P. Srividya, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India. She has over 14 years of experience in teaching and has published a number of works in international journals and conferences, as well as six book chapters. S. Ramya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India. She has over 18 years of teaching experience, as well as more than 15 publications in reputed international journals and conferences. Anitha Peram, PhD, is an associate professor at Sri Jagadguru Balagangadhara Natha Maha Swamiji Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. She has over 14 years of teaching experience and 14 publications in international journals. She has also been a part of developing a number of faculty development programs in the area of antennas. Ashish Singh, PhD, is an Associate professor in the Department of Computer and Communication Engineering at the NMAM Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India. He has over 14 years of teaching experience and five years of research experience. He also has over 55 publications in reputed national and international journals and conferences. His areas of interest are Nano Antenna, Patch Antenna, and Optical Devices.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xviiPreface xixSection 1: 5G and its Applications 11 5G and Cognitive Radio 3Dr. Nagamani K. and Dr. Bhagya R.1.1 Introduction 41.2 5G System Architecture 51.3 An Overview of Network Elements 61.4 Design Problems 81.5 5G Infrastructure Needs 91.6 Features 101.7 5G Network Slicing 111.8 Pros of 5G 121.9 Cons of 5G 131.10 5G Applications 141.11 Cognitive Radio 151.12 Cognitive Radio Network 161.13 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 171.14 Classification of CR Spectrum Sensing 171.15 Methods of Spectrum Sensing 181.16 Routing in Cognitive Radio Network 191.17 Terminal Capability of CRN 191.18 Reconfigurable Capability 201.19 Architecture of CRN 221.20 Primary System and CR System 231.21 Routing Challenges in CRNs 241.22 SDR Architecture 251.23 Physical Architecture of CR 281.24 Operation of CR 291.25 Benefits of CR 301.26 Challenges Faced by CR 301.27 Techniques of Spectrum Sensing 301.28 Cooperative SS Techniques 332 A Single-Ring SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole Antenna for ISM, WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G Application 39Prasad Jones Christydass, Asha, Chandra Kumar Dixit, Dhanagopal and Praveen Kitti2.1 Introduction 402.2 Design of SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole 412.3 Parametric Analysis 462.4 Results and Discussion 502.5 Conclusion 533 Compact Wideband 6-GHz Different Radiating Elements MIMO Antenna with Dual-Band for the 5G/WLAN/C-Band Application 57Shrenik Suresh Sarade and Dr. S. D. Ruikar3.1 Introduction 583.2 Designing of Two-Element and Four-Element MIMO Antenna 623.2.1 Two-Element MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) 623.2.1.1 Optimization of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) in the Ground Plane and Cut Slot in the Radiating Patch 673.2.1.2 Result Analysis of Two-Element MIMO Antenna 693.2.2 Four-Element MIMO Antenna 743.2.2.1 Result Analysis of Four-Element MIMO Antenna 773.3 Comparison 813.4 Conclusions 82Section 2: Wireless Communication Applications 874 Compact Fractal Wearable Antenna with and without Defected Ground Structure for Wireless Body Area Communications 89S. Ramesh and S. ChitraIntroduction 90Design and Methodology of Proposed Antenna 92Design Process 92Analysis of Triangular Patch Antenna 93Defected Ground Structure 94Proposed Antenna Configuration 94Results and Discussion 96S-Parameter 97Radiation Pattern 97Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 98Prototype Antenna 102Measured Results 103Measurement of S11 103Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results 104Return Loss 104Radiation Pattern 104Conclusion 104Acknowledgement 110References 1105 A Novel Defected Ground Structure Based Analysis of Micro Strip Patch Antenna for Modern Radar Application 113Amrees Pandey, J. A. Ansari and Iqra Masroor5.1 Introduction 1145.1.1 Antenna Design and Evolution of the Proposed Design Model 1165.1.2 Results and Discussion 1185.2 Conclusion 1286 A Reconfigurable Antenna for C Band Applications 133Banuprakash R., Vishakha Yadav, Dwarakanath G. V. and S. A. Hariprasad6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Structure of Antenna 1386.3 