HENG CHOON (OLIVER) CHAN, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Criminology at City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, SAR. He received his Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of South Florida, USA. Over the years, Dr. Chan has been awarded a number of awards to recognize his outstanding research performance and contributions to professional education. Dr. Chan's research focuses on sexual homicide, sexual offending, stalking, psycho-criminology, and Asian criminology.

• List of Figures xivForeword xvSeries Preface xixAcknowledgments xxiiEndorsements xxiiiAbout the Author xxvi1 Introduction: Distinguishing Nonhomicidal from Homicidal Sexual Offending 1Introduction 1The Structure of the Book 2Understanding Sexual Offending: Prevalence and Nature 5Nonhomicidal and Homicidal Sexual Offending: Similarities and Differences 8Offenders' Age and Racial Background 9Offenders' Intelligence, Educational Background, and Criminal History 9Offenders' Childhood and Adolescent Development 19Offenders' Behavioral Problems and Psychiatric Diagnoses 20Offenders' Relationship Status at the Time of the Offense 21Offenders' Sexual Deviation 22Offenders' Pre-Crime Characteristics 23Offenders' Crime Scene Characteristics 24Victims' Characteristics 25Conclusion26References 27Part 1 Theories of Sexual Offending 352 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level I (Multi-Factorial) Theories 37Introduction 37The Precondition Model (Finkelhor, 1984) 37The Integrated Theory (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990) 39The Quadripartite Model (Hall & Hirschman, 1992) 41The Confluence Model (Malamuth, 1996) 44The Sexual Promiscuity (SP; or Impersonal Sex) Pathway 46The Hostile Masculinity (HM) Pathway 46The Evolutionary Theory of Rape (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000) 47A Theory of Mind Perspective (Ward et al., 2000) 49The Pathway Model (Ward & Siegert, 2002) 50The Motivation-FacilitationModel of Sexual Offending (Seto, 2019) 52Motivation 53Paraphilias 53High Sex Drive 54Intense Mating Effort 54Facilitation 55Self-RegulationProblems 55Hostile Masculinity 55State Facilitation Factors 56Situational Factors 56References 573 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level II (Single Factor) Theories 62Introduction 62The Sexual Deviation Theory (McGuire et al., 1965) 62The Cognitive Distortion Theory (Abel et al., 1984) 63The Intimacy Deficits Theory (Marshall, 1989) 64The Conditioning Theory (Law & Marshall, 1990) 65Radical Feminist Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse (Breckenridge, 1992) 67Postmodern Feminist Perspectives on Sexual Offending (Featherstone & Fawcett, 1994; Featherstone & Lancaster, 1997; Lancaster & Lumb, 1999) 68The Four-Stage Model of the Empathy Process (Marshall et al., 1995) 69The Monoamine Hypothesis (Kafka, 1997, 2003) 71The Implicit Theory of Sexual Offenders (Ward, 2000) 72The Power/Powerlessness Theory (Cossins, 2000) 75The Schema-BasedModel of Sexual Assault (Mann & Beech, 2003) 76References 774 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level III (Micro-Level) Theories 82Introduction 82The Substance Abuse-Based Relapse Model (Marlatt Relapse Model) (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985) 82The Pithers-Marques Relapse Model of Sexual Offending (Pithers et al., 1983) 83Wolf's Addiction Cycle of Sexual Offending (Wolf, 1985) 84Freeman-Longo's Four-Stage Model (Bays & Freeman-Longo, 1990; Freeman-Longo & Pithers, 1992) 87Carich's Six-Stage Sexual Assault Cycle (Carich, 1994; Carich & Stone, 1995) 87Lane's Sexual Abuse Cycle (Lane, 1991, 1997) 88Salter's Deviant Cycle (Salter, 1995) 90The Child Molester Offense Chain Model of Ward et al. (Ward et al., 1995b) 91The Self-Regulation Process Model of Sexual Offending (Ward & Hudson, 1998a) 95The Rape Model of Polaschek et al. (Polaschek et al., 2001) 99The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward & Beech, 2006) 105Brain Development 106Ecological Niche: Proximal and Distal Factors 108Neuropsychological Functioning 109Clinical Phenomena 110The Expertise-Related Competency Model of Child Sexual Offending (Bourke et al., 2012) 112Phase 1: Primary Skill Acquisition 114Phase 2: Lifestyle 115Phase 3: Offense-Related Competencies 115Phase 4: Offense-Related Behaviors 116Mediating Categories: Internal Moderators and Contextual Features 116Phase 5: Masking 117Phase 6: Reflection 117References 1185 Theories of Female Sexual Offending 124Introduction 124The Descriptive Model of Female Sexual Offending (Gannon et al., 2008) 124Phase 1: Background Factors 124Phase 2: The Pre-offense Period 125Phase 3: The Offense and Post-offense Period 128Pathway Identification 