Alcardo Barakabitze, PhD, is an Irish Research Council funded and MSCA ELITE-S Fellow at Dublin City University. He is a reviewer for a variety of journals and serves on the technical program committees of leading conferences. Andrew Hines, PhD, is Director of Research, Innovation and Impact for the School of Computer Science at University College Dublin. He is a committee member of the Audio Engineering Society (Ireland) and is a senior member of the IEEE.

• Biography of Authors xiAbstract xiiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxvList of Acronyms xxvii1 5G Networks 11.1 History of Mobile Communication Systems 11.2 5G: Vision and Motivation 31.3 5G Service Quality and Business Requirements 61.3.1 High User Experienced Data Rate and Ultra-Low Latency 71.3.2 Transparency, Consistency, User’s QoE Personalization, and Service Differentiation 91.3.3 Enhanced Security, Mobility, and Services Availability 91.3.4 Seamless User Experience, Longer Battery Life, and Context Aware Networking 101.3.5 Energy and Cost Efficiency, Network Scalability, and Flexibility 101.4 5G Services, Applications, and Use Cases 111.5 5G Standardization Activities 121.6 Conclusion 14Bibliography 142 5G Network Management for Big Data Streaming using Machine Learning 192.1 Machine Learning for Multimedia Networking 192.1.1 Data Collection 202.1.2 Feature Engineering 212.1.3 Ground Truth Quality Perception – Model Optimization and Training 222.1.4 Performance Metrics, Testing, and Model Validation 222.2 Machine Learning Paradigms 222.3 Multimedia Big Data Streaming 232.4 Deep Learning for IoT Big Data and Streaming Analytics 252.5 Intelligent QoE-based Big Data Strategies and Multimedia Streaming in Future Softwarized Networks 262.6 Optimization of Data Management with ML in Softwarized 5G Networks 272.6.1 A Multimodal Learning Framework for Video QoE Prediction 272.6.2 Supervised-Learning-based QoE Prediction of Video Streaming in Future Networks 282.6.3 OTT Service Providers 292.6.4 ISP/MNOs 292.6.5 Information Flow 292.7 Conclusion 30Bibliography 313 Quality of Experience Management of Multimedia Streaming Services 353.1 Quality of Experience (QoE): Concepts and Definition 353.1.1 Quality of Experience Influence Factors 363.2 QoE Modeling and Assessment: Metrics and Models 383.2.1 Subjective Quality Models 383.2.2 Objective Quality Models 393.2.3 Data-driven Quality Models 413.3 QoE Measurement, Assessment, and Management 423.4 QoE Optimization and Control of Multimedia Streaming Services 433.4.1 Customer Experience Management and QoE Monitoring 473.5 Conclusion 51Bibliography 514 Multimedia Streaming Services Over the Internet 574.1 Internet-Based Video Streaming: An Overview 574.1.1 A Brief History of Internet-Based Video Streaming 574.2 HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) Framework 594.3 Server and Network-Assisted DASH (SAND) 634.4 Multimedia Delivery Chain and Service Management Issues 664.5 Conclusion 68Bibliography 685 QoE Management of Multimedia Services Using Machine Learning in SDN/NFV 5G Networks 735.1 QoE-Centric Routing Mechanisms for Improving Video Quality 745.2 MPTCP/SR and QUIC Approaches for QoE Optimization 765.3 Server and Network-Assisted Optimization Approaches Using Sdn/nfv 805.4 QoE-Centric Fairness and Personalized QoE Control 845.4.1 QoE-driven Optimization Approaches for Video Streaming Using Machine Learning 865.5 Conclusion 89Bibliography 896 Network Softwarization and Virtualization in Future Networks: The promise of SDN, NFV, MEC, and Fog/Cloud Computing 996.1 Network Softwarization: Concepts and Use Cases 996.2 Network Softwarization and Virtualization Technologies for Future Communication Platforms 1006.2.1 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 1006.2.2 Standardization Activities of SDN 1026.2.3 Traffic Management Applications for Stateful SDN Data Plane 1036.2.4 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 1036.2.5 NFV Management and Orchestration (NFV MANO) Framework 1066.2.6 NFV Use Cases, Application Scenarios, and Implementation 1076.2.7 NFV Standardization Activities 1076.2.8 Network Hypervisors, Containers, and Virtual Machines 