Next-Generation Antennas

Prashant Ranjan, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University of Engineering and Management Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He earned his masters and doctorate from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has more than four years of teaching experience and has published numerous research papers in international journals and conferences. He has also served as a reviewer for a number of technical journals and conferences.Dharmendra Kumar Jhariya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication, National Institute of Technology Delhi, India. He earned his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. He has more than five years of teaching experience and has published numerous research papers in international scientific journals and conferences.Manoj Gupta, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JECRC University, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. He has over fifteen years of teaching experience and has published many research papers in scientific journals and conferences. He has contributed numerous book chapters to edited volumes and has four patents to his credit. He is the Editor in Chief of the book series “Advances in Antenna, Microwave and Communication Engineering,” from Scrivener Publishing, and he is editor in chief of a book series by another publisher. He is an editor, associate editor, and reviewer for many international technical journals and has received numerous awards.Er. Krishna Kumar is a research and development engineer at UJVN Limited and is pursuing his PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. He has more than eleven years of experience in this field and has published numerous research papers in international journals and conferences from well-respected publishers.Pradeep Kumar, PhD, has over fourteen years of teaching experience and is working with the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. He is the co-editor in chief of the book series “Advances in Antenna, Microwave, and Communication Engineering,” from Scrivener Publishing and has received numerous awards and fellowships. He is also the author of more than 90 research papers published in various peer-reviewed scientific journals and conferences and a reviewer for many journals and conferences.

• Preface xiii1 Different Types of Microstrip Filters for UWB Communication 1Prashant Ranjan, Krishna Kumar, Sachin Kumar Pal and Rachna Shah1.1 Introduction 11.2 Previous Work 21.2.1 Multiband Microwave Filter for a Wireless Communication System 21.2.2 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter 51.2.3 Ultra-Wideband Filter with Notch Band Characteristic 101.3 Conclusions 16References 172 Design, Isolation Analysis, and Characterization of 2×2/4×4 MIMO Antennas for High-Speed Wireless Applications 23Manish Sharma, Rajeev Kumar and Preet Kaur2.1 Introduction 242.2 Understanding 2×2 MIMO Antenna Configuration 252.3 Diversity Performance Analysis of 2×2 UWB-MIMO/Dual-Polarization/UWB: Single, Dual, Triple, and Four Notched Bands 322.4 4×4 MIMO Antenna 392.5 Conclusions 40References 413 Various Antenna Array Designs Using Scilab Software: An Exploratory Study 49V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli and Praveena A3.1 Introduction 493.2 Scilab: An Open-Source Software Solution 513.3 Antenna Array Design Using Scilab: Codes and Results 523.4 Conclusions 57References 584 Conformal Wearable Antenna Design, Implementation and Challenges 61Brajlata Chauhan, Vivek Kumar Srivastava, Amrindra Pal and Sandip Vijay4.1 Introduction 624.2 Conformal Antenna 634.2.1 Singly Curved Surfaces 634.3 Characteristics of Conformal Antenna 644.3.1 Radiation Pattern 644.3.2 Scan-Invariant Pattern 654.3.3 Phase-Scanned Pattern 654.3.4 Polarization 654.4 Design Methodology - Antenna Modeling 664.4.1 Overview 664.4.2 Geometry and Calculation of Planar MSA 664.4.3 Calculated and Optimized Value of Antenna 694.5 Wearable Conformal Antenna 694.5.1 Wearable Technology 714.5.2 Wearable Devices for Medical Systems 724.5.3 Wearable Medical Devices Applications 724.5.4 Measurement of Human Body Temperature 734.5.5 Measurement of Blood Pressure 734.5.6 Measurement of Heart Rate 734.5.7 Measurement of Respiration Rate 744.5.8 Measurement of Sweat Rate 744.5.9 Measurement of Human Gait 744.6 Textile and Cloth Fabric Wearable Antennas 764.6.