The Editors Vinod Krishnan is Professor and Head of the Department of Orthodontics at Sri Sankara Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman is Researcher & Educator in the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and Adjunct Professor at the University of Bern, Switzerland; and University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

"an unreservedly recommended and core pick for professional, dental school, and college/university library Modern Dentistry collections and supplemental curriculum textbook studies lists"- Library Book Watch, Midwest Book Reviews (May 24)

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface to Second Edition xviiPreface to First Edition xviiiPart I Diagnosis, Psychology, and Genetics 1Chapter 1 The Increased Stature of Orthodontics 3Vinod Krishnan, Ze’ev Davidovitch, and Anne Marie Kuijpers-JagtmanThe broadening scope of orthodontics 6The orthodontic patient as a human being 7The patient’s biological status: does it influence orthodontic treatment? 8Conclusions 16References 17Chapter 2 Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: Collaborating with Medical and Other Dental Specialists 18Om P. Kharbanda, Neeraj Wadhawan, and Karthik SennimalaiThe other side of the story 19Orthodontic diagnosis from a broad perspective 19The first interaction with the patient 19The importance of the medical history in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning 21Overview of systemic disturbances in relation to orthodontic treatment planning 27Identifying local dental abnormalities before attempting orthodontic treatment 32Evaluation of the occlusion and the temporomandibular joint 42Radiographic examination of the craniofacial region 43Conclusion 46References 47Chapter 3 Psychosocial Factors in Orthodontics: Patient Perceptions, Motivation, and Expectations 52Leslie A. WillMotivation for orthodontic treatment 52Treatment expectations 53Perception of malocclusion 53Patients with psychological disorders 55Orthognathic patients 57Patients with orofacial clefts and craniofacial anomalies 59Patients with acquired deformities 60Conclusions 61References 61Chapter 4 Integrated Clinical Genetics/Syndromology for the Orthodontist 63James K. Hartsfield, Jr., Lorri Ann Morford, and Aqib Muhammad ShafiInteraction with the clinical geneticist 64Evolution of the clinical geneticist specialist 64When to refer 65Artificial intelligence and facial analysis 66Selected syndromes and conditions 66Radiographic signs 71History of premature tooth exfoliation 73Conditions in which premature tooth exfoliation may occur occasionally 74Supernumerary teeth and hypodontia (oligodontia) 77Syndromic hypodontia 80Supernumerary teeth or hypodontia (oligodontia) and cancer 81Failure of dental eruption 82Soft and hard tissue asymmetry 83Maxillary hypoplasia 84Functional (neoromuscular) asymmetry 86Mandibular retrognathism 86Connective tissue dysplasia 87Cleft lip and cleft palate 90Additional resources 91References 91Part II The Growing Patient 97Chapter 5 Endocrinological Conditions and Orthodontic Treatment 99Athina ChatzigianniGrowth hormone disorders 99Thyroid disease 101Parathyroid gland disorders 103Primary adrenal insufficiency 104Fibrous dysplasia 104Diabetes mellitus 105Sex- specific endocrine disorders 106Exogenous hormone administration 107Conclusions 108References 108Chapter 6 Nutrition in Orthodontic Practice 111Nadine Tassabehji and Jillian KayeThe importance of diet and nutrition in oral health 111Dietary habits 113Nutrition and oral health 119Orthodontic guide to performing nutrition risk assessments 124Conclusion 126References 127Chapter 7 Cleft Lip and Palate: Role of the Orthodontist in the Interdisciplinary Management Team 128Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman and Mette A.R. KuijpersInterdisciplinary team care 129Members of the cleft lip and palate team and their roles 129Orthodontic management 133Conclusion 146References 146Chapter 8 Multidisciplinary Management of Craniofacial Malformations 150Latha P. Rao, Maria J. Kuriakose, and Sherry PeterGeneral principles in the diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations 151Otofacial malformations 157Craniosynostosis 169Conclusion 175References 175Part III Enhancing the Envelope of Orthodontic Care: The Medical Collaboration 179Chapter 9 What Can Orthodontists Learn from Orthopedists Engaged in Basic Research? 