Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 19 book chapters, and 145 edited books with multiple well-known publishers, including Scrivener Publishing.He is a member of various editorial boards for scientific and technical journals and is an editor on several of them in different capacities.Omid Moradi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahre Qods Branch, Shahre-Qods, Tehran, Iran. He received his PhD in physical chemistry in 2009 from the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. He is ranked among the world’s top 2% of scientists according to Stanford University rankings in 2020, and he is the director-in-chief of a technical journal in chemistry.Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, has co-edited more than 20 books and has published numerous research and review articles in scientific and technical journals. He received his PhD from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India in 2019. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, bending actuators, and electrospinning.

• Preface xiii1 Stationary and Portable Applications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei and Maryam Mohammadi1.1 Introduction 11.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 31.2.1 Stationary Applications 31.2.2 Portable Applications 51.2.3 Hydrogen PEMFCs 61.2.4 Alcohol PEMFCs 61.2.4.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 61.2.4.2 Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cell 71.2.5 Microbial Fuel Cells 81.2.5.1 Electricity Generation 81.2.5.2 Microbial Desalination Cells 91.2.5.3 Removal of Metals From Industrial Waste 91.2.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 91.2.5.5 Microbial Solar Cells and Fuel Cells 101.2.5.6 Biosensors 111.2.5.7 Biohydrogen Production 111.2.6 Micro Fuel Cells 111.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective 12References 132 Graphene-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 17Beenish Saba2.1 Introduction 182.2 Membranes 192.3 Graphene: A Proton Exchange Membrane 192.4 Synthesis of GO Composite Membranes 202.5 Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells 212.5.1 Electrochemical Fuel Cells 222.5.1.1 Hydrogen Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 222.5.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 232.5.2 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 242.6 Characterization Techniques of GO Composite Membranes 252.7 Conclusion 26References 273 Graphene Nanocomposites as Promising Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 33Ranjit Debnath and Mitali Saha3.1 Introduction 343.2 Recent Kinds of Fuel Cells 353.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 363.3 Conclusion 45Acknowledgements 45References 454 Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 51Umesh Fegade and K. E. Suryawanshi4.1 Introduction 524.2 Overview of Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes PEM Cells 54References 645 Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 73P. Satishkumar, Arun M. Isloor and Ramin Farnood5.1 Introduction 745.2 Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFC 775.3 Evaluation Methods of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties 805.3.1 Proton Conductivity Measurement 805.3.2 Water Uptake Measurement 815.3.3 Oxidative Stability Measurement 815.3.4 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Measurement 815.4 Nafion-Based Membrane 825.5 Poly(Benzimidazole)–Based Membrane 865.6 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)–Based Membranes 915.7 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)–Based Membranes 955.8 Sulfonated Polysulfone–Based Membranes 985.9 Chitosan-Based Membranes 1005.10 Conclusions 103References 1036 Organic-Inorganic Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 111Guocai Tian6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1126.3 Proton Exchange Membrane 1166.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid PEM 1176.3.2 Partial Fluorine-Containing PEM 1176.3.3 Non-Fluorine PEM 1186.3.4 Modification of Proton Exchange Membrane 1186.4 Research Progress of Organic-Inorganic Composite PEM 1206.4.1 Inorganic Oxide/Polymer Composite PEM 1206.4.2 Two-Dimensional Inorganic Material/Polymer Composite PEM 1226.4.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite PEM 1246.4.4 Inorganic Acid–Doped Composite Film 1256.4.5 Heteropoly Acid–Doped Composite PEM 1266.4.6 Zirconium Phosphate–Doped Composite PEM 1276.4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Inorganic Composite Membrane 1276.5 Conclusion and Prospection 128Acknowledgments 130Conflict of Interest 130References 1307 Thermoset-Based Composite Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Recent Developments and Challenges 137Salah M.S. Al-Mufti and S.J.A. Rizvi7.1 Introduction 1387.2 Theories of Electrical Conductivity in Polymer Composites 1427.2.1 Percolation Theory 1457.2.2 General Effective Media Model 1467.2.3 McLachlan Model 1477.2.4 Mamunya Model 1487.2.5 Taherian Model 1497.3 Matrix and Fillers 1517.3.1 Thermoset Resins 1517.3.1.1 Epoxy 1527.3.1.