Results and Discussions 1396.3.1 Intermediate Steps 1416.3.2 Gain 1446.3.3 Radiation Pattern 1456.3.4 Reconfigurable Antenna Prototype 1466.4 Conclusion 1517 Split-Ring Resonator--Inspired Polygonal-Shaped Printed Antenna for Wireless Application 153Prasad Jones Christydass S., Saravanakumar R., Regina S. and Malaisamy K.7.1 Introduction 1547.2 Design of SRR-Inspired Polygonal Antenna 1567.3 Parametric Analysis 1607.4 Result and Discussion 1627.5 Conclusion 167References 168Section 3: MIMO Techniques 1718 Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Multiple Input Multiple Output Applications 173Mehaboob Mujawar and Subuh Pramono8.1 Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA) 1748.2 Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) 1758.3 Comparative Study of Different DRA Antennas for MIMO Applications 1768.4 H-Shaped DRA MIMO Antenna 1838.5 Results 1848.6 Conclusion 1879 A Circular Waveguide Polarizer Based on Periodic Metallic Structure Loading 191Swati Varun Yadav and Ashish Chittora9.1 Introduction 1919.2 Design Principle and Structure 1959.3 Result and Discussion 1979.4 Conclusions 20210 A Metamaterial-Inspired Monopole Antenna for Multi-Resonance Applications 207Chetan S. and Chandrappa D. N.10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Reduction of Electrical Size 20910.3 Reduction of Coupling Effects 20910.4 Shaping of Aperture Field -- Directivity and Gain Enhancement 21010.5 Scanning of Main Beam Direction 21010.6 Design of Rectangular Split-Ring Metamaterial Unit Cell 21010.7 Design of Metamaterial-Loaded Monopole Antenna 21310.8 Design of Monopole Antenna with Metamaterial 21510.9 Conclusion 21711 Energy-Efficient Technique to Improve the System Using MIMO 223Manjunath Managuli, Mahantesh K., M. Lakshminarayana and Sangamesh C. ManaguliIntroduction 223Antenna Node Construction 224System Specifications 227Practical Requirements 228Non-Useful Requirements 228H/S Requirements 228Software Environment and Instrument 228Programming Language 228C++ Language 229OTCL Script 229AWK Characters 229Prefaces to NST 230User Vision of System 230Structure Architecture Design 231Complete Aim 232Flow Chart 233Sequence Diagram 233Implementation 234System Component 234Power Component 235Node Power Estimate 236Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Module 237Performance Analysis Module 238Existing System -- Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Screenshot 238Proposed System -- Energy Efficient Method to Improve Network Lifetime Using MIMO Screenshots 242Testing 244Levels of Testing 244Initialization Testing 245Functional Testing 245Results and Analysis 245Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Performance Metrics Screenshots 247Performance Measures -- Existing System 248XGraph -- Average Throughput 248X-Graph -- Average End-to-End Delay 249X-Graph -- Overhead 250X-Graph -- Average Energy 251Conclusions 252References 253About the Editors 257Index 259

P. Srividya, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India. She has over 14 years of experience in teaching and has published a number of works in international journals and conferences, as well as six book chapters. S. Ramya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India. She has over 18 years of teaching experience, as well as more than 15 publications in reputed international journals and conferences. Anitha Peram, PhD, is an associate professor at Sri Jagadguru Balagangadhara Natha Maha Swamiji Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. She has over 14 years of teaching experience and 14 publications in international journals. She has also been a part of developing a number of faculty development programs in the area of antennas. Ashish Singh, PhD, is an Associate professor in the Department of Computer and Communication Engineering at the NMAM Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India. He has over 14 years of teaching experience and five years of research experience. He also has over 55 publications in reputed national and international journals and conferences. His areas of interest are Nano Antenna, Patch Antenna, and Optical Devices.