5G Technology

Harri Holma has edited eight books about 3G, 4G and 5G technologies with Antti Toskala since 2001. Dr. Holma is currently working with Nokia Technology Office with a main interest in radio systems and mobile technologies. Antti Toskala joined the Nokia Research Center in 1994. He was working with WCDMA/HSPA standardization, including chairing 3GPP RAN WG1. After 3G he has worked with LTE/LTE-Advanced and 5G/5G-Advanced standards activities and he is currently heading Nokia 3GPP TSG RAN activity, with his main interest on 5G-Advanced towards 6G. Takehiro Nakamura joined NTT Laboratories in 1990. He has been engaged in the standardization activities for the WCDMA, HSPA, LTE/LTE-Advanced and 5G at ARIB in Japan since 1997.

• About the Editors xxiList of Contributors xxiiiForeword xxvPreface xxviiAcknowledgment xxix1 Introduction 1Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Takehiro Nakamura, and Tommi Uitto1.1 Introduction 11.2 5G Targets 31.3 5G Technology Components 31.4 5G Spectrum 41.5 5G Capabilities 61.6 5G Capacity Boost 71.7 5G Standardization and Schedule 81.8 5G Use Cases 91.9 Evolution Path from LTE to 5G 101.10 5G-Advanced 101.11 Summary 112 5G Targets and Standardization 13Hiroyuki Atarashi, Mikio Iwamura, Satoshi Nagata, Takehiro Nakamura, and Antti Toskala2.1 Introduction 132.2 Itu 132.3 Ngmn 172.4 3GPP Schedule and Phasing 222.5 Evolution Towards 5G-Advanced and 6G 253 Technology Components 27Harri Holma3.1 Introduction 273.2 Spectrum Utilization 273.3 Beamforming 313.4 Flexible Physical Layer and Protocols 333.5 Network Slicing 443.6 Dual Connectivity with LTE 443.7 Radio Cloud and Edge Computing 463.8 Summary 474 Spectrum 49Harri Holma and Takehiro Nakamura4.1 Introduction 494.2 Millimeter Wave Spectrum Above 20 GHz 524.3 Mid-Band Spectrum at 3.3–5.0 GHz and at 2.6 GHz 554.4 Low-Band Spectrum Below 3 GHz 584.5 Unlicensed Band 594.6 Shared Band 624.7 3GPP Frequency Variants 644.8 Summary 645 5GArchitecture 67Antti Toskala and Miikka Poikselkä5.1 Introduction 675.2 5G Architecture Options 675.3 5G Core Network Architecture 705.4 5G RAN Architecture 755.5 Network Slicing 815.6 Summary 856 5G Physical Layer 87Mihai Enescu, Keeth Jayasinghe, Karri Ranta-Aho, Karol Schober, and Antti Toskala6.1 Introduction 876.2 5G Multiple Access Principle 886.3 Physical Channels and Signals 926.4 Basic Structures for 5G Frame Structure 956.5 5G Channel Structures and Beamforming Basics 986.6 Random Access 1006.7 Downlink User Data Transmission 1016.8 Uplink User Data Transmission 1036.9 Uplink Signaling Transmission 1056.10 Downlink Signaling Transmission 1086.11 Physical Layer Procedures 1116.12 5G MIMO and Beamforming Operation 1136.13 Channel Coding with 5G 1336.14 Dual Connectivity 1426.15 5G Data Rates 1446.16 Physical Layer Measurements 1456.17 UE Capability 1466.18 Summary 1477 5G Radio Protocols 149Tero Henttonen, Jarkko Koskela, Benoist Sébire, and Antti Toskala7.1 Introduction 1497.2 5G Radio Protocol Layers 1507.3 Sdap 1517.4 Pdcp 1567.5 Rlc 1607.6 MAC Layer 1627.7 The RRC Protocol 1687.8 Radio Protocols in RAN Architecture 1857.9 Summary 1858 Deployment Aspects 187Harri Holma, Riku Luostari, Jussi Reunanen, and Puripong Thepchatri8.1 Introduction 1878.2 Spectrum Resources 1888.3 Network Density 1908.4 Mobile Data Traffic Growth 1908.5 Base Station Site Solutions 1928.6 Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Considerations 1948.7 Network Synchronization and Coordination Requirements 1958.8 5G Overlay with Another Vendor LTE 2098.9 Summary 2109 Transport 213Esa Markus Metsälä and Juha Salmelin9.1 5G Transport Network 2139.2 Capacity and Latency 2199.3 Technologies 2259.4 Fronthaul and Backhaul Interfaces 2289.5 Specific Topics 23210 5G Performance 239Harri Holma, Suresh Kalyanasundaram, and Venkat Venkatesan10.1 Introduction 23910.2 Peak Data Rates 24110.3 Practical Data Rates 24310.4 Latency 24710.5 Link Budgets 25710.6 Coverage for Sub-6-GHz Band 26210.7 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Algorithms 26910.8 Packet Scheduling Algorithms 28010.9 Spectral Efficiency and Capacity 28610.10 Network Energy Efficiency 29110.11 Traffic and Device Density 29410.12 Ultra-Reliability for Mission-Critical Communication 29610.13 Mobility and High-Speed Trains 29910.14 Summary 30211 Measurements 305Yoshihisa Kishiyama and Tetsuro Imai11.1 Introduction 30511.2 Propagation Measurements Above 6 GHz 30611.3 Field Experiments with Sub-6-GHz 5G Radio 32611.4 Field Experiments of Millimeter Wave 5G Radio 33211.5 Summary 34412 5G RF Design Challenges 349Petri Vasenkari, Dominique Brunel, and Laurent Noël12.1 Introduction 34912.2 Impact of New Physical Layer on RF Performance 35012.3 