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 764.6.2 Interaction with Human Body 774.6.3 Wearable Devices Tracking and Monitoring Doctors 774.6.4 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) 784.7 Design of Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP) Based Wearable Antenna 794.7.1 Dimensions of the Proposed Model 804.7.2 Slot Loaded Ground: (Defective Ground Structure - DGS) 804.7.3 Radiation Characteristics 814.8 Result Discussion and Analysis 824.9 Challenges and Future Needs 834.10 Conclusion 83References 855 Design and Analysis of On-Body Wearable Antenna with AMC Backing for ISM Band Applications 91B Prudhvi Nadh and B T P Madhav5.1 Introduction 925.2 Design of Star-Shape with AMC Backed Structure 925.2.1 Characterization of AMC Unit Cell 945.3 Discussion of Results of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Structure 955.3.1 Bending Analysis of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Backed Structure 965.4 On-body Placement Analysis of Proposed Antenna with AMC Structure 975.4.1 Specific Absorption Rate Analysis 975.4.2 On-Body Gain of the Star-Shaped Antenna With and Without AMC 985.4.3 Far-Field Characteristics of An Antenna 995.5 Transmitting Signal Strength 1005.6 Conclusion 101References 1016 Antenna Miniaturization for IoT Applications 105Sandip Vijay and Brajlata Chauhan6.1 Introduction  1066.2 Issues in Antenna Miniaturization  1086.3 Antenna for IoT Applications  1096.4 Miniaturize Reconfigurable Antenna for IoT 1126.5 Conclusion & Future Work 114References 1147 Modified Circular-Shaped Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Utilities 119Manpreet Kaur, Jagtar Singh Sivia and Navneet Kaur7.1 Overview of Wireless Communication 1207.2 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antenna 1207.3 Literature Review 1227.4 Design and Implementation of Projected Antenna 1247.5 Results and Discussion 1267.5.1 Scattering Parameters (S11) 1267.5.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 1277.5.3 Bandwidth 1287.5.4 Gain 1287.5.5 Radiation Pattern 1307.5.6 Surface Current Distribution 1327.5.7 Axial Ratio 1327.5.8 Group Delay 1327.6 Parametric Analysis 1327.6.1 Effect of Parameter ‘RP’ 1347.6.2 Effect of Parameter ‘Fw’ 1357.6.3 Effect of Parameter ‘LPG’ 1357.6.4 Effect of Different Substrate Materials 1357.7 Summary 138References 1388 Reconfigurable Antenna for Cognitive Radio System 143Dr. Swapnil Srivastava, Vinay Singh and Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Gupta8.1 Introduction 1438.2 Antenna 1448.3 Antenna Reconfigurations 1468.4 Uses and Drawbacks of Reconfigurable Antenna 1468.5 Spectrum Access and Cognitive Radio 1478.6 Cognitive Radio 1478.7 Spectrum Sensing and Allocation 1478.8 Results and Discussion 1498.9 Conclusions 153References 1549 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna: Advancement and Challenges 155Prashant Ranjan, Krishna Kumar, Sachin Kumar Pal and Rachna Shah9.1 Introduction 1559.2 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna 1569.3 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna with Notch Band Characteristic 1599.4 Conclusions 162References 16310 UWB and Multiband Reconfigurable Antennas 165Manish Sharma, Rajeev Kumar and Preet Kaur10.1 Introduction 16610.2 Need for Reconfigurable Antennas 16710.3 RF PIN Diode and MEMS Switch as Switching Devices 16810.4 Triple Notched Band Reconfigurable Antenna 17110.5 Tri-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna 18010.6 Conclusions 180References 18111 IoT World Communication through Antenna Propagation with Emerging Design Analysis Features 185E.B. Priyanka and S. Thangavel11.1 Introduction 18611.2 Design and Parameter Analysis of Multi-Input Multi-Output