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resin 1527.3.1.3 Vinyl Ester Resins 1527.3.1.4 Phenolic Resins 1537.3.1.5 Polybenzoxazine Resins 1537.3.2 Fillers 1537.3.2.1 Graphite 1567.3.2.2 Graphene 1577.3.2.3 Expanded Graphite 1587.3.2.4 Carbon Black 1587.3.2.5 Carbon Nanotube 1597.3.2.6 Carbon Fiber 1607.4 The Manufacturing Process of Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 1627.4.1 Compression Molding 1627.4.2 The Selective Laser Sintering Process 1637.4.3 Wet and Dry Method 1647.4.4 Resin Vacuum Impregnation Method 1647.5 Effect of Processing Parameters on the Properties Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 1667.5.1 Compression Molding Parameters 1667.5.1.1 Pressure 1667.5.1.2 Temperature 1687.5.1.3 Time 1697.5.2 The Mixing Time Effect on the Properties of Composite Bipolar Plates 1707.6 Effect of Polymer Type, Filler Type, and Composition on Properties of Thermoset Composite BPs 1707.6.1 Electrical Properties 1717.6.2 Mechanical Properties 1737.6.3 Thermal Properties 1747.7 Testing and Characterization of Polymer Composite-Based BPs 1767.7.1 Electrical Analysis 1767.7.1.1 In-Plane Electrical Conductivity 1767.7.1.2 Through-Plane Electrical Conductivity 1897.7.2 Thermal Analysis 1907.7.2.1 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 1907.7.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 1907.7.2.3 Thermal Conductivity 1917.7.3 Mechanical Analysis 1927.7.3.1 Flexural Strength 1927.7.3.2 Tensile Strength 1927.7.3.3 Compressive Strength 1937.8 Conclusions 193Abbreviations 194References 1958 Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 213Yashmeen, Gitanjali Jindal and Navneet Kaur8.1 Introduction 2138.2 Aluminium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2168.3 Chromium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2178.4 Copper Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2248.5 Cobalt Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2258.6 Iron Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2278.7 Nickel Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2308.8 Platinum Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2308.9 Zinc Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2328.10 Zirconium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2348.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects 239References 2409 Fluorinated Membrane Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 245Pavitra Rajendran, Valmiki Aruna, Gangadhara Angajala and Pulikanti Guruprasad ReddyAbbreviations 2469.1 Introduction 2479.2 Fluorinated Polymeric Materials for PEMFCs 2509.3 Poly(Bibenzimidazole)/Silica Hybrid Membrane 2509.4 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) Copolymers Containing Fluorine-Siloxane Membrane 2529.5 Sulfonated Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ethers) 2539.6 Fluorinated Sulfonated Polytriazoles 2559.7 Fluorinated Polybenzoxazole (6F-PBO) 2579.8 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) With Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoro Propylene) 2589.9 Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) 2599.10 Fluorinated Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (6fbpaqsh-xx) 2609.11 Fluorinated Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone) Membranes Cross-Linked Sulfonated Oligomer (c-SPFAES) 2619.12 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Biphenylether Sulfone)- Poly(Arylene Ether) (SPABES-PAE) 2619.13 Conclusion 266Conflicts of Interest 266Acknowledgements 267References 26710 Membrane Materials in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 271Foad Monemian and Ali Kargari10.1 Introduction 27110.2 Fuel Cell: Definition and Classification 27210.3 Historical Background of Fuel Cell 27310.4 Fuel Cell Applications 27410.4.1 Transportation 27510.4.2 Stationary Power 27510.4.3 Portable Applications 27510.5 Comparison between Fuel Cells and Other Methods 27810.6 PEMFCs: Description and Characterization 28010.6.1 Ion Exchange Capacity–Conductivity 28110.6.2 Durability 28110.6.3 Water Management 28210.6.4 Cost 28210.7 Membrane Materials for PEMFC 28210.7.1 Statistical Copolymer PEMs 28310.7.2 Block and Graft Copolymers 28610.7.3 Polymer Blending and Other PEM Compounds 28910.8 Conclusions 296References 29611 Nafion-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 299Santiago Pablo Fernandez Bordín, Janet de los Angeles Chinellato Díaz and Marcelo Ricardo Romero11.1 Introduction: Background 30011.2 Physical Properties 30211.3 Nafion Structure 30411.4 Water Uptake 30711.5 Protonic Conductivity 31011.6 Water Transport 31611.7 Gas Permeation 31911.8 Final Comments 324Acknowledgements 324References 32512 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 331Nitin Srivastava and Rajendra Kumar Singh12.1 Introduction 33112.2 Type of Fuel Cells 33412.