131Trauma-Informed Perspective of Female Sexual Offending (McLeod et al., 2015) 134References 1376 Theories of Sexual Homicide Offending 140Introduction 140The Motivational Model (Burgess et al., 1986) 140Ineffective Social Environment 140Formative Events in Childhood and Adolescence 142Patterned Responses to Formative Events 143Actions toward Others and Self 144Feedback Filter 144The Trauma-Control Model (Hickey, 1997, 2002) 145Predispositional Factors 146Traumatic Events 146Low Self-Esteem and Fantasies 146Dissociation 147Trauma Reinforcers 147Facilitators 148Increasingly Violent Fantasies 148Homicidal Behavior 148The Paraphilic Model (Arrigo & Purcell, 2001) 149Formative Development 150Predispositional Factors 150Traumatic Events 150Low Self-Esteem 151Early Fantasy and Paraphilic Development 151Paraphilic Process 152Paraphilic Stimuli and Fantasy 152Orgasmic Conditioning Process 152Facilitators 153Stressors 153Behavioral Manifestations 153Increasingly Violent Fantasies 154The Social Learning-Routine Activity Integrated Theory (Chan, 2015; Chan et al., 2011) 154Predispositional Factors: A Motivated Offender 155Situational Factors: An Attractive and Suitable Target, and the Absence of a Capable Guardian 157Additional Motivating Factors: Precrime Precipitators 158References 158Part 2 Sexual Offending in Asia 1637 Sexual Offending in East Asia 165Introduction 165Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 165Mainland China 166Hong Kong 167Japan 168South Korea 169North Korea 169Taiwan 170Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 170Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 174Intervention and Prevention Strategies 182Penal Codes 187Case Examples 187The "Chinese Jack the Ripper" 188The Serial Kidnapping Murder of Little Girls in Japan 189Conclusion 191References 192References on the Cases 2128 Sexual Offending in Southeast Asia 213Introduction 213Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 213Indonesia 214The Philippines 215Vietnam 216Myanmar 216Malaysia and Singapore 217Thailand 217Cambodia 218Sexual Violence in Political Conflict Areas 219Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 219Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 223Intervention and Prevention Strategies 228Penal Codes 230Case Examples 231The Indonesian Serial Child Murderer 231The Malaysian Serial Sexual Offender in Singapore 233Conclusion 235References 236References on the Cases 2509 Sexual Offending in South Asia 252Introduction 252Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 252India 252Bangladesh 253Nepal 253Pakistan 254Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 254Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 258Intervention and Prevention Strategies 264Penal Codes 266Case Examples 266The Delhi Gang Rape in India 266The Rape and Murder of Zainab Amin Ansari in Pakistan 268Conclusion 269References 270References on the Cases 28310 Sexual Offending in West Asia 284Introduction 284Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 284Saudi Arabia 285Turkey 286Egypt 286Cyprus 286Israel 287Iran 287Jordan 288Iraq 289Palestine 289Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 290Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 293Intervention and Prevention Strategies 299Penal Codes 302Case Examples 303The Iranian "Spider Killer" 303The Rape and Murder of Azra Gülendam Haytaoglu in Turkey 305Conclusion 306References 307References on the Cases 32011 Sexual Offending in Central Asia 322Introduction 322Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 322Kyrgyzstan 323Tajikistan 323Kazakhstan 324Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 324Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 326Intervention and Prevention Strategies 327Penal Codes 328Case Examples 328The Murder and Dismemberment of Ayazhan Yedilova in Kazakhstan 329The Bride Kidnapping and Murder of Aizada Kanatbekova in Kyrgyzstan 330Conclusion 331References 332References on the Cases 33712 Conclusion 339Introduction 339Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending in Asia 340Distinguishing Sexual Offending in Asia from Sexual Offending in Other Regions 347Concluding Remarks 350References 354Index 368

HENG CHOON (OLIVER) CHAN, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Criminology at City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, SAR. He received his Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of South Florida, USA. Over the years, Dr. Chan has been awarded a number of awards to recognize his outstanding research performance and contributions to professional education. Dr. Chan's research focuses on sexual homicide, sexual offending, stalking, psycho-criminology, and Asian criminology.