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in Frequency Range 1 36312.4 5G Standalone Performance Aspects in mmWave Frequency Range 2 37312.5 Dual Uplink Performance Challenges for NSA Operation 38112.6 Examples of UE Implementation Challenges 39212.7 Summary 39613 5G Modem Design Challenges 399YihShen Chen, Jiann-Ching Guey, Chienhwa Hwang, PeiKai Liao, Guillaume Sébire, Weide Wu, and Weidong Yang13.1 Introduction 39913.2 High Data Rate, System Flexibility, and Computational Complexity 40113.3 Low Latency, Flexible Timing, and Modem Control Flow Complexity 40613.4 Multi-RAT Coexistence and Modem Architecture 41313.5 Wider Bandwidth Operation and Modem Power Consumption 41913.6 Summary 42814 Internet of Things Optimization 431Harri Holma, Rapeepat Ratasuk, and Mads Lauridsen14.1 Introduction 43114.2 IoT Optimization in LTE Radio 43314.3 Lte-m 43614.4 Narrowband-IoT 43914.5 IoT Optimization in LTE Core Network 44214.6 Coverage 44314.7 Delay and Capacity 44414.8 Power Saving Features 44614.9 NB-IoT Power Consumption Measurements 44814.10 IoT Solution Benchmarking 44914.11 IoT Optimizations in 5G 45114.12 Summary 45815 LTE-Advanced Evolution 461Harri Holma and Timo Lunttila15.1 Introduction 46115.2 Overview of LTE Evolution 46215.3 LTE-Advanced Pro Technologies 46515.4 5G and LTE Benchmarking 47815.5 Summary 48216 5G-Advanced Overview 485Antti Toskala and Harri Holma16.1 Introduction 48516.2 3GPP Schedule 48616.3 5G-Advanced Key Areas 48616.4 Extended and Augmented Reality 48816.5 Superaccurate Positioning 49016.6 Radio Performance Boosters 49116.7 New Vertical Use Cases 49316.8 Resilient Timing 49416.9 Network Automation and Energy Efficiency 49516.10 RedCap/NR-Light for IoT 49516.11 Outlook For 5G Release 19 49616.12 Outlook For 6G 49716.13 Summary 50217 Radio Enhancements in Release 16–18 505Harri Holma and Antti Toskala17.1 Introduction 50517.2 Coverage Enhancements 50517.3 MIMO Enhancements 50817.4 Mobility 51017.5 UE Power Saving 51117.6 AI/ML for Air Interface and NG-RAN 51317.7 Integrated Access and Backhaul 51517.8 Dual Connectivity and Carrier Aggregation Enhancements 51717.9 Small Data Transmission 51817.10 Conclusion 51918 Industrial Internet of Things 521Harri Holma and Antti Toskala18.1 Introduction 52118.2 Reduced Capability (RedCap) Devices 52218.3 RedCap Device Complexity 52318.4 RedCap Device Power Consumption 52518.5 RedCap Benchmarking with LTE-Based IoT 52618.6 New Spectrum Options 52718.7 Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communication 52818.8 Low Latency Communication 53018.9 Ultra-Reliable Communication 53718.10 Time Sensitive Network 54018.11 LAN Service 54118.12 Positioning Solutions 54218.13 Non-Public Networks 54318.14 Summary 54419 Verticals 547Antti Toskala and Harri Holma19.1 Introduction 54719.2 Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) 54719.3 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) 55019.4 Drones 55119.5 Vehicle Connectivity 55219.6 Public Safety 55319.7 Dedicated Networks with less than 5 MHz of Spectrum 55419.8 Unlicensed 55519.9 Summary 55620 Open RAN and Virtualized RAN 559Harri Holma and Antti Toskala20.1 Introduction 55920.2 Radio Network Architecture Trends 56020.3 Open RAN Fronthaul 56120.4 Uplink Capacity Optimization 56520.5 O-RAN Alliance 56620.6 O-RAN Fronthaul 56620.7 Open Test and Integration Center and PlugFests 56820.8 O-RAN Security and Orchestration 56920.9 Baseband Virtualization and Cloud Ran 56920.10 Baseband Virtualization and Centralization 57020.11 Far Edge Availability and Network Topology 57120.12 Fiber and Optics Availability 57320.13 Baseband Hardware Efficiency 57420.14 Virtual RAN Evolution 57520.15 RAN Intelligent Controller 57520.16 Summary 57721 Machine Learning for 5G System Optimization 579Riku Luostari, Petteri Kela, Mikko Honkala, Dani Korpi, Janne Huttunen, and Harri Holma21.1 Introduction 58021.2 Motivation 58021.3 Model Training and Inference in Wireless Systems 58121.4 Machine Learning Categories 58221.5 Key Algorithm Techniques 58321.6 Machine Learning for 5G Wireless Systems 58421.7 Channel State Information (CSI) Improvement and Channel Prediction 58621.8 Deep Neural Network-Based Receivers and DeepRx 58721.9 Pilotless OFDM 59021.10 Massive MIMO, Beamforming, and DeepTx 59121.11 Beam Tracking for mmWaves 59321.12 Channel Coding 59321.13 MAC Scheduler and Radio Resource Management 59421.14 Learned Communication Protocols 60121.15 Network Planning and Optimization 60221.16 Network Operations 60421.17 Network Security 60421.18 Positioning 60521.19 Challenges 60621.20 Scalability 60621.21 Uncertainty 60621.22 Time Criticality and Computational Requirements 60621.23 Standardization and Specifications Impact 60721.24 Summary 608References 609Index 613