Nomenclature and Anatomic Evaluation in Congenital Heart Disease, 116Wanda C. Miller-Hance and Barry D. Kussman8 Genetic Syndromes and Associations in Congenital Heart Disease, 131Erin A. Gottlieb, Andrew Matisoff, and Dean B. Andropoulos9 Physiology and Cellular Biology of the Developing Circulation, 166Dean B. Andropoulos, Koichi Yuki, and Sophia Koutsogiannaki10 Anesthetic Agents and Their Cardiovascular Effects, 190Chinedu G. Otu, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Emad B. Mossad11 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 211Ralph Gertler, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Ashraf Resheidat12 Multiorgan Effects of Congenital Cardiac Surgery, 244Gina Whitney, Nicholas Houska, Megan Albertz, Brian Donahue, and Suanne DavesPart II Monitoring13 Vascular Access and Monitoring, 272Kenji Kayashima, Shoichi Uezono, Maricarmen R. Rodriguez, Koichi Yuki, and Dean B. Andropoulos14 Neurological Monitoring and Outcome, 305Kenneth M. Brady, Chandra Ramamoorthy, R. Blaine Easley, and Dean B. Andropoulos15 Transesophageal and Epicardial Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease, 331Annette Vegas and Wanda C. Miller-Hance16 Coagulation, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, and Bleeding, 377Laura A. Downey and David Faraoni17 Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Congenital Heart Disease Patients, 409Alan F. Riley, Kriti Puri, and Adam C. AdlerPart III Preoperative Considerations18 Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation, 425Emad B. Mossad, Rahul Baijal, and Rajesh Krishnamurthy19 Approach to the Fetus, Premature, and Full-Term Neonate, 448Lee P. Ferguson, Annette Y. Schure, Peter C. Laussen, and Kirsten C. Odegard20 Anesthesia for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, 466Jane Heggie, Catherine Ashes, Andrea Girnius, and Pablo MottaPart IV Management21 Hemodynamic Management, 494Mirela Bojan and Philippe Pouard22 Arrhythmias: Diagnosis and Management, 527Santiago O. Valdes, Jeffrey J. Kim, and Wanda C. Miller-Hance23 Airway and Ventilatory Management, 558Loren D. Sacks, Gregory B. Hammer, and Stephen A. Stayer24 Early Tracheal Extubation, Enhanced Recovery After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Regional Anesthesia and Postoperative Pain Management, 578Alexander Mittnacht25 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease, 599Javier J. Lasa, Daniel Stromberg, Sai S. Raju, and Timothy P. WelchPart V Anesthesia for Specific Lesions26 Anesthesia for Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions, 624Scott G. Walker27 Anesthesia for Left-sided Obstructive Lesions, 650James P. Spaeth and Andreas W. Loepke28 Anesthesia for Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions, 674Michael L. Schmitz, Destiny F. Chau, R. Ryan Das, Lorraine L. Thompson, and Sana Ullah29 Anesthesia for Transposition of the Great Arteries, 710Valentine Woodham, Mariepi Manolis, Lucy Hepburn, and Angus McEwan30 Anesthesia for the Patient with a Single Ventricle, 741Laura Diaz-Berenstain, Rania K. Abbasi, Lori Q. Riegger, James M. Steven, Susan C. Nicolson, and Dean B. Andropoulos31 Anesthesia for Miscellaneous Cardiac Lesions, 781Ian McKenzie, Maria Markakis Zestos, Stephen A. Stayer, Edward Kaminski, Paul Davies, and Dean B. Andropoulos32 Anesthesia for Cardiac and Pulmonary Transplantation, 832Glyn D. Williams, Chandra Ramamoorthy, Anshuman Sharma, and Manchula Navratnam33 Anesthesia for Pulmonary Hypertension, 869Mark D. Twite and Robert H. FriesenPart VI Anesthesia Outside the Cardiac Operating Room34 Anesthesia for the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, 890Premal M. Trivedi, Philip Arnold, Aarti Shah, and Athar M. Qureshi35 Anesthesia for Noncardiac Surgery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 934Andres Bacigalupo Landa, Anthony Zapata, Stephen A. Stayer, and Erin A. Gottlieb36 Cardiac Intensive Care, 958Gary Dhillon, Elizabeth Herrup, Paula Holinski, Peter C. Laussen, V. Ben Sivarajan, Stephen J. Roth, and Justin C. Yeh37 Mechanical Circulatory Support, 996Stephen B. Horton, Adam Skinner, Andres Bacigalupo Landa, Iki Adachi, Stephen A. Stayer, and Pablo MottaAppendix: Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesia Drug Sheet (September 2022), 1026Lisa A. Caplan and Erin A. GottliebIndex, 1032

Dean B. Andropoulos, MD, MHCM, is the Anesthesiologist-in-Chief and Chair, Texas Children’s Hospital Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX, USA. He is also the editor of Gregory’s Pediatric Anesthesia, 6th Edition, and his research interests include neurological monitoring and outcomes of cardiac and non-cardiac surgery and anesthesia. Emad B. Mossad, MD, serves as the Director of the Arthur S. Keats Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesiology at Texas Children’s Hospital and Professor of Anesthesiology at Baylor College of Medicine since 2008. Prior to joining Texas Children’s Hospital, he served as Section Head for Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio from 1997-2008. He also served as a founding member and President of the Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society from 2014–2016. Erin A. Gottlieb, MD, MHCM, serves as the Chief of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology at Dell Children’s Medical Center and is Associate Professor of Surgery and Perioperative Care at the University of Texas Dell Medical School at Austin, TX, USA. Her research interests include bleeding and coagulation in congenital heart surgery, neurological outcomes, and multidisciplinary collaboration and communication in pediatric cardiac disease.