• List of Figures xivForeword xvSeries Preface xixAcknowledgments xxiiEndorsements xxiiiAbout the Author xxvi1 Introduction: Distinguishing Nonhomicidal from Homicidal Sexual Offending 1Introduction 1The Structure of the Book 2Understanding Sexual Offending: Prevalence and Nature 5Nonhomicidal and Homicidal Sexual Offending: Similarities and Differences 8Offenders' Age and Racial Background 9Offenders' Intelligence, Educational Background, and Criminal History 9Offenders' Childhood and Adolescent Development 19Offenders' Behavioral Problems and Psychiatric Diagnoses 20Offenders' Relationship Status at the Time of the Offense 21Offenders' Sexual Deviation 22Offenders' Pre-Crime Characteristics 23Offenders' Crime Scene Characteristics 24Victims' Characteristics 25Conclusion26References 27Part 1 Theories of Sexual Offending 352 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level I (Multi-Factorial) Theories 37Introduction 37The Precondition Model (Finkelhor, 1984) 37The Integrated Theory (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990) 39The Quadripartite Model (Hall & Hirschman, 1992) 41The Confluence Model (Malamuth, 1996) 44The Sexual Promiscuity (SP; or Impersonal Sex) Pathway 46The Hostile Masculinity (HM) Pathway 46The Evolutionary Theory of Rape (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000) 47A Theory of Mind Perspective (Ward et al., 2000) 49The Pathway Model (Ward & Siegert, 2002) 50The Motivation-FacilitationModel of Sexual Offending (Seto, 2019) 52Motivation 53Paraphilias 53High Sex Drive 54Intense Mating Effort 54Facilitation 55Self-RegulationProblems 55Hostile Masculinity 55State Facilitation Factors 56Situational Factors 56References 573 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level II (Single Factor) Theories 62Introduction 62The Sexual Deviation Theory (McGuire et al., 1965) 62The Cognitive Distortion Theory (Abel et al., 1984) 63The Intimacy Deficits Theory (Marshall, 1989) 64The Conditioning Theory (Law & Marshall, 1990) 65Radical Feminist Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse (Breckenridge, 1992) 67Postmodern Feminist Perspectives on Sexual Offending (Featherstone & Fawcett, 1994; Featherstone & Lancaster, 1997; Lancaster & Lumb, 1999) 68The Four-Stage Model of the Empathy Process (Marshall et al., 1995) 69The Monoamine Hypothesis (Kafka, 1997, 2003) 71The Implicit Theory of Sexual Offenders (Ward, 2000) 72The Power/Powerlessness Theory (Cossins, 2000) 75The Schema-BasedModel of Sexual Assault (Mann & Beech, 2003) 76References 774 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level III (Micro-Level) Theories 82Introduction 82The Substance Abuse-Based Relapse Model (Marlatt Relapse Model) (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985) 82The Pithers-Marques Relapse Model of Sexual Offending (Pithers et al., 1983) 83Wolf's Addiction Cycle of Sexual Offending (Wolf, 1985) 84Freeman-Longo's Four-Stage Model (Bays & Freeman-Longo, 1990; Freeman-Longo & Pithers, 1992) 87Carich's Six-Stage Sexual Assault Cycle (Carich, 1994; Carich & Stone, 1995) 87Lane's Sexual Abuse Cycle (Lane, 1991, 1997) 88Salter's Deviant Cycle (Salter, 1995) 90The Child Molester Offense Chain Model of Ward et al. (Ward et al., 1995b) 91The Self-Regulation Process Model of Sexual Offending (Ward & Hudson, 1998a) 95The Rape Model of Polaschek et al. (Polaschek et al., 2001) 99The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward & Beech, 2006) 105Brain Development 106Ecological Niche: Proximal and Distal Factors 108Neuropsychological Functioning 109Clinical Phenomena 110The Expertise-Related Competency Model of Child Sexual Offending (Bourke et al., 2012) 112Phase 1: Primary Skill Acquisition 114Phase 2: Lifestyle 115Phase 3: Offense-Related Competencies 115Phase 4: Offense-Related Behaviors 116Mediating Categories: Internal Moderators and Contextual Features 116Phase 5: Masking 117Phase 6: Reflection 117References 1185 Theories of Female Sexual Offending 124Introduction 124The Descriptive Model of Female Sexual Offending (Gannon et al., 2008) 124Phase 1: Background Factors 124Phase 2: The Pre-offense Period 125Phase 3: The Offense and Post-offense Period 128Pathway Identification 131Trauma-Informed Perspective of Female Sexual Offending (McLeod et al., 2015) 134References 1376 Theories of Sexual Homicide Offending 140Introduction 140The Motivational Model (Burgess et al., 1986) 140Ineffective Social Environment 140Formative Events in Childhood