181Carlalberta Verna and Birte MelsenA common language 181Bone adaptation to mechanical deformation and orthodontic tooth movement 189Bone reaction to skeletal anchorage 190Conclusion 192References 193Chapter 10 Acute and Chronic Infections Affecting the Oral Cavity: Orthodontic Implications 195Vinod Krishnan, Gunnar Dahlén, Ambili Renjithkumar, and Ze’ev DavidovitchBacterial infections 196Viral infections 206Fungal infections 213Parasitic infections 218The oral cavity as a source for focal infections 219Conclusions 221References 221Chapter 11 Unveiling and Managing Upper Airway Problems in the Orthodontic Patient 225Mimi Yow, Huiting Lynn Koh, and Shaun LohThe spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing 225Decoding obstructive sleep apnea 226Respiration: Effect of anatomy and sleep 228The child with sleep-disordered breathing 229The adult with sleep-disordered breathing 233Cephalometrics and imaging 236Orthodontic management 236Surgical management 238Conclusion 239Acknowledgments 243References 243Chapter 12 Interaction between the Orthodontist and Medical Airway Specialists on Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Disturbances 248Joseph G. Ghafari and Anthony T. MacariThe mouth in relation to the nasopharyngeal airway: Anatomy overview 248Common sources of airway dysfunction 250Nonrespiratory areas of interaction with ENT specialists 261State of interaction between orthodontists and medical airway specialists 269References 269Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Diseases and the Orthodontist 272Gregory S. Antonarakis and Stavros KiliaridisMyotonic dystrophy 273Duchenne muscular dystrophy 281Other neuromuscular diseases 285Conclusions 288References 289Chapter 14 Orthodontics for Children with Disabilities 291Stella Chaushu, Yossi Shapira, and Adrian BeckerTherapeutic access 291Pretreatment visits, patient assessment, and future management 292Orthodontic records 294Overall treatment plan 294Relapse and retention 297Case descriptions 298Conclusion 308References 308Chapter 15 Orthodontic Care in the Adult Medically Compromised Patient 310Ashok Kumar Jena and Jitendra SharanCardiovascular disorders 311Endocrine disorders 312Infectious diseases 313Skeletal system problems 315Gastrointestinal disorders 316Respiratory system problems 316Nervous system disorders 317Renal disorders 318Allergy reactions 319Conclusion 320References 321Part IV Orthodontics and Other Dental Specialties 323Chapter 16 Comprehensive Periodontal Evaluation of the Orthodontic Patient: The Role of a Periodontist in Orthodontic Practice 325Giovanni E. Salvi, Andrea Roccuzzo, and Dimitrios KloukosPathological tooth migration 325Treatment plan 326Goals of periodontal therapy 327Comprehensive periodontal examination 327Case presentations 328Acknowledgments 342References 344Chapter 17 The Restorative Dentist and Orthodontist: Orthodontic Implications of Dental Caries, Tooth Fracture, Exposed Dental Pulp, and Esthetic Improvements 345Neslihan Arhun, Ayca Arman- Özçırpıcı, Sevi Burçak Çehreli, Kamran Gülşahı, and Ömur Polat ÖzsoyPretreatment evaluation and early stages of the orthodontic treatment 346Interactive collaboration during orthodontic treatment 356Emergency orthodontic treatment in trauma cases 370Immediate postorthodontic period 382Esthetic improvements 384Conclusion 396References 398Chapter 18 Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry: Two Specialties, One Goal 411Elliott M. Moskowitz, George J. Cisneros, and Mark S. HochbergCoordinating orthodontic and pediatric dental appointments in a group or solo practitioner setting 412Identifying orthodontic and pediatric dental problems earlier rather than later 414Restoring form and function: Revisiting the unilateral posterior crossbite with a functional mandibular shift 416Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: Who does what, when, and how? 419Retention considerations and beyond 423Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment: Who takes responsibility for prevention? 