Antennas 18811.3 Measurement Analysis in 3D Pattern with IoT Module 19011.4 Comparison of Antenna Design Concerning the IoT Data Transmission 19311.5 Conclusions 196Acknowledgement 197References 19712 Reconfigurable Antennas 203Dr. K Suman12.1 Introduction 20312.2 Reconfigurability of Antenna 20512.2.1 Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas (FRAs) 20512.2.1.1 Continuous Tuning 20612.2.1.2 Discrete Tuning 20612.3 Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 20712.3.1 Polarization RA with Single Band 20712.3.2 Dual-Band Polarization RA 20812.3.3 Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 20912.3.4 Main-Beam Shape 20912.3.5 Main Beam Scanning 20912.4 Compound Reconfigurable Antennas (RAs) 21012.5 Reconfigurable Leaky Wave Antennas 21112.6 Reconfigurable Antennas - Applications in Wireless Communication 21212.6.1 Reconfigurable Antennas – MIMO Communication Systems 21212.6.2 Reconfigurable Antennas - Mobile Terminals 21312.6.3 Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio Applications 21312.6.4 Reconfigurable Antennas - MIMO-Based Cognitive Radio Applications 21412.6.5 Reconfigurable Antennas - WLAN Band Rejection 21512.6.6 Reconfigurable Antennas - Wireless Sensing 21512.6.7 Reconfigurable Antennas - Terahertz (THz) Communication Applications 21612.6.8 Reconfigurable Antennas - Millimeter-Wave Communication Applications 21612.7 Optimization, Control, and Modeling of Reconfigurable Antennas 21712.8 Conclusions 218References 21913 Design of Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Antennas for Microwave Imaging Applications 221Dr. J. Vijayalakshmi and Dr. V. Dinesh13.1 Introduction 22213.1.1 Ultra-Wideband Antennas (UWB) 22213.2 Microwave Imaging 22413.3 Antenna Design Implementation 22613.3.1 Design of Reflector-Based Antipodal Bowtie Antenna 22613.3.2 Fabrication of Slotted Bowtie Antenna with Reflector Prototype 22813.3.3 Parametric Study on the Effect of Slot in the Bowtie Antenna 22913.3.4 Radiation Pattern 23213.4 Design of a UWB-Based Compact Rectangular Antenna 23213.4.1 Parametric Results of the Strip Attached at the Top of the Antenna 23313.4.2 Effect of Inserting Slot L1 xW1 and Location of the Slot ds 23613.4.3 Effect of Varying the Length of Slot L2 and L3 23713.4.4 Performance Comparison of the Measured and Simulated Results of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna 23813.4.5 Radiation Characteristic of the Proposed Miniaturized UWB Antenna 24013.5 Validation of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 24013.5.1 Validation of the Staircase UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 24213.5.2 MUSIC Beamforming Algorithm 24313.5.3 Estimation of DOA Using MUSIC Algorithm 24613.6 Conclusions 247References 24814 Joint Transmit and Receive MIMO Beamforming in Multiuser MIMO Communications 251Muhammad Moinuddin, Jawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Zubair and Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi14.1 Introduction 25214.2 System Model: Proposed Mimo Beamforming Architecture 25314.3 Mimo Beamforming Based on Generalized Least Mean (GLM) Algorithm 25414.3.1 Update of the Receive Weight Vector 25514.3.2 Update of Transmit Weight Vector 25514.4 Mean and Mean Square Stability of the GLM 25514.5 Simulation Results 25614.5.1 Effect of K on the MSE 25714.5.2 Effect of μ on the MSE 25714.5.3 Effect of M and N on the MSE 25814.5.4 Effect of SNR on the MSE 25814.5.5 Effect of SNR on Bit Error Rate 25914.6 Summary 260References 26015 Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Equalizer Design for Multiuser MIMO System 263Muhammad Moinuddin, Jawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Zubair and Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi15.1 Introduction 26415.2 Related Literature Review 26415.3 System Model 26515.4 Derivation for the Probability of Error 26715.5 Design of Adaptive Equalizer by Minimizing BER 27015.5.1 Interior Point Approach 27015.5.2 Stochastic Gradient Approach 27015.6 Simulation Results 27315.7 Summary 274References 275Index 279