• List of Contributors, viiPreface to the Fourth Edition, xiiiList of Abbreviations, xvAbout the Companion Website, xixPart I History, Education, Outcomes, and Science1 History of Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease, 1Katherine L. Zaleski and Viviane G. Nasr2 Education for Anesthesia in Patients with Congenital Cardiac Disease, 16Viviane G. Nasr and Nina Deutsch3 Quality, Outcomes, and Databases in Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia, 29Lisa A. Caplan, Ehrenfried Schindler, and David F. Vener4 Multidisciplinary Collaboration, Team Functioning, and Communication in Congenital Cardiac Care, 44Dean B. Andropoulos5 Informatics and Artificial Intelligence in Congenital Heart Disease, 70Eric L. Vu, Craig G. Rusin, and Kenneth M. Brady6 Development of the Cardiovascular System, 83Barry D. Kussman, Amy E. Roberts, and Wanda C. Miller-Hance7 Nomenclature and Anatomic Evaluation in Congenital Heart Disease, 116Wanda C. Miller-Hance and Barry D. Kussman8 Genetic Syndromes and Associations in Congenital Heart Disease, 131Erin A. Gottlieb, Andrew Matisoff, and Dean B. Andropoulos9 Physiology and Cellular Biology of the Developing Circulation, 166Dean B. Andropoulos, Koichi Yuki, and Sophia Koutsogiannaki10 Anesthetic Agents and Their Cardiovascular Effects, 190Chinedu G. Otu, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Emad B. Mossad11 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 211Ralph Gertler, Dean B. Andropoulos, and Ashraf Resheidat12 Multiorgan Effects of Congenital Cardiac Surgery, 244Gina Whitney, Nicholas Houska, Megan Albertz, Brian Donahue, and Suanne DavesPart II Monitoring13 Vascular Access and Monitoring, 272Kenji Kayashima, Shoichi Uezono, Maricarmen R. Rodriguez, Koichi Yuki, and Dean B. Andropoulos14 Neurological Monitoring and Outcome, 305Kenneth M. Brady, Chandra Ramamoorthy, R. Blaine Easley, and Dean B. Andropoulos15 Transesophageal and Epicardial Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease, 331Annette Vegas and Wanda C. Miller-Hance16 Coagulation, Cardiopulmonary Bypass, and Bleeding, 377Laura A. Downey and David Faraoni17 Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Congenital Heart Disease Patients, 409Alan F. Riley, Kriti Puri, and Adam C. AdlerPart III Preoperative Considerations18 Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation, 425Emad B. Mossad, Rahul Baijal, and Rajesh Krishnamurthy19 Approach to the Fetus, Premature, and Full-Term Neonate, 448Lee P. Ferguson, Annette Y. Schure, Peter C. Laussen, and Kirsten C. Odegard20 Anesthesia for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, 466Jane Heggie, Catherine Ashes, Andrea Girnius, and Pablo MottaPart IV Management21 Hemodynamic Management, 494Mirela Bojan and Philippe Pouard22 Arrhythmias: Diagnosis and Management, 527Santiago O. Valdes, Jeffrey J. Kim, and Wanda C. Miller-Hance23 Airway and Ventilatory Management, 558Loren D. Sacks, Gregory B. Hammer, and Stephen A. Stayer24 Early Tracheal Extubation, Enhanced Recovery After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Regional Anesthesia and Postoperative Pain Management, 578Alexander Mittnacht25 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease, 599Javier J. Lasa, Daniel Stromberg, Sai S. Raju, and Timothy P. WelchPart V Anesthesia for Specific Lesions26 Anesthesia for Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions, 624Scott G. Walker27 Anesthesia for Left-sided Obstructive Lesions, 650James P. Spaeth and Andreas W. Loepke28 Anesthesia for Right-Sided Obstructive Lesions, 674Michael L. Schmitz, Destiny F. Chau, R. Ryan Das, Lorraine L. Thompson, and Sana Ullah29 Anesthesia for Transposition of the Great Arteries, 710Valentine Woodham, Mariepi Manolis, Lucy Hepburn, and Angus McEwan30 Anesthesia for the Patient with a Single Ventricle, 741Laura Diaz-Berenstain, Rania K. Abbasi, Lori Q. Riegger, James M. Steven, Susan C. Nicolson, and Dean B. Andropoulos31 Anesthesia for Miscellaneous Cardiac Lesions, 781Ian McKenzie, Maria Markakis Zestos, Stephen A. Stayer, Edward Kaminski, Paul Davies, and Dean B. Andropoulos32 Anesthesia for Cardiac and Pulmonary Transplantation, 832Glyn D. Williams, Chandra Ramamoorthy, Anshuman Sharma, and Manchula Navratnam33 Anesthesia for Pulmonary Hypertension, 869Mark D. Twite and Robert H. FriesenPart VI Anesthesia Outside the Cardiac Operating Room34 Anesthesia for the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, 890Premal M. Trivedi, Philip Arnold, Aarti Shah, and Athar M. Qureshi35 Anesthesia for Noncardiac Surgery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 934Andres Bacigalupo Landa, Anthony Zapata, Stephen A. Stayer, and Erin A. Gottlieb36 Cardiac Intensive Care, 958Gary Dhillon, Elizabeth Herrup, Paula Holinski, Peter C. Laussen, V. Ben Sivarajan, Stephen J. Roth, and Justin C. Yeh37 Mechanical Circulatory Support, 996Stephen B. Horton, Adam Skinner, Andres Bacigalupo Landa, Iki Adachi, Stephen A. Stayer, and Pablo MottaAppendix: Pediatric Cardiovascular Anesthesia Drug Sheet (September 2022), 1026Lisa A. Caplan and Erin A. GottliebIndex, 1032