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells 33412.2.2 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 33512.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 33712.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 33812.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 33812.3 Basic Properties of PEMFC 33912.4 Classification of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEMFC 34112.4.1 Perfluorosulfonic Membrane 34112.4.2 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 34312.4.3 Non-Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Membrane 34412.4.4 Nonfluorinated Acid Membranes With Aromatic Backbone 34412.4.5 Acid Base Blend 34412.5 Applications 34512.5.1 Application in Transportation 34612.6 Conclusions 347References 34713 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 353Maryam Mirzaie and Mohamadreza Esmaeilpour13.1 Introduction 35413.2 PEMFC Simulation and Mathematical Modeling 35613.2.1 Governing Equations 35913.2.1.1 Continuity Equation 35913.2.1.2 Momentum Equation 36013.2.1.3 Mass Transfer Equation 36013.2.1.4 Energy Transfer Equation 36213.2.1.5 Equation of Charge Conservation 36213.2.1.6 Formation and Transfer of Liquid Water 36213.3 The Solution Procedures 36313.3.1 CFD Simulations 36313.3.2 OpenFOAM 37413.3.3 Lattice Boltzmann 38113.4 Conclusions 389References 390Index 395

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 19 book chapters, and 145 edited books with multiple well-known publishers, including Scrivener Publishing.He is a member of various editorial boards for scientific and technical journals and is an editor on several of them in different capacities.Omid Moradi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahre Qods Branch, Shahre-Qods, Tehran, Iran. He received his PhD in physical chemistry in 2009 from the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. He is ranked among the world’s top 2% of scientists according to Stanford University rankings in 2020, and he is the director-in-chief of a technical journal in chemistry.Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, has co-edited more than 20 books and has published numerous research and review articles in scientific and technical journals. He received his PhD from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India in 2019. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, bending actuators, and electrospinning.

• Preface xiii1 Stationary and Portable Applications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei and Maryam Mohammadi1.1 Introduction 11.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 31.2.1 Stationary Applications 31.2.2 Portable Applications 51.2.3 Hydrogen PEMFCs 61.2.4 Alcohol PEMFCs 61.2.4.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 61.2.4.2 Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cell 71.2.5 Microbial Fuel Cells 81.2.5.1 Electricity Generation 81.2.5.2 Microbial Desalination Cells 91.2.5.3 Removal of Metals From Industrial Waste 91.2.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 91.2.5.5 Microbial Solar Cells and Fuel Cells 101.2.5.6 Biosensors 111.2.5.7 Biohydrogen Production 111.2.6 Micro Fuel Cells 111.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective 12References 132 Graphene-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 17Beenish Saba2.1 Introduction 182.2 Membranes 192.3 Graphene: A Proton Exchange Membrane 192.4 Synthesis of GO Composite Membranes 202.5 Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells 212.5.1 Electrochemical Fuel Cells 222.5.1.1 Hydrogen Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 222.5.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 232.5.2 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 242.6 Characterization Techniques of GO Composite Membranes 252.7 Conclusion 26References 273 Graphene Nanocomposites as Promising Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 33Ranjit Debnath and Mitali Saha3.1 Introduction 343.2 Recent Kinds of Fuel Cells 353.