and Adolescence 142Patterned Responses to Formative Events 143Actions toward Others and Self 144Feedback Filter 144The Trauma-Control Model (Hickey, 1997, 2002) 145Predispositional Factors 146Traumatic Events 146Low Self-Esteem and Fantasies 146Dissociation 147Trauma Reinforcers 147Facilitators 148Increasingly Violent Fantasies 148Homicidal Behavior 148The Paraphilic Model (Arrigo & Purcell, 2001) 149Formative Development 150Predispositional Factors 150Traumatic Events 150Low Self-Esteem 151Early Fantasy and Paraphilic Development 151Paraphilic Process 152Paraphilic Stimuli and Fantasy 152Orgasmic Conditioning Process 152Facilitators 153Stressors 153Behavioral Manifestations 153Increasingly Violent Fantasies 154The Social Learning-Routine Activity Integrated Theory (Chan, 2015; Chan et al., 2011) 154Predispositional Factors: A Motivated Offender 155Situational Factors: An Attractive and Suitable Target, and the Absence of a Capable Guardian 157Additional Motivating Factors: Precrime Precipitators 158References 158Part 2 Sexual Offending in Asia 1637 Sexual Offending in East Asia 165Introduction 165Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 165Mainland China 166Hong Kong 167Japan 168South Korea 169North Korea 169Taiwan 170Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 170Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 174Intervention and Prevention Strategies 182Penal Codes 187Case Examples 187The "Chinese Jack the Ripper" 188The Serial Kidnapping Murder of Little Girls in Japan 189Conclusion 191References 192References on the Cases 2128 Sexual Offending in Southeast Asia 213Introduction 213Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 213Indonesia 214The Philippines 215Vietnam 216Myanmar 216Malaysia and Singapore 217Thailand 217Cambodia 218Sexual Violence in Political Conflict Areas 219Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 219Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 223Intervention and Prevention Strategies 228Penal Codes 230Case Examples 231The Indonesian Serial Child Murderer 231The Malaysian Serial Sexual Offender in Singapore 233Conclusion 235References 236References on the Cases 2509 Sexual Offending in South Asia 252Introduction 252Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 252India 252Bangladesh 253Nepal 253Pakistan 254Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 254Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 258Intervention and Prevention Strategies 264Penal Codes 266Case Examples 266The Delhi Gang Rape in India 266The Rape and Murder of Zainab Amin Ansari in Pakistan 268Conclusion 269References 270References on the Cases 28310 Sexual Offending in West Asia 284Introduction 284Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 284Saudi Arabia 285Turkey 286Egypt 286Cyprus 286Israel 287Iran 287Jordan 288Iraq 289Palestine 289Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 290Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 293Intervention and Prevention Strategies 299Penal Codes 302Case Examples 303The Iranian "Spider Killer" 303The Rape and Murder of Azra Gülendam Haytaoglu in Turkey 305Conclusion 306References 307References on the Cases 32011 Sexual Offending in Central Asia 322Introduction 322Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 322Kyrgyzstan 323Tajikistan 323Kazakhstan 324Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 324Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 326Intervention and Prevention Strategies 327Penal Codes 328Case Examples 328The Murder and Dismemberment of Ayazhan Yedilova in Kazakhstan 329The Bride Kidnapping and Murder of Aizada Kanatbekova in Kyrgyzstan 330Conclusion 331References 332References on the Cases 33712 Conclusion 339Introduction 339Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending in Asia 340Distinguishing Sexual Offending in Asia from Sexual Offending in Other Regions 347Concluding Remarks 350References 354Index 368

HENG CHOON (OLIVER) CHAN, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Criminology at City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, SAR. He received his Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of South Florida, USA. Over the years, Dr. Chan has been awarded a number of awards to recognize his outstanding research performance and contributions to professional education. Dr. Chan's research focuses on sexual homicide, sexual offending, stalking, psycho-criminology, and Asian criminology.

