Shelley L. Brown, PhD, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Shelley Brown is an Associate Professor of forensic psychology within the Department of Psychology, Ottawa, Canada. She completed her PhD in 2002 at Queens University with a focus on dynamic risk assessment among adult men under correctional supervision in the community. Following a 10-year research career with Correctional Service of Canada, she joined Carleton University in 2006. Since arriving at Carleton, Shelley’s program of research has shifted focus, and now concentrates on improving gender responsive services for girls and women in the criminal justice system using a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In 2006, Shelley co-authored, The assessment and treatment of women offenders: An integrated approach. Since then, she has maintained an active program of research designed to improve the lives of girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. Shelley has also received teaching achievement and mentoring awards since arriving at Carleton.Loraine Gelsthorpe, PhD, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Loraine Gelsthorpe is Director of the Institute of Criminology and (full) Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice. She completed her PhD at Cambridge in 1985; she had post-doctoral positions at the University of Lancaster, UCNW (Bangor), and at the LSE, before returning to the Institute as a Senior Research Associate in 1991. She gained a tenured position as a University Lecturer in 1994. Loraine is also Director of the Cambridge ESRC Doctoral Training Partnership (across the Social Sciences in the University), and Director of the Centre for the Study of Global Human Movement, an interdisciplinary initiative across the University. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (for distinguished contributions to criminology & criminal justice) and a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (for notable contributions to the social sciences). She was President of the British Society of Criminology 2011–2015, and in 2021 was awarded the European Society of Criminology Lifetime Achievement Award for her outstanding contribution to European Criminology. Her work revolves around women, crime, and criminal justice; human trafficking; criminology, sentencing and the penal system.

• Acknowledgements viiiContributors ixIntroduction 1Shelley L. Brown and Loraine GelsthorpePart I Theories of Female Offending 111 Evolution, Evidence, and Impact of the Feminist Pathways Perspective 13Kristy Holtfreter, Natasha Pusch, and Katelyn A. Golladay2 Developmental and Life Course Perspectives on Female Offending 24Alex R. Piquero, Nicole Leeper Piquero, and Chelsey Narvey3 Extending Learning, Control, and Strain Perspectives to Explain the Gender Gap and Female Offending 34Lisa Broidy and Megan Nyce4 Understanding Female Crime and Antisocial Behavior through a Biosocial and Evolutionary Lens 46Shelley L. Brown and Colleen RobbPart II Assessment and Security Classification 625 Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law: A Review of Risk and Strength Factors 64Terri Scott, Megan Wagstaff, and Cassandra Conley6 Assessment, Security Classification and Humane Prison Environments 77Kelley Blanchette and Renée Gobeil7 Advances in Female Risk Assessment 89Linsey Belisle, Jaclyn Parker Keen, Tereza Trejbalová, Bridget Kelly, and Emily J. Salisbury8 Can “Gender Neutral” Risk Assessment Tools be used with Women and Girls? If so, How? 102Mark Olver and Keira C. Stockdale9 Validating Supplementary Needs Assessment Tools for Use with Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law 120Jala Rizeq and Tracey SkillingPart III Exploring the Meaning of Gender Responsive Tenets 13510 Defining and Evaluating Gender-Responsive Treatment 137Patricia Van Voorhis11 Expanding Opportunities for Justice-Involved Women: Transforming the What and How of Rehabilitation 157Marilyn Van Dieten12 Creating a Trauma-Informed Justice System for Women 172Stephanie Covington13 Taking Note of Carceral Distance in Family Programs for Incarcerated Women 185Caroline Lanskey and Molly Biddle14 Responding to Problem