425Conclusions 426References 426Chapter 19 Optimizing Prosthodontic Care with Orthodontic Mechanotherapeutics 427Hayam Alfallaj, Ruba Alkadhi, Samah Alfuriji, Fathima F. Farook, and Abdulaziz AlzaidPre-prosthodontic management of intraarch spaces 428Pre-prosthodontic management of interarch spaces 435Correction of ridge deformity though orthodontic tooth movement 443Restorative treatment before orthodontics (means for tooth movement) 444Conclusion 445References 445Chapter 20 Integrated Management of the Orthognathic Patient 447Noura M. AlOtaibi, Philip C.M. Benington, and Ashraf F. AyoubMultidisciplinary Team 447Systematic approach 448Orthognathic surgery 488Stability and relapse 489Follow-up 490Digital innovations in orthognathic surgery 490Conclusion 490References 491Chapter 21 The Role of the Orthodontist in Managing Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint 493Ambra Michelotti, Mauro Farella, and Roberto RongoWhy should orthodontists deal with the temporomandibular joint? 493Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 494Should orthodontists care about condylar position? 494Temporomandibular joint disorders 496Joint pain: Arthralgia 496Disc disorders 502Occlusal changes due to temporomandibular disorders 504Congenital/developmental disorders 506Conclusion 510References 510Part V The Biomedical Orthodontist 515Chapter 22 The Role of Biomedical Engineers in the Design and Manufacture of Orthodontic Appliances 517William A. Brantley and Theodore EliadesPast research activities 517Current research activities and potential future applications 524Conclusions 528References 528Chapter 23 Designing and Manufacturing Customized Orthodontic Appliances 531Nearchos C. PanayiOrthodontic imaging and analysis software 532Surface and volume scanning 532Orthodontic computer- aided design software 532Three-dimensional manufacturing 533Customized orthodontic appliances 533Clear aligners 534Selective laser sintering and metallic orthodontic appliances 536Customized orthodontic brackets 536Conclusion 539References 540Chapter 24 Regenerative Medicine in Orthodontic Therapy 541Nina Kaukua, Kaj Fried, and Jeremy J. MaoPrinciples of tissue regeneration 543Stem cell basics 543Impact of regenerative medicine in dentistry and orthodontics 556Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics as clinical motivation for tissue engineering 560Conclusion 561Acknowledgments 561References 561Chapter 25 Artificial Intelligence and Orthodontic Practice: The Future Unveiled 565Mohammed H. Elnagar, Praveen Gajendrareddy, Min Kyeong Lee, and Veerasathpurush AllareddyApplications of artificial intelligence technology in orthodontics 566Artificial intelligence–driven remote monitoring 570Blockchain technology in healthcare 571Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence 573References 573Chapter 26 The Seven Pillars of Professionalism 576Peter M. GrecoThe Seven Wonders of the World 576The concept of professionalism 577The seven pillars of professionalism 577Our public image of professionalism 582Now, what about those Seven Wonders of the World: Where are they now? 583References 583Index 584

The Editors Vinod Krishnan is Professor and Head of the Department of Orthodontics at Sri Sankara Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman is Researcher & Educator in the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and Adjunct Professor at the University of Bern, Switzerland; and University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

"an unreservedly recommended and core pick for professional, dental school, and college/university library Modern Dentistry collections and supplemental curriculum textbook studies lists"- Library Book Watch, Midwest Book Reviews (May 24)

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface to Second Edition xviiPreface to First Edition xviiiPart I Diagnosis, Psychology, and Genetics 1Chapter 1 The Increased Stature of Orthodontics 3Vinod Krishnan, Ze’ev Davidovitch, and Anne Marie Kuijpers-JagtmanThe broadening scope of orthodontics 6The orthodontic patient as a human being 7The patient’s biological status: does it influence orthodontic treatment? 