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xviiPreface xixSection 1: 5G and its Applications 11 5G and Cognitive Radio 3Dr. Nagamani K. and Dr. Bhagya R.1.1 Introduction 41.2 5G System Architecture 51.3 An Overview of Network Elements 61.4 Design Problems 81.5 5G Infrastructure Needs 91.6 Features 101.7 5G Network Slicing 111.8 Pros of 5G 121.9 Cons of 5G 131.10 5G Applications 141.11 Cognitive Radio 151.12 Cognitive Radio Network 161.13 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 171.14 Classification of CR Spectrum Sensing 171.15 Methods of Spectrum Sensing 181.16 Routing in Cognitive Radio Network 191.17 Terminal Capability of CRN 191.18 Reconfigurable Capability 201.19 Architecture of CRN 221.20 Primary System and CR System 231.21 Routing Challenges in CRNs 241.22 SDR Architecture 251.23 Physical Architecture of CR 281.24 Operation of CR 291.25 Benefits of CR 301.26 Challenges Faced by CR 301.27 Techniques of Spectrum Sensing 301.28 Cooperative SS Techniques 332 A Single-Ring SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole Antenna for ISM, WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G Application 39Prasad Jones Christydass, Asha, Chandra Kumar Dixit, Dhanagopal and Praveen Kitti2.1 Introduction 402.2 Design of SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole 412.3 Parametric Analysis 462.4 Results and Discussion 502.5 Conclusion 533 Compact Wideband 6-GHz Different Radiating Elements MIMO Antenna with Dual-Band for the 5G/WLAN/C-Band Application 57Shrenik Suresh Sarade and Dr. S. D. Ruikar3.1 Introduction 583.2 Designing of Two-Element and Four-Element MIMO Antenna 623.2.1 Two-Element MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) 623.2.1.1 Optimization of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) in the Ground Plane and Cut Slot in the Radiating Patch 673.2.1.2 Result Analysis of Two-Element MIMO Antenna 693.2.2 Four-Element MIMO Antenna 743.2.2.1 Result Analysis of Four-Element MIMO Antenna 773.3 Comparison 813.4 Conclusions 82Section 2: Wireless Communication Applications 874 Compact Fractal Wearable Antenna with and without Defected Ground Structure for Wireless Body Area Communications 89S. Ramesh and S. ChitraIntroduction 90Design and Methodology of Proposed Antenna 92Design Process 92Analysis of Triangular Patch Antenna 93Defected Ground Structure 94Proposed Antenna Configuration 94Results and Discussion 96S-Parameter 97Radiation Pattern 97Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 98Prototype Antenna 102Measured Results 103Measurement of S11 103Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results 104Return Loss 104Radiation Pattern 104Conclusion 104Acknowledgement 110References 1105 A Novel Defected Ground Structure Based Analysis of Micro Strip Patch Antenna for Modern Radar Application 113Amrees Pandey, J. A. Ansari and Iqra Masroor5.1 Introduction 1145.1.1 Antenna Design and Evolution of the Proposed Design Model 1165.1.2 Results and Discussion 1185.2 Conclusion 1286 A Reconfigurable Antenna for C Band Applications 133Banuprakash R., Vishakha Yadav, Dwarakanath G. V. and S. A. Hariprasad6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Structure of Antenna 1386.3 Results and Discussions 1396.3.1 Intermediate Steps 1416.3.2 Gain 1446.3.3 Radiation Pattern 1456.3.4 Reconfigurable Antenna Prototype 1466.4 Conclusion 1517 Split-Ring Resonator--Inspired Polygonal-Shaped Printed Antenna for Wireless Application 153Prasad Jones Christydass S., Saravanakumar R., Regina S. and Malaisamy K.7.1 Introduction 1547.2 Design of SRR-Inspired Polygonal Antenna 1567.3 Parametric Analysis 1607.4 Result and Discussion 1627.5 Conclusion 167References 168Section 3: MIMO Techniques 1718 Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Multiple Input Multiple Output Applications 173Mehaboob Mujawar and Subuh Pramono8.1 Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA) 1748.2 Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) 1758.3 Comparative Study of Different DRA Antennas for MIMO Applications 1768.4 H-Shaped DRA MIMO Antenna 1838.5 Results 1848.6 Conclusion 1879 A Circular Waveguide Polarizer Based on Periodic Metallic Structure Loading 191Swati Varun Yadav and Ashish Chittora9.1 Introduction 1919.2 Design Principle and Structure 1959.3 Result and Discussion 1979.4 Conclusions 20210 A Metamaterial-Inspired Monopole Antenna for Multi-Resonance Applications 207Chetan S. and Chandrappa D. N.10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Reduction of Electrical Size 20910.3 Reduction of Coupling Effects 20910.4 Shaping of Aperture Field -- Directivity and Gain Enhancement 21010.5 Scanning of Main Beam