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 363.3 Conclusion 45Acknowledgements 45References 454 Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 51Umesh Fegade and K. E. Suryawanshi4.1 Introduction 524.2 Overview of Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes PEM Cells 54References 645 Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 73P. Satishkumar, Arun M. Isloor and Ramin Farnood5.1 Introduction 745.2 Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFC 775.3 Evaluation Methods of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties 805.3.1 Proton Conductivity Measurement 805.3.2 Water Uptake Measurement 815.3.3 Oxidative Stability Measurement 815.3.4 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Measurement 815.4 Nafion-Based Membrane 825.5 Poly(Benzimidazole)–Based Membrane 865.6 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)–Based Membranes 915.7 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)–Based Membranes 955.8 Sulfonated Polysulfone–Based Membranes 985.9 Chitosan-Based Membranes 1005.10 Conclusions 103References 1036 Organic-Inorganic Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 111Guocai Tian6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1126.3 Proton Exchange Membrane 1166.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid PEM 1176.3.2 Partial Fluorine-Containing PEM 1176.3.3 Non-Fluorine PEM 1186.3.4 Modification of Proton Exchange Membrane 1186.4 Research Progress of Organic-Inorganic Composite PEM 1206.4.1 Inorganic Oxide/Polymer Composite PEM 1206.4.2 Two-Dimensional Inorganic Material/Polymer Composite PEM 1226.4.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite PEM 1246.4.4 Inorganic Acid–Doped Composite Film 1256.4.5 Heteropoly Acid–Doped Composite PEM 1266.4.6 Zirconium Phosphate–Doped Composite PEM 1276.4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Inorganic Composite Membrane 1276.5 Conclusion and Prospection 128Acknowledgments 130Conflict of Interest 130References 1307 Thermoset-Based Composite Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Recent Developments and Challenges 137Salah M.S. Al-Mufti and S.J.A. Rizvi7.1 Introduction 1387.2 Theories of Electrical Conductivity in Polymer Composites 1427.2.1 Percolation Theory 1457.2.2 General Effective Media Model 1467.2.3 McLachlan Model 1477.2.4 Mamunya Model 1487.2.5 Taherian Model 1497.3 Matrix and Fillers 1517.3.1 Thermoset Resins 1517.3.1.1 Epoxy 1527.3.1.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resin 1527.3.1.3 Vinyl Ester Resins 1527.3.1.4 Phenolic Resins 1537.3.1.5 Polybenzoxazine Resins 1537.3.2 Fillers 1537.3.2.1 Graphite 1567.3.2.2 Graphene 1577.3.2.3 Expanded Graphite 1587.3.2.4 Carbon Black 1587.3.2.5 Carbon Nanotube 1597.3.2.6 Carbon Fiber 1607.4 The Manufacturing Process of Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 1627.4.1 Compression Molding 1627.4.2 The Selective Laser Sintering Process 1637.4.3 Wet and Dry Method 1647.4.4 Resin Vacuum Impregnation Method 1647.5 Effect of Processing Parameters on the Properties Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 1667.5.1 Compression Molding Parameters 1667.5.1.1 Pressure 1667.5.1.2 Temperature 1687.5.1.3 Time 1697.5.2 The Mixing Time Effect on the Properties of Composite Bipolar Plates 1707.6 Effect of Polymer Type, Filler Type, and Composition on Properties of Thermoset Composite BPs 1707.6.1 Electrical Properties 1717.6.2 Mechanical Properties 1737.6.3 Thermal Properties 1747.7 Testing and Characterization of Polymer Composite-Based BPs 1767.7.1 Electrical Analysis 1767.7.1.1 In-Plane Electrical Conductivity 1767.7.1.2 Through-Plane Electrical Conductivity 1897.7.2 Thermal Analysis 1907.7.2.1 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 1907.7.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 1907.7.2.3 Thermal Conductivity 1917.7.3 Mechanical Analysis 1927.7.3.1 Flexural Strength 1927.7.3.2 Tensile Strength 1927.7.3.3 Compressive Strength 1937.8 Conclusions 193Abbreviations 194References 1958 Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 213Yashmeen, Gitanjali Jindal and Navneet Kaur8.1 Introduction 2138.2 Aluminium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2168.3 Chromium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2178.4 Copper Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2248.5 Cobalt Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2258.6 Iron Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2278.7 Nickel Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2308.8 Platinum Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2308.9 Zinc Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2328.10 Zirconium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2348.