8Conclusions 16References 17Chapter 2 Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: Collaborating with Medical and Other Dental Specialists 18Om P. Kharbanda, Neeraj Wadhawan, and Karthik SennimalaiThe other side of the story 19Orthodontic diagnosis from a broad perspective 19The first interaction with the patient 19The importance of the medical history in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning 21Overview of systemic disturbances in relation to orthodontic treatment planning 27Identifying local dental abnormalities before attempting orthodontic treatment 32Evaluation of the occlusion and the temporomandibular joint 42Radiographic examination of the craniofacial region 43Conclusion 46References 47Chapter 3 Psychosocial Factors in Orthodontics: Patient Perceptions, Motivation, and Expectations 52Leslie A. WillMotivation for orthodontic treatment 52Treatment expectations 53Perception of malocclusion 53Patients with psychological disorders 55Orthognathic patients 57Patients with orofacial clefts and craniofacial anomalies 59Patients with acquired deformities 60Conclusions 61References 61Chapter 4 Integrated Clinical Genetics/Syndromology for the Orthodontist 63James K. Hartsfield, Jr., Lorri Ann Morford, and Aqib Muhammad ShafiInteraction with the clinical geneticist 64Evolution of the clinical geneticist specialist 64When to refer 65Artificial intelligence and facial analysis 66Selected syndromes and conditions 66Radiographic signs 71History of premature tooth exfoliation 73Conditions in which premature tooth exfoliation may occur occasionally 74Supernumerary teeth and hypodontia (oligodontia) 77Syndromic hypodontia 80Supernumerary teeth or hypodontia (oligodontia) and cancer 81Failure of dental eruption 82Soft and hard tissue asymmetry 83Maxillary hypoplasia 84Functional (neoromuscular) asymmetry 86Mandibular retrognathism 86Connective tissue dysplasia 87Cleft lip and cleft palate 90Additional resources 91References 91Part II The Growing Patient 97Chapter 5 Endocrinological Conditions and Orthodontic Treatment 99Athina ChatzigianniGrowth hormone disorders 99Thyroid disease 101Parathyroid gland disorders 103Primary adrenal insufficiency 104Fibrous dysplasia 104Diabetes mellitus 105Sex- specific endocrine disorders 106Exogenous hormone administration 107Conclusions 108References 108Chapter 6 Nutrition in Orthodontic Practice 111Nadine Tassabehji and Jillian KayeThe importance of diet and nutrition in oral health 111Dietary habits 113Nutrition and oral health 119Orthodontic guide to performing nutrition risk assessments 124Conclusion 126References 127Chapter 7 Cleft Lip and Palate: Role of the Orthodontist in the Interdisciplinary Management Team 128Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman and Mette A.R. KuijpersInterdisciplinary team care 129Members of the cleft lip and palate team and their roles 129Orthodontic management 133Conclusion 146References 146Chapter 8 Multidisciplinary Management of Craniofacial Malformations 150Latha P. Rao, Maria J. Kuriakose, and Sherry PeterGeneral principles in the diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations 151Otofacial malformations 157Craniosynostosis 169Conclusion 175References 175Part III Enhancing the Envelope of Orthodontic Care: The Medical Collaboration 179Chapter 9 What Can Orthodontists Learn from Orthopedists Engaged in Basic Research? 181Carlalberta Verna and Birte MelsenA common language 181Bone adaptation to mechanical deformation and orthodontic tooth movement 189Bone reaction to skeletal anchorage 190Conclusion 192References 193Chapter 10 Acute and Chronic Infections Affecting the Oral Cavity: Orthodontic Implications 195Vinod Krishnan, Gunnar Dahlén, Ambili Renjithkumar, and Ze’ev DavidovitchBacterial infections 196Viral infections 206Fungal infections 213Parasitic infections 218The oral cavity as a source for focal infections 219Conclusions 221References 221Chapter 11 Unveiling and Managing Upper Airway Problems in the Orthodontic Patient 225Mimi Yow, Huiting Lynn Koh, and Shaun LohThe spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing 225Decoding obstructive sleep apnea 226Respiration: Effect of anatomy and sleep 228The child with sleep-disordered breathing 229The adult with sleep-disordered breathing 233Cephalometrics and imaging 236Orthodontic management 236Surgical management 238Conclusion 239Acknowledgments 243References 243Chapter 12 Interaction between the Orthodontist and Medical Airway Specialists on Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Disturbances 248Joseph G. Ghafari and Anthony T. MacariThe mouth in relation to the nasopharyngeal airway: Anatomy overview 248Common sources of airway dysfunction 250Nonrespiratory areas of interaction with ENT