1086.2.9 Multiaccess Edge Computing (MEC): From Clouds to Edges 1106.3 Conclusion 111Bibliography 1127 Management of Multimedia Services in Emerging Architectures Using Big Data Analytics: MEC, ICN, and Fog/Cloud computing 1197.1 QoE-Aware/Driven Adaptive Streaming Over MEC Architectures 1197.2 QoE-aware Self-Driving 3D Network Architecture 1217.3 QoE-driven/aware Management Architecture Using ICN 1247.4 QoE-aware Adaptive Streaming over Cloud/Fog Computing 1267.5 Conclusion 127Bibliography 1278 Emerging Applications and Services in Future 5G Networks 1338.1 QoE in Immersive AR/VR and Mulsemedia Applications 1338.2 QoE in Cloud Gaming Video Streaming Applications 1358.3 QoE in Light Field Applications 1368.4 Holographic and Future Media Communications 1378.5 Human-Centric Services and 3D Volumetric Video Streaming 1378.6 New Video Compression Standards Toward 6G Networks 1398.7 Conclusion 140Bibliography 1419 5G Network Slicing Management Architectures and Implementations for Multimedia 1479.1 5G Network Slicing Architectures and Implementations 1479.1.1 Collaborative 5G Network Slicing Research Projects 1489.1.2 Open Source Orchestrators, Proof of Concepts, and Standardization Efforts 1529.2 5G Network Slicing Orchestration and Management in Multi-domain 1569.2.1 Reference Architecture for Data-Driven Network Management in 6G and Beyond Networks 1589.3 Conclusion 161Bibliography 16210 QoE Management of Multimedia Service Challenges in 5G Networks 16710.1 QoE Management and Orchestration in Future Networks 16710.2 Immersive Media Experience in Future Softwarized and Beyond Networks 16810.3 Development of New Subjective Assessment Methodologies for Emerging Services and Applications 17010.4 QoE-aware Network Sharing and Slicing in Future Softwarized Networks 17110.5 QoE Measurement, Modeling, and Testing Issues Over 6G Networks 17210.6 QoE-Centric Business Models in Future Softwarized Network 17210.7 Novel QoE-driven Virtualized Multimedia 3D Services Delivery Schemes Over 6G Networks 17410.8 Novel 3D Cloud/Edge Models for Multimedia Applications and Elastic 3D Service Customization 17410.9 Security, Privacy, Trust 17610.10 Conclusion 177Bibliography 17811 Multimedia QoE-Driven Services Delivery Toward 6G and Beyond Network 18511.1 The Roads Toward 6G and Beyond Networks 18511.1.1 Holographic and Future Media Communications 18911.1.2 Human-Centric Services and 3D Volumetric Video Streaming 19011.1.3 Potential Features and Technologies in 6G Networks 19111.2 6G Innovative Network Architectures: From Network Softwarization to Intelligentization 19411.2.1 Network Management, Automation, and Orchestration 19411.2.2 Pervasive AI, ML, and Big Data Analytics 19611.2.3 New Protocol Stack and 3D Network Architectures 19711.3 6G Standardization Activities 19811.4 Conclusion 199Bibliography 19912 Multimedia Streaming Services Delivery in 2030 and Beyond Networks 20312.1 The Future of the Video Streaming Industry: Market Growth and Trends Toward 2030 20312.2 Future 2030 Communication Network and Computing Scenarios 20412.3 New Paradigms of Internetworking for 2030 and Beyond Networks 20612.3.1 Next-Generation Human–Machine Interaction Network: A Humancentric Hyper-real Experience 20712.3.2 Multimedia Streaming Blockchain-enabled Resource Management and Sharing for 2030 and Beyond Networks 20912.4 A General QoE Provisioning Ecosystem for 2030 and Beyond Networks 21112.4.1 Customer QoE Quantification 21312.4.2 QoE Analysis, Assessment, Measurement, and Visualization 21312.4.3 5G Network Performance and QoE Optimization 21412.4.4 Multistakeholders Collaboration for Video Content Delivery and Network Infrastructures 21412.5 Conclusion 218Bibliography 218Index 221

Alcardo Barakabitze, PhD, is an Irish Research Council funded and MSCA ELITE-S Fellow at Dublin City University. He is a reviewer for a variety of journals and serves on the technical program committees of leading conferences. Andrew Hines, PhD, is Director of Research, Innovation and Impact for the School of Computer Science at University College Dublin. He is a committee member of the Audio Engineering Society (Ireland) and is a senior member of the IEEE.