Substance Use: Deconstructing Structures and Politicizing the Personal 203Maria Fotopoulou and Margaret S. MallochPart IV Gender Responsive Models in Practice 21515 Women, Crime, and Justice in Scotland 217Gill McIvor16 A Review of Women-Centered Programming and Research Evidence in the Federal Canadian Context 229Chantal Allen and Kaitlyn Wardrop17 Women, Crime and Justice in England and Wales 244Loraine Gelsthorpe18 Effective Community Interventions for Justice-Involved Girls and Women in the United States 256Merry Morash and Kayla M. Hoskins19 Evidence-Based Community Supervision Models that Work: The Australian Approach 267Rosemary SheehanPart V Working with Special Populations Through a Gender Responsive Lens 28120 Evidence Based Practices with Justice-Involved Indigenous Girls and Women 283Leticia Gutierrez and Kayla A. Wanamaker21 Female Offending During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 295Gilly Sharpe22 Trauma and Mental Health Among Justice-involved Girls and Women 307Vivienne de Vogel23 Personality Disorders and Female Offending 323Janet I. Warren, Shelly L. Jackson, Elisha R. Agee, Sara B. Millspaugh, and Maihan F. Alam24 Female Perpetrators of Sexual Offences 342Samuel T. Hales and Theresa A. Gannon25 Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence 354Annette McKeown, Patrick J. Kennedy, and Joanne McGrathPart VI Legal and Policy Implications 36926 What Works? Beyond Interventions and Programs 371Loraine Gelsthrope27 The Impact of Law and Correctional Policies on Women Incarcerated in the United States 383Andie Moss and Julie Abbate28 Successful Resettlement or Setting Women Up to Fail? Policy and Practice for Women Released from Prison in England and Wales 396Katy Swaine Williams and Jenny EarleConclusion 409Loraine Gelsthorpe and Shelley L. BrownIndex 415

Shelley L. Brown, PhD, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Shelley Brown is an Associate Professor of forensic psychology within the Department of Psychology, Ottawa, Canada. She completed her PhD in 2002 at Queens University with a focus on dynamic risk assessment among adult men under correctional supervision in the community. Following a 10-year research career with Correctional Service of Canada, she joined Carleton University in 2006. Since arriving at Carleton, Shelley’s program of research has shifted focus, and now concentrates on improving gender responsive services for girls and women in the criminal justice system using a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In 2006, Shelley co-authored, The assessment and treatment of women offenders: An integrated approach. Since then, she has maintained an active program of research designed to improve the lives of girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. Shelley has also received teaching achievement and mentoring awards since arriving at Carleton.Loraine Gelsthorpe, PhD, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Loraine Gelsthorpe is Director of the Institute of Criminology and (full) Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice. She completed her PhD at Cambridge in 1985; she had post-doctoral positions at the University of Lancaster, UCNW (Bangor), and at the LSE, before returning to the Institute as a Senior Research Associate in 1991. She gained a tenured position as a University Lecturer in 1994. Loraine is also Director of the Cambridge ESRC Doctoral Training Partnership (across the Social Sciences in the University), and Director of the Centre for the Study of Global Human Movement, an interdisciplinary initiative across the University. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (for distinguished contributions to criminology & criminal justice) and a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (for notable contributions to the social sciences). She was President of the British Society of Criminology 2011–2015, and in 2021 was awarded the European Society of Criminology Lifetime Achievement Award for her outstanding contribution to European Criminology. Her work revolves around women, crime, and criminal justice; human trafficking; criminology, sentencing and the penal system.