specialists 261State of interaction between orthodontists and medical airway specialists 269References 269Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Diseases and the Orthodontist 272Gregory S. Antonarakis and Stavros KiliaridisMyotonic dystrophy 273Duchenne muscular dystrophy 281Other neuromuscular diseases 285Conclusions 288References 289Chapter 14 Orthodontics for Children with Disabilities 291Stella Chaushu, Yossi Shapira, and Adrian BeckerTherapeutic access 291Pretreatment visits, patient assessment, and future management 292Orthodontic records 294Overall treatment plan 294Relapse and retention 297Case descriptions 298Conclusion 308References 308Chapter 15 Orthodontic Care in the Adult Medically Compromised Patient 310Ashok Kumar Jena and Jitendra SharanCardiovascular disorders 311Endocrine disorders 312Infectious diseases 313Skeletal system problems 315Gastrointestinal disorders 316Respiratory system problems 316Nervous system disorders 317Renal disorders 318Allergy reactions 319Conclusion 320References 321Part IV Orthodontics and Other Dental Specialties 323Chapter 16 Comprehensive Periodontal Evaluation of the Orthodontic Patient: The Role of a Periodontist in Orthodontic Practice 325Giovanni E. Salvi, Andrea Roccuzzo, and Dimitrios KloukosPathological tooth migration 325Treatment plan 326Goals of periodontal therapy 327Comprehensive periodontal examination 327Case presentations 328Acknowledgments 342References 344Chapter 17 The Restorative Dentist and Orthodontist: Orthodontic Implications of Dental Caries, Tooth Fracture, Exposed Dental Pulp, and Esthetic Improvements 345Neslihan Arhun, Ayca Arman- Özçırpıcı, Sevi Burçak Çehreli, Kamran Gülşahı, and Ömur Polat ÖzsoyPretreatment evaluation and early stages of the orthodontic treatment 346Interactive collaboration during orthodontic treatment 356Emergency orthodontic treatment in trauma cases 370Immediate postorthodontic period 382Esthetic improvements 384Conclusion 396References 398Chapter 18 Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry: Two Specialties, One Goal 411Elliott M. Moskowitz, George J. Cisneros, and Mark S. HochbergCoordinating orthodontic and pediatric dental appointments in a group or solo practitioner setting 412Identifying orthodontic and pediatric dental problems earlier rather than later 414Restoring form and function: Revisiting the unilateral posterior crossbite with a functional mandibular shift 416Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: Who does what, when, and how? 419Retention considerations and beyond 423Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment: Who takes responsibility for prevention? 425Conclusions 426References 426Chapter 19 Optimizing Prosthodontic Care with Orthodontic Mechanotherapeutics 427Hayam Alfallaj, Ruba Alkadhi, Samah Alfuriji, Fathima F. Farook, and Abdulaziz AlzaidPre-prosthodontic management of intraarch spaces 428Pre-prosthodontic management of interarch spaces 435Correction of ridge deformity though orthodontic tooth movement 443Restorative treatment before orthodontics (means for tooth movement) 444Conclusion 445References 445Chapter 20 Integrated Management of the Orthognathic Patient 447Noura M. AlOtaibi, Philip C.M. Benington, and Ashraf F. AyoubMultidisciplinary Team 447Systematic approach 448Orthognathic surgery 488Stability and relapse 489Follow-up 490Digital innovations in orthognathic surgery 490Conclusion 490References 491Chapter 21 The Role of the Orthodontist in Managing Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint 493Ambra Michelotti, Mauro Farella, and Roberto RongoWhy should orthodontists deal with the temporomandibular joint? 493Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 494Should orthodontists care about condylar position? 