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects 239References 2409 Fluorinated Membrane Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 245Pavitra Rajendran, Valmiki Aruna, Gangadhara Angajala and Pulikanti Guruprasad ReddyAbbreviations 2469.1 Introduction 2479.2 Fluorinated Polymeric Materials for PEMFCs 2509.3 Poly(Bibenzimidazole)/Silica Hybrid Membrane 2509.4 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) Copolymers Containing Fluorine-Siloxane Membrane 2529.5 Sulfonated Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ethers) 2539.6 Fluorinated Sulfonated Polytriazoles 2559.7 Fluorinated Polybenzoxazole (6F-PBO) 2579.8 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) With Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoro Propylene) 2589.9 Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) 2599.10 Fluorinated Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (6fbpaqsh-xx) 2609.11 Fluorinated Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone) Membranes Cross-Linked Sulfonated Oligomer (c-SPFAES) 2619.12 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Biphenylether Sulfone)- Poly(Arylene Ether) (SPABES-PAE) 2619.13 Conclusion 266Conflicts of Interest 266Acknowledgements 267References 26710 Membrane Materials in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 271Foad Monemian and Ali Kargari10.1 Introduction 27110.2 Fuel Cell: Definition and Classification 27210.3 Historical Background of Fuel Cell 27310.4 Fuel Cell Applications 27410.4.1 Transportation 27510.4.2 Stationary Power 27510.4.3 Portable Applications 27510.5 Comparison between Fuel Cells and Other Methods 27810.6 PEMFCs: Description and Characterization 28010.6.1 Ion Exchange Capacity–Conductivity 28110.6.2 Durability 28110.6.3 Water Management 28210.6.4 Cost 28210.7 Membrane Materials for PEMFC 28210.7.1 Statistical Copolymer PEMs 28310.7.2 Block and Graft Copolymers 28610.7.3 Polymer Blending and Other PEM Compounds 28910.8 Conclusions 296References 29611 Nafion-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 299Santiago Pablo Fernandez Bordín, Janet de los Angeles Chinellato Díaz and Marcelo Ricardo Romero11.1 Introduction: Background 30011.2 Physical Properties 30211.3 Nafion Structure 30411.4 Water Uptake 30711.5 Protonic Conductivity 31011.6 Water Transport 31611.7 Gas Permeation 31911.8 Final Comments 324Acknowledgements 324References 32512 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 331Nitin Srivastava and Rajendra Kumar Singh12.1 Introduction 33112.2 Type of Fuel Cells 33412.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells 33412.2.2 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 33512.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 33712.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 33812.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 33812.3 Basic Properties of PEMFC 33912.4 Classification of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEMFC 34112.4.1 Perfluorosulfonic Membrane 34112.4.2 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 34312.4.3 Non-Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Membrane 34412.4.4 Nonfluorinated Acid Membranes With Aromatic Backbone 34412.4.5 Acid Base Blend 34412.5 Applications 34512.5.1 Application in Transportation 34612.6 Conclusions 347References 34713 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 353Maryam Mirzaie and Mohamadreza Esmaeilpour13.1 Introduction 35413.2 PEMFC Simulation and Mathematical Modeling 35613.2.1 Governing Equations 35913.2.1.1 Continuity Equation 35913.2.1.2 Momentum Equation 36013.2.1.3 Mass Transfer Equation 36013.2.1.4 Energy Transfer Equation 36213.2.1.5 Equation of Charge Conservation 36213.2.1.6 Formation and Transfer of Liquid Water 36213.3 The Solution Procedures 36313.3.1 CFD Simulations 36313.3.2 OpenFOAM 37413.3.3 Lattice Boltzmann 38113.4 Conclusions 389References 390Index 395

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 19 book chapters, and 145 edited books with multiple well-known publishers, including Scrivener Publishing.He is a member of various editorial boards for scientific and technical journals and is an editor on several of them in different capacities.Omid Moradi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahre Qods Branch, Shahre-Qods, Tehran, Iran. He received his PhD in physical chemistry in 2009 from the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. He is ranked among the world’s top 2% of scientists according to Stanford University rankings in 2020, and he is the director-in-chief of a technical journal in chemistry.Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, has co-edited more than 20 books and has published numerous research and review articles in scientific and technical journals. He received his PhD from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India in 2019. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, bending actuators, and electrospinning.