• Biography of Authors xiAbstract xiiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxvList of Acronyms xxvii1 5G Networks 11.1 History of Mobile Communication Systems 11.2 5G: Vision and Motivation 31.3 5G Service Quality and Business Requirements 61.3.1 High User Experienced Data Rate and Ultra-Low Latency 71.3.2 Transparency, Consistency, User’s QoE Personalization, and Service Differentiation 91.3.3 Enhanced Security, Mobility, and Services Availability 91.3.4 Seamless User Experience, Longer Battery Life, and Context Aware Networking 101.3.5 Energy and Cost Efficiency, Network Scalability, and Flexibility 101.4 5G Services, Applications, and Use Cases 111.5 5G Standardization Activities 121.6 Conclusion 14Bibliography 142 5G Network Management for Big Data Streaming using Machine Learning 192.1 Machine Learning for Multimedia Networking 192.1.1 Data Collection 202.1.2 Feature Engineering 212.1.3 Ground Truth Quality Perception – Model Optimization and Training 222.1.4 Performance Metrics, Testing, and Model Validation 222.2 Machine Learning Paradigms 222.3 Multimedia Big Data Streaming 232.4 Deep Learning for IoT Big Data and Streaming Analytics 252.5 Intelligent QoE-based Big Data Strategies and Multimedia Streaming in Future Softwarized Networks 262.6 Optimization of Data Management with ML in Softwarized 5G Networks 272.6.1 A Multimodal Learning Framework for Video QoE Prediction 272.6.2 Supervised-Learning-based QoE Prediction of Video Streaming in Future Networks 282.6.3 OTT Service Providers 292.6.4 ISP/MNOs 292.6.5 Information Flow 292.7 Conclusion 30Bibliography 313 Quality of Experience Management of Multimedia Streaming Services 353.1 Quality of Experience (QoE): Concepts and Definition 353.1.1 Quality of Experience Influence Factors 363.2 QoE Modeling and Assessment: Metrics and Models 383.2.1 Subjective Quality Models 383.2.2 Objective Quality Models 393.2.3 Data-driven Quality Models 413.3 QoE Measurement, Assessment, and Management 423.4 QoE Optimization and Control of Multimedia Streaming Services 433.4.1 Customer Experience Management and QoE Monitoring 473.5 Conclusion 51Bibliography 514 Multimedia Streaming Services Over the Internet 574.1 Internet-Based Video Streaming: An Overview 574.1.1 A Brief History of Internet-Based Video Streaming 574.2 HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) Framework 594.3 Server and Network-Assisted DASH (SAND) 634.4 Multimedia Delivery Chain and Service Management Issues 664.5 Conclusion 68Bibliography 685 QoE Management of Multimedia Services Using Machine Learning in SDN/NFV 5G Networks 735.1 QoE-Centric Routing Mechanisms for Improving Video Quality 745.2 MPTCP/SR and QUIC Approaches for QoE Optimization 765.3 Server and Network-Assisted Optimization Approaches Using Sdn/nfv 805.4 QoE-Centric Fairness and Personalized QoE Control 845.4.1 QoE-driven Optimization Approaches for Video Streaming Using Machine Learning 865.5 Conclusion 89Bibliography 896 Network Softwarization and Virtualization in Future Networks: The promise of SDN, NFV, MEC, and Fog/Cloud Computing 996.1 Network Softwarization: Concepts and Use Cases 996.2 Network Softwarization and Virtualization Technologies for Future Communication Platforms 1006.2.1 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 1006.2.2 Standardization Activities of SDN 1026.2.3 Traffic Management Applications for Stateful SDN Data Plane 1036.2.4 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 1036.2.5 NFV Management and Orchestration (NFV MANO) Framework 1066.2.6 NFV Use Cases, Application Scenarios, and Implementation 1076.2.7 NFV Standardization Activities 1076.2.8 Network Hypervisors, Containers, and Virtual Machines 1086.2.9 Multiaccess Edge Computing (MEC): From Clouds to Edges 1106.3 Conclusion 111Bibliography 1127 Management of Multimedia Services in Emerging Architectures Using Big Data Analytics: MEC, ICN, and Fog/Cloud computing 1197.1 