• Acknowledgements viiiContributors ixIntroduction 1Shelley L. Brown and Loraine GelsthorpePart I Theories of Female Offending 111 Evolution, Evidence, and Impact of the Feminist Pathways Perspective 13Kristy Holtfreter, Natasha Pusch, and Katelyn A. Golladay2 Developmental and Life Course Perspectives on Female Offending 24Alex R. Piquero, Nicole Leeper Piquero, and Chelsey Narvey3 Extending Learning, Control, and Strain Perspectives to Explain the Gender Gap and Female Offending 34Lisa Broidy and Megan Nyce4 Understanding Female Crime and Antisocial Behavior through a Biosocial and Evolutionary Lens 46Shelley L. Brown and Colleen RobbPart II Assessment and Security Classification 625 Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law: A Review of Risk and Strength Factors 64Terri Scott, Megan Wagstaff, and Cassandra Conley6 Assessment, Security Classification and Humane Prison Environments 77Kelley Blanchette and Renée Gobeil7 Advances in Female Risk Assessment 89Linsey Belisle, Jaclyn Parker Keen, Tereza Trejbalová, Bridget Kelly, and Emily J. Salisbury8 Can “Gender Neutral” Risk Assessment Tools be used with Women and Girls? If so, How? 102Mark Olver and Keira C. Stockdale9 Validating Supplementary Needs Assessment Tools for Use with Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law 120Jala Rizeq and Tracey SkillingPart III Exploring the Meaning of Gender Responsive Tenets 13510 Defining and Evaluating Gender-Responsive Treatment 137Patricia Van Voorhis11 Expanding Opportunities for Justice-Involved Women: Transforming the What and How of Rehabilitation 157Marilyn Van Dieten12 Creating a Trauma-Informed Justice System for Women 172Stephanie Covington13 Taking Note of Carceral Distance in Family Programs for Incarcerated Women 185Caroline Lanskey and Molly Biddle14 Responding to Problem Substance Use: Deconstructing Structures and Politicizing the Personal 203Maria Fotopoulou and Margaret S. MallochPart IV Gender Responsive Models in Practice 21515 Women, Crime, and Justice in Scotland 217Gill McIvor16 A Review of Women-Centered Programming and Research Evidence in the Federal Canadian Context 229Chantal Allen and Kaitlyn Wardrop17 Women, Crime and Justice in England and Wales 244Loraine Gelsthorpe18 Effective Community Interventions for Justice-Involved Girls and Women in the United States 256Merry Morash and Kayla M. Hoskins19 Evidence-Based Community Supervision Models that Work: The Australian Approach 267Rosemary SheehanPart V Working with Special Populations Through a Gender Responsive Lens 28120 Evidence Based Practices with Justice-Involved Indigenous Girls and Women 283Leticia Gutierrez and Kayla A. Wanamaker21 Female Offending During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 295Gilly Sharpe22 Trauma and Mental Health Among Justice-involved Girls and Women 307Vivienne de Vogel23 Personality Disorders and Female Offending 323Janet I. Warren, Shelly L. Jackson, Elisha R. Agee, Sara B. Millspaugh, and Maihan F. Alam24 Female Perpetrators of Sexual Offences 342Samuel T. Hales and Theresa A. Gannon25 Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence 354Annette McKeown, Patrick J. Kennedy, and Joanne McGrathPart VI Legal and Policy Implications 36926 What Works? Beyond Interventions and Programs 371Loraine Gelsthrope27 The Impact of Law and Correctional Policies on Women Incarcerated in the United States 383Andie Moss and Julie Abbate28 Successful Resettlement or Setting Women Up to Fail? Policy and Practice for Women Released from Prison in England and Wales 396Katy Swaine Williams and Jenny EarleConclusion 409Loraine Gelsthorpe and Shelley L. BrownIndex 415

Shelley L. Brown, PhD, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Shelley Brown is an Associate Professor of forensic psychology within the Department of Psychology, Ottawa, Canada. She completed her PhD in 2002 at Queens University with a focus on dynamic risk assessment among adult men under correctional supervision in the community. Following a 10-year research career with Correctional Service of Canada, she joined Carleton University in 2006. Since arriving at Carleton, Shelley’s program of research has shifted focus, and now concentrates on improving gender responsive services for girls and women in the criminal justice system using a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches. In 2006, Shelley co-authored, The assessment and treatment of women offenders: An integrated approach. Since then, she has maintained an active program of research designed to improve the lives of girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. Shelley has also received teaching achievement and mentoring awards since arriving at Carleton.Loraine Gelsthorpe, PhD, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Loraine Gelsthorpe is Director of the Institute of Criminology and (full) Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice. She completed her PhD at Cambridge in 1985; she had post-doctoral positions at the University of Lancaster, UCNW (Bangor), and at the LSE, before returning to the Institute as a Senior Research Associate in 1991. She gained a tenured position as a University Lecturer in 1994. Loraine is also Director of the Cambridge ESRC Doctoral Training Partnership (across the Social Sciences in the University), and Director of the Centre for the Study of Global Human Movement, an interdisciplinary initiative across the University. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (for distinguished contributions to criminology & criminal justice) and a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (for notable contributions to the social sciences). She was President of the British Society of Criminology 2011–2015, and in 2021 was awarded the European Society of Criminology Lifetime Achievement Award for her outstanding contribution to European Criminology. Her work revolves around women, crime, and criminal justice; human trafficking; criminology, sentencing and the penal system.