494Temporomandibular joint disorders 496Joint pain: Arthralgia 496Disc disorders 502Occlusal changes due to temporomandibular disorders 504Congenital/developmental disorders 506Conclusion 510References 510Part V The Biomedical Orthodontist 515Chapter 22 The Role of Biomedical Engineers in the Design and Manufacture of Orthodontic Appliances 517William A. Brantley and Theodore EliadesPast research activities 517Current research activities and potential future applications 524Conclusions 528References 528Chapter 23 Designing and Manufacturing Customized Orthodontic Appliances 531Nearchos C. PanayiOrthodontic imaging and analysis software 532Surface and volume scanning 532Orthodontic computer- aided design software 532Three-dimensional manufacturing 533Customized orthodontic appliances 533Clear aligners 534Selective laser sintering and metallic orthodontic appliances 536Customized orthodontic brackets 536Conclusion 539References 540Chapter 24 Regenerative Medicine in Orthodontic Therapy 541Nina Kaukua, Kaj Fried, and Jeremy J. MaoPrinciples of tissue regeneration 543Stem cell basics 543Impact of regenerative medicine in dentistry and orthodontics 556Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics as clinical motivation for tissue engineering 560Conclusion 561Acknowledgments 561References 561Chapter 25 Artificial Intelligence and Orthodontic Practice: The Future Unveiled 565Mohammed H. Elnagar, Praveen Gajendrareddy, Min Kyeong Lee, and Veerasathpurush AllareddyApplications of artificial intelligence technology in orthodontics 566Artificial intelligence–driven remote monitoring 570Blockchain technology in healthcare 571Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence 573References 573Chapter 26 The Seven Pillars of Professionalism 576Peter M. GrecoThe Seven Wonders of the World 576The concept of professionalism 577The seven pillars of professionalism 577Our public image of professionalism 582Now, what about those Seven Wonders of the World: Where are they now? 583References 583Index 584

The Editors Vinod Krishnan is Professor and Head of the Department of Orthodontics at Sri Sankara Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman is Researcher & Educator in the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and Adjunct Professor at the University of Bern, Switzerland; and University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

"an unreservedly recommended and core pick for professional, dental school, and college/university library Modern Dentistry collections and supplemental curriculum textbook studies lists"- Library Book Watch, Midwest Book Reviews (May 24)

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface to Second Edition xviiPreface to First Edition xviiiPart I Diagnosis, Psychology, and Genetics 1Chapter 1 The Increased Stature of Orthodontics 3Vinod Krishnan, Ze’ev Davidovitch, and Anne Marie Kuijpers-JagtmanThe broadening scope of orthodontics 6The orthodontic patient as a human being 7The patient’s biological status: does it influence orthodontic treatment? 8Conclusions 16References 17Chapter 2 Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: Collaborating with Medical and Other Dental Specialists 18Om P. Kharbanda, Neeraj Wadhawan, and Karthik SennimalaiThe other side of the story 19Orthodontic diagnosis from a broad perspective 19The first interaction with the patient 19The importance of the medical history in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning 21Overview of systemic disturbances in relation to orthodontic treatment planning 27Identifying local dental abnormalities before attempting orthodontic treatment 32Evaluation of the occlusion and the temporomandibular joint 42Radiographic examination of the craniofacial region 43Conclusion 46References 47Chapter 3 Psychosocial Factors in Orthodontics: Patient Perceptions, Motivation, and Expectations 52Leslie A. WillMotivation for orthodontic treatment 52Treatment expectations 53Perception of malocclusion 53Patients with psychological disorders 55Orthognathic patients 57Patients with orofacial clefts and craniofacial anomalies 59Patients with acquired deformities 60Conclusions 61References 61Chapter 4 Integrated Clinical Genetics/Syndromology for the Orthodontist 63James K. Hartsfield, Jr., Lorri Ann Morford, and Aqib Muhammad ShafiInteraction with the clinical geneticist 64Evolution of the clinical geneticist specialist 64When to refer 65Artificial intelligence and facial analysis 66Selected syndromes and conditions 66Radiographic signs 71History of premature tooth exfoliation 73Conditions in which premature tooth exfoliation may occur occasionally 74Supernumerary teeth and hypodontia (oligodontia) 77Syndromic hypodontia 80Supernumerary teeth or hypodontia (oligodontia) and cancer 81Failure of dental eruption 82Soft and hard tissue asymmetry 83Maxillary hypoplasia 84Functional (neoromuscular) asymmetry 86Mandibular