Direction 21010.6 Design of Rectangular Split-Ring Metamaterial Unit Cell 21010.7 Design of Metamaterial-Loaded Monopole Antenna 21310.8 Design of Monopole Antenna with Metamaterial 21510.9 Conclusion 21711 Energy-Efficient Technique to Improve the System Using MIMO 223Manjunath Managuli, Mahantesh K., M. Lakshminarayana and Sangamesh C. ManaguliIntroduction 223Antenna Node Construction 224System Specifications 227Practical Requirements 228Non-Useful Requirements 228H/S Requirements 228Software Environment and Instrument 228Programming Language 228C++ Language 229OTCL Script 229AWK Characters 229Prefaces to NST 230User Vision of System 230Structure Architecture Design 231Complete Aim 232Flow Chart 233Sequence Diagram 233Implementation 234System Component 234Power Component 235Node Power Estimate 236Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Module 237Performance Analysis Module 238Existing System -- Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Screenshot 238Proposed System -- Energy Efficient Method to Improve Network Lifetime Using MIMO Screenshots 242Testing 244Levels of Testing 244Initialization Testing 245Functional Testing 245Results and Analysis 245Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Performance Metrics Screenshots 247Performance Measures -- Existing System 248XGraph -- Average Throughput 248X-Graph -- Average End-to-End Delay 249X-Graph -- Overhead 250X-Graph -- Average Energy 251Conclusions 252References 253About the Editors 257Index 259

P. Srividya, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India. She has over 14 years of experience in teaching and has published a number of works in international journals and conferences, as well as six book chapters. S. Ramya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India. She has over 18 years of teaching experience, as well as more than 15 publications in reputed international journals and conferences. Anitha Peram, PhD, is an associate professor at Sri Jagadguru Balagangadhara Natha Maha Swamiji Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. She has over 14 years of teaching experience and 14 publications in international journals. She has also been a part of developing a number of faculty development programs in the area of antennas. Ashish Singh, PhD, is an Associate professor in the Department of Computer and Communication Engineering at the NMAM Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India. He has over 14 years of teaching experience and five years of research experience. He also has over 55 publications in reputed national and international journals and conferences. His areas of interest are Nano Antenna, Patch Antenna, and Optical Devices.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xviiPreface xixSection 1: 5G and its Applications 11 5G and Cognitive Radio 3Dr. Nagamani K. and Dr. Bhagya R.1.1 Introduction 41.2 5G System Architecture 51.3 An Overview of Network Elements 61.4 Design Problems 81.5 5G Infrastructure Needs 91.6 Features 101.7 5G Network Slicing 111.8 Pros of 5G 121.9 Cons of 5G 131.10 5G Applications 141.11 Cognitive Radio 151.12 Cognitive Radio Network 161.13 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 171.14 Classification of CR Spectrum Sensing 171.15 Methods of Spectrum Sensing 181.16 Routing in Cognitive Radio Network 191.17 Terminal Capability of CRN 191.18 Reconfigurable Capability 201.19 Architecture of CRN 221.20 Primary System and CR System 231.21 Routing Challenges in CRNs 241.22 SDR Architecture 251.23 Physical Architecture of CR 281.24 Operation of CR 291.25 Benefits of CR 301.26 Challenges Faced by CR 301.27 Techniques of Spectrum Sensing 301.28 Cooperative SS Techniques 332 A Single-Ring SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole Antenna for ISM, WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G Application 39Prasad Jones Christydass, Asha, Chandra Kumar Dixit, Dhanagopal and Praveen Kitti2.1 Introduction 402.2 Design of SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole 412.3 Parametric Analysis 462.4 Results and Discussion 502.5 Conclusion 533 Compact Wideband 6-GHz Different Radiating Elements MIMO Antenna with Dual-Band for the 5G/WLAN/C-Band Application 57Shrenik Suresh Sarade and Dr. S. D. Ruikar3.1 Introduction 583.2 Designing of Two-Element and Four-Element MIMO Antenna 623.2.1 Two-Element MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) 623.2.1.1 