QoE-Aware/Driven Adaptive Streaming Over MEC Architectures 1197.2 QoE-aware Self-Driving 3D Network Architecture 1217.3 QoE-driven/aware Management Architecture Using ICN 1247.4 QoE-aware Adaptive Streaming over Cloud/Fog Computing 1267.5 Conclusion 127Bibliography 1278 Emerging Applications and Services in Future 5G Networks 1338.1 QoE in Immersive AR/VR and Mulsemedia Applications 1338.2 QoE in Cloud Gaming Video Streaming Applications 1358.3 QoE in Light Field Applications 1368.4 Holographic and Future Media Communications 1378.5 Human-Centric Services and 3D Volumetric Video Streaming 1378.6 New Video Compression Standards Toward 6G Networks 1398.7 Conclusion 140Bibliography 1419 5G Network Slicing Management Architectures and Implementations for Multimedia 1479.1 5G Network Slicing Architectures and Implementations 1479.1.1 Collaborative 5G Network Slicing Research Projects 1489.1.2 Open Source Orchestrators, Proof of Concepts, and Standardization Efforts 1529.2 5G Network Slicing Orchestration and Management in Multi-domain 1569.2.1 Reference Architecture for Data-Driven Network Management in 6G and Beyond Networks 1589.3 Conclusion 161Bibliography 16210 QoE Management of Multimedia Service Challenges in 5G Networks 16710.1 QoE Management and Orchestration in Future Networks 16710.2 Immersive Media Experience in Future Softwarized and Beyond Networks 16810.3 Development of New Subjective Assessment Methodologies for Emerging Services and Applications 17010.4 QoE-aware Network Sharing and Slicing in Future Softwarized Networks 17110.5 QoE Measurement, Modeling, and Testing Issues Over 6G Networks 17210.6 QoE-Centric Business Models in Future Softwarized Network 17210.7 Novel QoE-driven Virtualized Multimedia 3D Services Delivery Schemes Over 6G Networks 17410.8 Novel 3D Cloud/Edge Models for Multimedia Applications and Elastic 3D Service Customization 17410.9 Security, Privacy, Trust 17610.10 Conclusion 177Bibliography 17811 Multimedia QoE-Driven Services Delivery Toward 6G and Beyond Network 18511.1 The Roads Toward 6G and Beyond Networks 18511.1.1 Holographic and Future Media Communications 18911.1.2 Human-Centric Services and 3D Volumetric Video Streaming 19011.1.3 Potential Features and Technologies in 6G Networks 19111.2 6G Innovative Network Architectures: From Network Softwarization to Intelligentization 19411.2.1 Network Management, Automation, and Orchestration 19411.2.2 Pervasive AI, ML, and Big Data Analytics 19611.2.3 New Protocol Stack and 3D Network Architectures 19711.3 6G Standardization Activities 19811.4 Conclusion 199Bibliography 19912 Multimedia Streaming Services Delivery in 2030 and Beyond Networks 20312.1 The Future of the Video Streaming Industry: Market Growth and Trends Toward 2030 20312.2 Future 2030 Communication Network and Computing Scenarios 20412.3 New Paradigms of Internetworking for 2030 and Beyond Networks 20612.3.1 Next-Generation Human–Machine Interaction Network: A Humancentric Hyper-real Experience 20712.3.2 Multimedia Streaming Blockchain-enabled Resource Management and Sharing for 2030 and Beyond Networks 20912.4 A General QoE Provisioning Ecosystem for 2030 and Beyond Networks 21112.4.1 Customer QoE Quantification 21312.4.2 QoE Analysis, Assessment, Measurement, and Visualization 21312.4.3 5G Network Performance and QoE Optimization 21412.4.4 Multistakeholders Collaboration for Video Content Delivery and Network Infrastructures 21412.5 Conclusion 218Bibliography 218Index 221

Alcardo Barakabitze, PhD, is an Irish Research Council funded and MSCA ELITE-S Fellow at Dublin City University. He is a reviewer for a variety of journals and serves on the technical program committees of leading conferences. Andrew Hines, PhD, is Director of Research, Innovation and Impact for the School of Computer Science at University College Dublin. He is a committee member of the Audio Engineering Society (Ireland) and is a senior member of the IEEE.