retrognathism 86Connective tissue dysplasia 87Cleft lip and cleft palate 90Additional resources 91References 91Part II The Growing Patient 97Chapter 5 Endocrinological Conditions and Orthodontic Treatment 99Athina ChatzigianniGrowth hormone disorders 99Thyroid disease 101Parathyroid gland disorders 103Primary adrenal insufficiency 104Fibrous dysplasia 104Diabetes mellitus 105Sex- specific endocrine disorders 106Exogenous hormone administration 107Conclusions 108References 108Chapter 6 Nutrition in Orthodontic Practice 111Nadine Tassabehji and Jillian KayeThe importance of diet and nutrition in oral health 111Dietary habits 113Nutrition and oral health 119Orthodontic guide to performing nutrition risk assessments 124Conclusion 126References 127Chapter 7 Cleft Lip and Palate: Role of the Orthodontist in the Interdisciplinary Management Team 128Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman and Mette A.R. KuijpersInterdisciplinary team care 129Members of the cleft lip and palate team and their roles 129Orthodontic management 133Conclusion 146References 146Chapter 8 Multidisciplinary Management of Craniofacial Malformations 150Latha P. Rao, Maria J. Kuriakose, and Sherry PeterGeneral principles in the diagnosis and management of craniofacial malformations 151Otofacial malformations 157Craniosynostosis 169Conclusion 175References 175Part III Enhancing the Envelope of Orthodontic Care: The Medical Collaboration 179Chapter 9 What Can Orthodontists Learn from Orthopedists Engaged in Basic Research? 181Carlalberta Verna and Birte MelsenA common language 181Bone adaptation to mechanical deformation and orthodontic tooth movement 189Bone reaction to skeletal anchorage 190Conclusion 192References 193Chapter 10 Acute and Chronic Infections Affecting the Oral Cavity: Orthodontic Implications 195Vinod Krishnan, Gunnar Dahlén, Ambili Renjithkumar, and Ze’ev DavidovitchBacterial infections 196Viral infections 206Fungal infections 213Parasitic infections 218The oral cavity as a source for focal infections 219Conclusions 221References 221Chapter 11 Unveiling and Managing Upper Airway Problems in the Orthodontic Patient 225Mimi Yow, Huiting Lynn Koh, and Shaun LohThe spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing 225Decoding obstructive sleep apnea 226Respiration: Effect of anatomy and sleep 228The child with sleep-disordered breathing 229The adult with sleep-disordered breathing 233Cephalometrics and imaging 236Orthodontic management 236Surgical management 238Conclusion 239Acknowledgments 243References 243Chapter 12 Interaction between the Orthodontist and Medical Airway Specialists on Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Disturbances 248Joseph G. Ghafari and Anthony T. MacariThe mouth in relation to the nasopharyngeal airway: Anatomy overview 248Common sources of airway dysfunction 250Nonrespiratory areas of interaction with ENT specialists 261State of interaction between orthodontists and medical airway specialists 269References 269Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Diseases and the Orthodontist 272Gregory S. Antonarakis and Stavros KiliaridisMyotonic dystrophy 273Duchenne muscular dystrophy 281Other neuromuscular diseases 285Conclusions 288References 289Chapter 14 Orthodontics for Children with Disabilities 291Stella Chaushu, Yossi Shapira, and Adrian BeckerTherapeutic access 291Pretreatment visits, patient assessment, and future management 292Orthodontic records 294Overall treatment plan 294Relapse and retention 297Case descriptions 298Conclusion 308References 308Chapter 15 Orthodontic Care in the Adult Medically Compromised Patient 310Ashok Kumar Jena and Jitendra SharanCardiovascular disorders 311Endocrine disorders 312Infectious diseases 313Skeletal system problems 315Gastrointestinal disorders 316Respiratory system problems 316Nervous system disorders 317Renal disorders 318Allergy reactions 319Conclusion 320References 321Part IV Orthodontics and Other Dental Specialties 323Chapter 16 Comprehensive Periodontal Evaluation of the Orthodontic Patient: The Role of a Periodontist in Orthodontic Practice 325Giovanni E. Salvi, Andrea Roccuzzo, and Dimitrios KloukosPathological tooth migration 325Treatment plan 326Goals of periodontal therapy 327Comprehensive periodontal examination 327Case presentations 328Acknowledgments 342References 344Chapter 