Optimization of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) in the Ground Plane and Cut Slot in the Radiating Patch 673.2.1.2 Result Analysis of Two-Element MIMO Antenna 693.2.2 Four-Element MIMO Antenna 743.2.2.1 Result Analysis of Four-Element MIMO Antenna 773.3 Comparison 813.4 Conclusions 82Section 2: Wireless Communication Applications 874 Compact Fractal Wearable Antenna with and without Defected Ground Structure for Wireless Body Area Communications 89S. Ramesh and S. ChitraIntroduction 90Design and Methodology of Proposed Antenna 92Design Process 92Analysis of Triangular Patch Antenna 93Defected Ground Structure 94Proposed Antenna Configuration 94Results and Discussion 96S-Parameter 97Radiation Pattern 97Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 98Prototype Antenna 102Measured Results 103Measurement of S11 103Comparison of Simulated and Measured Results 104Return Loss 104Radiation Pattern 104Conclusion 104Acknowledgement 110References 1105 A Novel Defected Ground Structure Based Analysis of Micro Strip Patch Antenna for Modern Radar Application 113Amrees Pandey, J. A. Ansari and Iqra Masroor5.1 Introduction 1145.1.1 Antenna Design and Evolution of the Proposed Design Model 1165.1.2 Results and Discussion 1185.2 Conclusion 1286 A Reconfigurable Antenna for C Band Applications 133Banuprakash R., Vishakha Yadav, Dwarakanath G. V. and S. A. Hariprasad6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Structure of Antenna 1386.3 Results and Discussions 1396.3.1 Intermediate Steps 1416.3.2 Gain 1446.3.3 Radiation Pattern 1456.3.4 Reconfigurable Antenna Prototype 1466.4 Conclusion 1517 Split-Ring Resonator--Inspired Polygonal-Shaped Printed Antenna for Wireless Application 153Prasad Jones Christydass S., Saravanakumar R., Regina S. and Malaisamy K.7.1 Introduction 1547.2 Design of SRR-Inspired Polygonal Antenna 1567.3 Parametric Analysis 1607.4 Result and Discussion 1627.5 Conclusion 167References 168Section 3: MIMO Techniques 1718 Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Multiple Input Multiple Output Applications 173Mehaboob Mujawar and Subuh Pramono8.1 Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA) 1748.2 Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO) 1758.3 Comparative Study of Different DRA Antennas for MIMO Applications 1768.4 H-Shaped DRA MIMO Antenna 1838.5 Results 1848.6 Conclusion 1879 A Circular Waveguide Polarizer Based on Periodic Metallic Structure Loading 191Swati Varun Yadav and Ashish Chittora9.1 Introduction 1919.2 Design Principle and Structure 1959.3 Result and Discussion 1979.4 Conclusions 20210 A Metamaterial-Inspired Monopole Antenna for Multi-Resonance Applications 207Chetan S. and Chandrappa D. N.10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Reduction of Electrical Size 20910.3 Reduction of Coupling Effects 20910.4 Shaping of Aperture Field -- Directivity and Gain Enhancement 21010.5 Scanning of Main Beam Direction 21010.6 Design of Rectangular Split-Ring Metamaterial Unit Cell 21010.7 Design of Metamaterial-Loaded Monopole Antenna 21310.8 Design of Monopole Antenna with Metamaterial 21510.9 Conclusion 21711 Energy-Efficient Technique to Improve the System Using MIMO 223Manjunath Managuli, Mahantesh K., M. Lakshminarayana and Sangamesh C. ManaguliIntroduction 223Antenna Node Construction 224System Specifications 227Practical Requirements 228Non-Useful Requirements 228H/S Requirements 228Software Environment and Instrument 228Programming Language 228C++ Language 229OTCL Script 229AWK Characters 229Prefaces to NST 230User Vision of System 230Structure Architecture Design 231Complete Aim 232Flow Chart 233Sequence Diagram 233Implementation 234System Component 234Power Component 235Node Power Estimate 236Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Module 237Performance Analysis Module 238Existing System -- Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Screenshot 238Proposed System -- Energy Efficient Method to Improve Network Lifetime Using MIMO Screenshots 242Testing 244Levels of Testing 244Initialization Testing 245Functional Testing 245Results and Analysis 245Self-Adaptive Sleep/Awake Algorithm Performance Metrics Screenshots 247Performance Measures -- Existing System 248XGraph -- Average Throughput 248X-Graph -- Average End-to-End Delay 249X-Graph -- Overhead 250X-Graph -- Average Energy 251Conclusions 252References 253About the Editors 257Index 259