• Biography of Authors xiAbstract xiiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xixPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxvList of Acronyms xxvii1 5G Networks 11.1 History of Mobile Communication Systems 11.2 5G: Vision and Motivation 31.3 5G Service Quality and Business Requirements 61.3.1 High User Experienced Data Rate and Ultra-Low Latency 71.3.2 Transparency, Consistency, User’s QoE Personalization, and Service Differentiation 91.3.3 Enhanced Security, Mobility, and Services Availability 91.3.4 Seamless User Experience, Longer Battery Life, and Context Aware Networking 101.3.5 Energy and Cost Efficiency, Network Scalability, and Flexibility 101.4 5G Services, Applications, and Use Cases 111.5 5G Standardization Activities 121.6 Conclusion 14Bibliography 142 5G Network Management for Big Data Streaming using Machine Learning 192.1 Machine Learning for Multimedia Networking 192.1.1 Data Collection 202.1.2 Feature Engineering 212.1.3 Ground Truth Quality Perception – Model Optimization and Training 222.1.4 Performance Metrics, Testing, and Model Validation 222.2 Machine Learning Paradigms 222.3 Multimedia Big Data Streaming 232.4 Deep Learning for IoT Big Data and Streaming Analytics 252.5 Intelligent QoE-based Big Data Strategies and Multimedia Streaming in Future Softwarized Networks 262.6 Optimization of Data Management with ML in Softwarized 5G Networks 272.6.1 A Multimodal Learning Framework for Video QoE Prediction 272.6.2 Supervised-Learning-based QoE Prediction of Video Streaming in Future Networks 282.6.3 OTT Service Providers 292.6.4 ISP/MNOs 292.6.5 Information Flow 292.7 Conclusion 30Bibliography 313 Quality of Experience Management of Multimedia Streaming Services 353.1 Quality of Experience (QoE): Concepts and Definition 353.1.1 Quality of Experience Influence Factors 363.2 QoE Modeling and Assessment: Metrics and Models 383.2.1 Subjective Quality Models 383.2.2 Objective Quality Models 393.2.3 Data-driven Quality Models 413.3 QoE Measurement, Assessment, and Management 423.4 QoE Optimization and Control of Multimedia Streaming Services 433.4.1 Customer Experience Management and QoE Monitoring 473.5 Conclusion 51Bibliography 514 Multimedia Streaming Services Over the Internet 574.1 Internet-Based Video Streaming: An Overview 574.1.1 A Brief History of Internet-Based Video Streaming 574.2 HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) Framework 594.3 Server and Network-Assisted DASH (SAND) 634.4 Multimedia Delivery Chain and Service Management Issues 664.5 Conclusion 68Bibliography 685 QoE Management of Multimedia Services Using Machine Learning in SDN/NFV 5G Networks 735.1 QoE-Centric Routing Mechanisms for Improving Video Quality 745.2 MPTCP/SR and QUIC Approaches for QoE Optimization 765.3 Server and Network-Assisted Optimization Approaches Using Sdn/nfv 805.4 QoE-Centric Fairness and Personalized QoE Control 845.4.1 QoE-driven Optimization Approaches for Video Streaming Using Machine Learning 865.5 Conclusion 89Bibliography 896 Network Softwarization and Virtualization in Future Networks: The promise of SDN, NFV, MEC, and Fog/Cloud Computing 996.1 Network Softwarization: Concepts and Use Cases 996.2 Network Softwarization and Virtualization Technologies for Future Communication Platforms 1006.2.1 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 1006.2.2 Standardization Activities of SDN 1026.2.3 Traffic Management Applications for Stateful SDN Data Plane 1036.2.4 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 1036.2.5 NFV Management and Orchestration (NFV MANO) Framework 1066.2.6 NFV Use Cases, Application Scenarios, and Implementation 1076.2.7 NFV Standardization Activities 1076.2.8 Network Hypervisors, Containers, and