17 The Restorative Dentist and Orthodontist: Orthodontic Implications of Dental Caries, Tooth Fracture, Exposed Dental Pulp, and Esthetic Improvements 345Neslihan Arhun, Ayca Arman- Özçırpıcı, Sevi Burçak Çehreli, Kamran Gülşahı, and Ömur Polat ÖzsoyPretreatment evaluation and early stages of the orthodontic treatment 346Interactive collaboration during orthodontic treatment 356Emergency orthodontic treatment in trauma cases 370Immediate postorthodontic period 382Esthetic improvements 384Conclusion 396References 398Chapter 18 Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry: Two Specialties, One Goal 411Elliott M. Moskowitz, George J. Cisneros, and Mark S. HochbergCoordinating orthodontic and pediatric dental appointments in a group or solo practitioner setting 412Identifying orthodontic and pediatric dental problems earlier rather than later 414Restoring form and function: Revisiting the unilateral posterior crossbite with a functional mandibular shift 416Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors: Who does what, when, and how? 419Retention considerations and beyond 423Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment: Who takes responsibility for prevention? 425Conclusions 426References 426Chapter 19 Optimizing Prosthodontic Care with Orthodontic Mechanotherapeutics 427Hayam Alfallaj, Ruba Alkadhi, Samah Alfuriji, Fathima F. Farook, and Abdulaziz AlzaidPre-prosthodontic management of intraarch spaces 428Pre-prosthodontic management of interarch spaces 435Correction of ridge deformity though orthodontic tooth movement 443Restorative treatment before orthodontics (means for tooth movement) 444Conclusion 445References 445Chapter 20 Integrated Management of the Orthognathic Patient 447Noura M. AlOtaibi, Philip C.M. Benington, and Ashraf F. AyoubMultidisciplinary Team 447Systematic approach 448Orthognathic surgery 488Stability and relapse 489Follow-up 490Digital innovations in orthognathic surgery 490Conclusion 490References 491Chapter 21 The Role of the Orthodontist in Managing Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint 493Ambra Michelotti, Mauro Farella, and Roberto RongoWhy should orthodontists deal with the temporomandibular joint? 493Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 494Should orthodontists care about condylar position? 494Temporomandibular joint disorders 496Joint pain: Arthralgia 496Disc disorders 502Occlusal changes due to temporomandibular disorders 504Congenital/developmental disorders 506Conclusion 510References 510Part V The Biomedical Orthodontist 515Chapter 22 The Role of Biomedical Engineers in the Design and Manufacture of Orthodontic Appliances 517William A. Brantley and Theodore EliadesPast research activities 517Current research activities and potential future applications 524Conclusions 528References 528Chapter 23 Designing and Manufacturing Customized Orthodontic Appliances 531Nearchos C. PanayiOrthodontic imaging and analysis software 532Surface and volume scanning 532Orthodontic computer- aided design software 532Three-dimensional manufacturing 533Customized orthodontic appliances 533Clear aligners 534Selective laser sintering and metallic orthodontic appliances 536Customized orthodontic brackets 536Conclusion 539References 540Chapter 24 Regenerative Medicine in Orthodontic Therapy 541Nina Kaukua, Kaj Fried, and Jeremy J. MaoPrinciples of tissue regeneration 543Stem cell basics 543Impact of regenerative medicine in dentistry and orthodontics 556Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics as clinical motivation for tissue engineering 560Conclusion 561Acknowledgments 561References 561Chapter 25 Artificial Intelligence and Orthodontic Practice: The Future Unveiled 565Mohammed H. Elnagar, Praveen Gajendrareddy, Min Kyeong Lee, and Veerasathpurush AllareddyApplications of artificial intelligence technology in orthodontics 566Artificial intelligence–driven remote monitoring 570Blockchain technology in healthcare 571Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence 573References 573Chapter 26 The Seven Pillars of Professionalism 576Peter M. GrecoThe Seven Wonders of the World 576The concept of professionalism 577The seven pillars of professionalism 577Our public image of professionalism 582Now, what about those Seven Wonders of the World: Where are they now? 583References 583Index 584