• List of Figures xivForeword xvSeries Preface xixAcknowledgments xxiiEndorsements xxiiiAbout the Author xxvi1 Introduction: Distinguishing Nonhomicidal from Homicidal Sexual Offending 1Introduction 1The Structure of the Book 2Understanding Sexual Offending: Prevalence and Nature 5Nonhomicidal and Homicidal Sexual Offending: Similarities and Differences 8Offenders' Age and Racial Background 9Offenders' Intelligence, Educational Background, and Criminal History 9Offenders' Childhood and Adolescent Development 19Offenders' Behavioral Problems and Psychiatric Diagnoses 20Offenders' Relationship Status at the Time of the Offense 21Offenders' Sexual Deviation 22Offenders' Pre-Crime Characteristics 23Offenders' Crime Scene Characteristics 24Victims' Characteristics 25Conclusion26References 27Part 1 Theories of Sexual Offending 352 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level I (Multi-Factorial) Theories 37Introduction 37The Precondition Model (Finkelhor, 1984) 37The Integrated Theory (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990) 39The Quadripartite Model (Hall & Hirschman, 1992) 41The Confluence Model (Malamuth, 1996) 44The Sexual Promiscuity (SP; or Impersonal Sex) Pathway 46The Hostile Masculinity (HM) Pathway 46The Evolutionary Theory of Rape (Thornhill & Palmer, 2000) 47A Theory of Mind Perspective (Ward et al., 2000) 49The Pathway Model (Ward & Siegert, 2002) 50The Motivation-FacilitationModel of Sexual Offending (Seto, 2019) 52Motivation 53Paraphilias 53High Sex Drive 54Intense Mating Effort 54Facilitation 55Self-RegulationProblems 55Hostile Masculinity 55State Facilitation Factors 56Situational Factors 56References 573 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level II (Single Factor) Theories 62Introduction 62The Sexual Deviation Theory (McGuire et al., 1965) 62The Cognitive Distortion Theory (Abel et al., 1984) 63The Intimacy Deficits Theory (Marshall, 1989) 64The Conditioning Theory (Law & Marshall, 1990) 65Radical Feminist Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse (Breckenridge, 1992) 67Postmodern Feminist Perspectives on Sexual Offending (Featherstone & Fawcett, 1994; Featherstone & Lancaster, 1997; Lancaster & Lumb, 1999) 68The Four-Stage Model of the Empathy Process (Marshall et al., 1995) 69The Monoamine Hypothesis (Kafka, 1997, 2003) 71The Implicit Theory of Sexual Offenders (Ward, 2000) 72The Power/Powerlessness Theory (Cossins, 2000) 75The Schema-BasedModel of Sexual Assault (Mann & Beech, 2003) 76References 774 Theories of Sexual Offending: Level III (Micro-Level) Theories 82Introduction 82The Substance Abuse-Based Relapse Model (Marlatt Relapse Model) (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985) 82The Pithers-Marques Relapse Model of Sexual Offending (Pithers et al., 1983) 83Wolf's Addiction Cycle of Sexual Offending (Wolf, 1985) 84Freeman-Longo's Four-Stage Model (Bays & Freeman-Longo, 1990; Freeman-Longo & Pithers, 1992) 87Carich's Six-Stage Sexual Assault Cycle (Carich, 1994; Carich & Stone, 1995) 87Lane's Sexual Abuse Cycle (Lane, 1991, 1997) 88Salter's Deviant Cycle (Salter, 1995) 90The Child Molester Offense Chain Model of Ward et al. (Ward et al., 1995b) 91The Self-Regulation Process Model of Sexual Offending (Ward & Hudson, 1998a) 95The Rape Model of Polaschek et al. (Polaschek et al., 2001) 99The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward & Beech, 2006) 105Brain Development 106Ecological Niche: Proximal and Distal Factors 108Neuropsychological Functioning 109Clinical Phenomena 110The Expertise-Related Competency Model of Child Sexual Offending (Bourke et al., 2012) 112Phase 1: Primary Skill Acquisition 114Phase 2: Lifestyle 115Phase 3: Offense-Related Competencies 115Phase 4: Offense-Related Behaviors 116Mediating Categories: Internal Moderators and Contextual Features 116Phase 5: Masking 117Phase 6: Reflection 117References 1185 Theories of Female Sexual Offending 124Introduction 124The Descriptive Model of Female Sexual Offending (Gannon et al., 2008) 124Phase 1: Background Factors 124Phase 2: The Pre-offense Period 125Phase 3: The Offense and Post-offense Period 128Pathway Identification 131Trauma-Informed Perspective of