Virtual Machines 1086.2.9 Multiaccess Edge Computing (MEC): From Clouds to Edges 1106.3 Conclusion 111Bibliography 1127 Management of Multimedia Services in Emerging Architectures Using Big Data Analytics: MEC, ICN, and Fog/Cloud computing 1197.1 QoE-Aware/Driven Adaptive Streaming Over MEC Architectures 1197.2 QoE-aware Self-Driving 3D Network Architecture 1217.3 QoE-driven/aware Management Architecture Using ICN 1247.4 QoE-aware Adaptive Streaming over Cloud/Fog Computing 1267.5 Conclusion 127Bibliography 1278 Emerging Applications and Services in Future 5G Networks 1338.1 QoE in Immersive AR/VR and Mulsemedia Applications 1338.2 QoE in Cloud Gaming Video Streaming Applications 1358.3 QoE in Light Field Applications 1368.4 Holographic and Future Media Communications 1378.5 Human-Centric Services and 3D Volumetric Video Streaming 1378.6 New Video Compression Standards Toward 6G Networks 1398.7 Conclusion 140Bibliography 1419 5G Network Slicing Management Architectures and Implementations for Multimedia 1479.1 5G Network Slicing Architectures and Implementations 1479.1.1 Collaborative 5G Network Slicing Research Projects 1489.1.2 Open Source Orchestrators, Proof of Concepts, and Standardization Efforts 1529.2 5G Network Slicing Orchestration and Management in Multi-domain 1569.2.1 Reference Architecture for Data-Driven Network Management in 6G and Beyond Networks 1589.3 Conclusion 161Bibliography 16210 QoE Management of Multimedia Service Challenges in 5G Networks 16710.1 QoE Management and Orchestration in Future Networks 16710.2 Immersive Media Experience in Future Softwarized and Beyond Networks 16810.3 Development of New Subjective Assessment Methodologies for Emerging Services and Applications 17010.4 QoE-aware Network Sharing and Slicing in Future Softwarized Networks 17110.5 QoE Measurement, Modeling, and Testing Issues Over 6G Networks 17210.6 QoE-Centric Business Models in Future Softwarized Network 17210.7 Novel QoE-driven Virtualized Multimedia 3D Services Delivery Schemes Over 6G Networks 17410.8 Novel 3D Cloud/Edge Models for Multimedia Applications and Elastic 3D Service Customization 17410.9 Security, Privacy, Trust 17610.10 Conclusion 177Bibliography 17811 Multimedia QoE-Driven Services Delivery Toward 6G and Beyond Network 18511.1 The Roads Toward 6G and Beyond Networks 18511.1.1 Holographic and Future Media Communications 18911.1.2 Human-Centric Services and 3D Volumetric Video Streaming 19011.1.3 Potential Features and Technologies in 6G Networks 19111.2 6G Innovative Network Architectures: From Network Softwarization to Intelligentization 19411.2.1 Network Management, Automation, and Orchestration 19411.2.2 Pervasive AI, ML, and Big Data Analytics 19611.2.3 New Protocol Stack and 3D Network Architectures 19711.3 6G Standardization Activities 19811.4 Conclusion 199Bibliography 19912 Multimedia Streaming Services Delivery in 2030 and Beyond Networks 20312.1 The Future of the Video Streaming Industry: Market Growth and Trends Toward 2030 20312.2 Future 2030 Communication Network and Computing Scenarios 20412.3 New Paradigms of Internetworking for 2030 and Beyond Networks 20612.3.1 Next-Generation Human–Machine Interaction Network: A Humancentric Hyper-real Experience 20712.3.2 Multimedia Streaming Blockchain-enabled Resource Management and Sharing for 2030 and Beyond Networks 20912.4 A General QoE Provisioning Ecosystem for 2030 and Beyond Networks 21112.4.1 Customer QoE Quantification 21312.4.2 QoE Analysis, Assessment, Measurement, and Visualization 21312.4.3 5G Network Performance and QoE Optimization 21412.4.4 Multistakeholders Collaboration for Video Content Delivery and Network Infrastructures 21412.5 Conclusion 218Bibliography 218Index 221