• Preface xiii1 Stationary and Portable Applications of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1Shahram Mehdipour-Ataei and Maryam Mohammadi1.1 Introduction 11.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 31.2.1 Stationary Applications 31.2.2 Portable Applications 51.2.3 Hydrogen PEMFCs 61.2.4 Alcohol PEMFCs 61.2.4.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 61.2.4.2 Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cell 71.2.5 Microbial Fuel Cells 81.2.5.1 Electricity Generation 81.2.5.2 Microbial Desalination Cells 91.2.5.3 Removal of Metals From Industrial Waste 91.2.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 91.2.5.5 Microbial Solar Cells and Fuel Cells 101.2.5.6 Biosensors 111.2.5.7 Biohydrogen Production 111.2.6 Micro Fuel Cells 111.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective 12References 132 Graphene-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 17Beenish Saba2.1 Introduction 182.2 Membranes 192.3 Graphene: A Proton Exchange Membrane 192.4 Synthesis of GO Composite Membranes 202.5 Graphene Oxide in Fuel Cells 212.5.1 Electrochemical Fuel Cells 222.5.1.1 Hydrogen Oxide Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 222.5.1.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 232.5.2 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 242.6 Characterization Techniques of GO Composite Membranes 252.7 Conclusion 26References 273 Graphene Nanocomposites as Promising Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 33Ranjit Debnath and Mitali Saha3.1 Introduction 343.2 Recent Kinds of Fuel Cells 353.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 363.3 Conclusion 45Acknowledgements 45References 454 Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 51Umesh Fegade and K. E. Suryawanshi4.1 Introduction 524.2 Overview of Carbon Nanotube–Based Membranes PEM Cells 54References 645 Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 73P. Satishkumar, Arun M. Isloor and Ramin Farnood5.1 Introduction 745.2 Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFC 775.3 Evaluation Methods of Proton Exchange Membrane Properties 805.3.1 Proton Conductivity Measurement 805.3.2 Water Uptake Measurement 815.3.3 Oxidative Stability Measurement 815.3.4 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Measurement 815.4 Nafion-Based Membrane 825.5 Poly(Benzimidazole)–Based Membrane 865.6 Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)–Based Membranes 915.7 Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)–Based Membranes 955.8 Sulfonated Polysulfone–Based Membranes 985.9 Chitosan-Based Membranes 1005.10 Conclusions 103References 1036 Organic-Inorganic Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 111Guocai Tian6.1 Introduction 1116.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1126.3 Proton Exchange Membrane 1166.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid PEM 1176.3.2 Partial Fluorine-Containing PEM 1176.3.3 Non-Fluorine PEM 1186.3.4 Modification of Proton Exchange Membrane 1186.4 Research Progress of Organic-Inorganic Composite PEM 1206.4.1 Inorganic Oxide/Polymer Composite PEM 1206.4.2 Two-Dimensional Inorganic Material/Polymer Composite PEM 1226.4.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite PEM 1246.4.4 Inorganic Acid–Doped Composite Film 1256.4.5 Heteropoly Acid–Doped Composite PEM 1266.4.6 Zirconium Phosphate–Doped Composite PEM 1276.4.7 Polyvinyl Alcohol/Inorganic Composite Membrane 1276.5 Conclusion and Prospection 128Acknowledgments 130Conflict of Interest 130References 1307 Thermoset-Based Composite Bipolar Plates in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Recent Developments and Challenges 137Salah M.S. Al-Mufti and S.J.A. Rizvi7.1 Introduction 1387.2 Theories of Electrical Conductivity in Polymer Composites 1427.2.1 Percolation Theory 1457.2.2 General Effective Media Model 1467.2.3 McLachlan Model 1477.2.4 Mamunya Model 1487.2.5 Taherian Model 1497.3 Matrix and Fillers 1517.3.1 Thermoset Resins 1517.3.1.1 Epoxy 1527.3.1.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resin 1527.3.1.3 Vinyl Ester Resins 1527.3.1.4 Phenolic Resins 1537.3.1.5 Polybenzoxazine Resins 1537.3.2 Fillers 1537.3.2.1 Graphite 1567.3.2.2 Graphene 1577.3.2.3 Expanded Graphite 1587.3.2.4 Carbon Black 1587.3.2.5 Carbon Nanotube 1597.3.2.6 Carbon Fiber 1607.4 The Manufacturing Process of Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 1627.4.1 Compression Molding 1627.4.2 The Selective Laser Sintering Process 1637.4.3 Wet and Dry Method 1647.4.4 Resin Vacuum Impregnation Method 1647.5 Effect of Processing Parameters on the Properties Thermoset-Based Composite BPs 1667.5.1 Compression Molding Parameters 1667.5.1.1 Pressure 1667.5.1.2 Temperature 1687.5.1.3 Time 1697.5.2 The Mixing Time Effect on the Properties of Composite Bipolar Plates 1707.6 Effect of Polymer Type, Filler Type, and Composition on Properties of Thermoset Composite BPs 1707.6.1 Electrical Properties 1717.6.2 Mechanical Properties 1737.6.3 Thermal Properties 1747.7 Testing and Characterization of Polymer Composite-Based BPs 1767.7.1 Electrical Analysis 1767.7.1.1 In-Plane Electrical Conductivity 1767.7.1.2 Through-Plane Electrical Conductivity 1897.7.2 Thermal Analysis 1907.7.2.1 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 1907.7.