Female Sexual Offending (McLeod et al., 2015) 134References 1376 Theories of Sexual Homicide Offending 140Introduction 140The Motivational Model (Burgess et al., 1986) 140Ineffective Social Environment 140Formative Events in Childhood and Adolescence 142Patterned Responses to Formative Events 143Actions toward Others and Self 144Feedback Filter 144The Trauma-Control Model (Hickey, 1997, 2002) 145Predispositional Factors 146Traumatic Events 146Low Self-Esteem and Fantasies 146Dissociation 147Trauma Reinforcers 147Facilitators 148Increasingly Violent Fantasies 148Homicidal Behavior 148The Paraphilic Model (Arrigo & Purcell, 2001) 149Formative Development 150Predispositional Factors 150Traumatic Events 150Low Self-Esteem 151Early Fantasy and Paraphilic Development 151Paraphilic Process 152Paraphilic Stimuli and Fantasy 152Orgasmic Conditioning Process 152Facilitators 153Stressors 153Behavioral Manifestations 153Increasingly Violent Fantasies 154The Social Learning-Routine Activity Integrated Theory (Chan, 2015; Chan et al., 2011) 154Predispositional Factors: A Motivated Offender 155Situational Factors: An Attractive and Suitable Target, and the Absence of a Capable Guardian 157Additional Motivating Factors: Precrime Precipitators 158References 158Part 2 Sexual Offending in Asia 1637 Sexual Offending in East Asia 165Introduction 165Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 165Mainland China 166Hong Kong 167Japan 168South Korea 169North Korea 169Taiwan 170Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 170Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 174Intervention and Prevention Strategies 182Penal Codes 187Case Examples 187The "Chinese Jack the Ripper" 188The Serial Kidnapping Murder of Little Girls in Japan 189Conclusion 191References 192References on the Cases 2128 Sexual Offending in Southeast Asia 213Introduction 213Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 213Indonesia 214The Philippines 215Vietnam 216Myanmar 216Malaysia and Singapore 217Thailand 217Cambodia 218Sexual Violence in Political Conflict Areas 219Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 219Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 223Intervention and Prevention Strategies 228Penal Codes 230Case Examples 231The Indonesian Serial Child Murderer 231The Malaysian Serial Sexual Offender in Singapore 233Conclusion 235References 236References on the Cases 2509 Sexual Offending in South Asia 252Introduction 252Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 252India 252Bangladesh 253Nepal 253Pakistan 254Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 254Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 258Intervention and Prevention Strategies 264Penal Codes 266Case Examples 266The Delhi Gang Rape in India 266The Rape and Murder of Zainab Amin Ansari in Pakistan 268Conclusion 269References 270References on the Cases 28310 Sexual Offending in West Asia 284Introduction 284Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 284Saudi Arabia 285Turkey 286Egypt 286Cyprus 286Israel 287Iran 287Jordan 288Iraq 289Palestine 289Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 290Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 293Intervention and Prevention Strategies 299Penal Codes 302Case Examples 303The Iranian "Spider Killer" 303The Rape and Murder of Azra Gülendam Haytaoglu in Turkey 305Conclusion 306References 307References on the Cases 32011 Sexual Offending in Central Asia 322Introduction 322Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending 322Kyrgyzstan 323Tajikistan 323Kazakhstan 324Cultural Values and Norms Related to Sexual Offending 324Offender, Victim, and Offense Characteristics 326Intervention and Prevention Strategies 327Penal Codes 328Case Examples 328The Murder and Dismemberment of Ayazhan Yedilova in Kazakhstan 329The Bride Kidnapping and Murder of Aizada Kanatbekova in Kyrgyzstan 330Conclusion 331References 332References on the Cases 33712 Conclusion 339Introduction 339Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Offending in Asia 340Distinguishing Sexual Offending in Asia from Sexual Offending in Other Regions 347Concluding Remarks 350References 354Index 368