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 1907.7.2.3 Thermal Conductivity 1917.7.3 Mechanical Analysis 1927.7.3.1 Flexural Strength 1927.7.3.2 Tensile Strength 1927.7.3.3 Compressive Strength 1937.8 Conclusions 193Abbreviations 194References 1958 Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 213Yashmeen, Gitanjali Jindal and Navneet Kaur8.1 Introduction 2138.2 Aluminium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2168.3 Chromium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2178.4 Copper Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2248.5 Cobalt Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2258.6 Iron Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2278.7 Nickel Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2308.8 Platinum Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2308.9 Zinc Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2328.10 Zirconium Containing MOFs for PEMFCs 2348.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects 239References 2409 Fluorinated Membrane Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 245Pavitra Rajendran, Valmiki Aruna, Gangadhara Angajala and Pulikanti Guruprasad ReddyAbbreviations 2469.1 Introduction 2479.2 Fluorinated Polymeric Materials for PEMFCs 2509.3 Poly(Bibenzimidazole)/Silica Hybrid Membrane 2509.4 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) Copolymers Containing Fluorine-Siloxane Membrane 2529.5 Sulfonated Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ethers) 2539.6 Fluorinated Sulfonated Polytriazoles 2559.7 Fluorinated Polybenzoxazole (6F-PBO) 2579.8 Poly(Bibenzimidazole) With Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Co-Hexafluoro Propylene) 2589.9 Fluorinated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) 2599.10 Fluorinated Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) (6fbpaqsh-xx) 2609.11 Fluorinated Poly(Aryl Ether Sulfone) Membranes Cross-Linked Sulfonated Oligomer (c-SPFAES) 2619.12 Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Biphenylether Sulfone)- Poly(Arylene Ether) (SPABES-PAE) 2619.13 Conclusion 266Conflicts of Interest 266Acknowledgements 267References 26710 Membrane Materials in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 271Foad Monemian and Ali Kargari10.1 Introduction 27110.2 Fuel Cell: Definition and Classification 27210.3 Historical Background of Fuel Cell 27310.4 Fuel Cell Applications 27410.4.1 Transportation 27510.4.2 Stationary Power 27510.4.3 Portable Applications 27510.5 Comparison between Fuel Cells and Other Methods 27810.6 PEMFCs: Description and Characterization 28010.6.1 Ion Exchange Capacity–Conductivity 28110.6.2 Durability 28110.6.3 Water Management 28210.6.4 Cost 28210.7 Membrane Materials for PEMFC 28210.7.1 Statistical Copolymer PEMs 28310.7.2 Block and Graft Copolymers 28610.7.3 Polymer Blending and Other PEM Compounds 28910.8 Conclusions 296References 29611 Nafion-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 299Santiago Pablo Fernandez Bordín, Janet de los Angeles Chinellato Díaz and Marcelo Ricardo Romero11.1 Introduction: Background 30011.2 Physical Properties 30211.3 Nafion Structure 30411.4 Water Uptake 30711.5 Protonic Conductivity 31011.6 Water Transport 31611.7 Gas Permeation 31911.8 Final Comments 324Acknowledgements 324References 32512 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 331Nitin Srivastava and Rajendra Kumar Singh12.1 Introduction 33112.2 Type of Fuel Cells 33412.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells 33412.2.2 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 33512.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 33712.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 33812.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 33812.3 Basic Properties of PEMFC 33912.4 Classification of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEMFC 34112.4.1 Perfluorosulfonic Membrane 34112.4.2 Partially Fluorinated Polymers 34312.4.3 Non-Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Membrane 34412.4.4 Nonfluorinated Acid Membranes With Aromatic Backbone 34412.4.5 Acid Base Blend 34412.5 Applications 34512.5.1 Application in Transportation 34612.6 Conclusions 347References 34713 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Transport Phenomena in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 353Maryam Mirzaie and Mohamadreza Esmaeilpour13.1 Introduction 35413.2 PEMFC Simulation and Mathematical Modeling 35613.2.1 Governing Equations 35913.2.1.1 Continuity Equation 35913.2.1.2 Momentum Equation 36013.2.1.3 Mass Transfer Equation 36013.2.1.4 Energy Transfer Equation 36213.2.1.5 Equation of Charge Conservation 36213.2.1.6 Formation and Transfer of Liquid Water 36213.3 The Solution Procedures 36313.3.1 CFD Simulations 36313.3.2 OpenFOAM 37413.3.3 Lattice Boltzmann 38113.4 Conclusions 389References 390Index 395