• Acknowledgements viiiContributors ixIntroduction 1Shelley L. Brown and Loraine GelsthorpePart I Theories of Female Offending 111 Evolution, Evidence, and Impact of the Feminist Pathways Perspective 13Kristy Holtfreter, Natasha Pusch, and Katelyn A. Golladay2 Developmental and Life Course Perspectives on Female Offending 24Alex R. Piquero, Nicole Leeper Piquero, and Chelsey Narvey3 Extending Learning, Control, and Strain Perspectives to Explain the Gender Gap and Female Offending 34Lisa Broidy and Megan Nyce4 Understanding Female Crime and Antisocial Behavior through a Biosocial and Evolutionary Lens 46Shelley L. Brown and Colleen RobbPart II Assessment and Security Classification 625 Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law: A Review of Risk and Strength Factors 64Terri Scott, Megan Wagstaff, and Cassandra Conley6 Assessment, Security Classification and Humane Prison Environments 77Kelley Blanchette and Renée Gobeil7 Advances in Female Risk Assessment 89Linsey Belisle, Jaclyn Parker Keen, Tereza Trejbalová, Bridget Kelly, and Emily J. Salisbury8 Can “Gender Neutral” Risk Assessment Tools be used with Women and Girls? If so, How? 102Mark Olver and Keira C. Stockdale9 Validating Supplementary Needs Assessment Tools for Use with Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law 120Jala Rizeq and Tracey SkillingPart III Exploring the Meaning of Gender Responsive Tenets 13510 Defining and Evaluating Gender-Responsive Treatment 137Patricia Van Voorhis11 Expanding Opportunities for Justice-Involved Women: Transforming the What and How of Rehabilitation 157Marilyn Van Dieten12 Creating a Trauma-Informed Justice System for Women 172Stephanie Covington13 Taking Note of Carceral Distance in Family Programs for Incarcerated Women 185Caroline Lanskey and Molly Biddle14 Responding to Problem Substance Use: Deconstructing Structures and Politicizing the Personal 203Maria Fotopoulou and Margaret S. MallochPart IV Gender Responsive Models in Practice 21515 Women, Crime, and Justice in Scotland 217Gill McIvor16 A Review of Women-Centered Programming and Research Evidence in the Federal Canadian Context 229Chantal Allen and Kaitlyn Wardrop17 Women, Crime and Justice in England and Wales 244Loraine Gelsthorpe18 Effective Community Interventions for Justice-Involved Girls and Women in the United States 256Merry Morash and Kayla M. Hoskins19 Evidence-Based Community Supervision Models that Work: The Australian Approach 267Rosemary SheehanPart V Working with Special Populations Through a Gender Responsive Lens 28120 Evidence Based Practices with Justice-Involved Indigenous Girls and Women 283Leticia Gutierrez and Kayla A. Wanamaker21 Female Offending During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 295Gilly Sharpe22 Trauma and Mental Health Among Justice-involved Girls and Women 307Vivienne de Vogel23 Personality Disorders and Female Offending 323Janet I. Warren, Shelly L. Jackson, Elisha R. Agee, Sara B. Millspaugh, and Maihan F. Alam24 Female Perpetrators of Sexual Offences 342Samuel T. Hales and Theresa A. Gannon25 Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence 354Annette McKeown, Patrick J. Kennedy, and Joanne McGrathPart VI Legal and Policy Implications 36926 What Works? Beyond Interventions and Programs 371Loraine Gelsthrope27 The Impact of Law and Correctional Policies on Women Incarcerated in the United States 383Andie Moss and Julie Abbate28 Successful Resettlement or Setting Women Up to Fail? Policy and Practice for Women Released from Prison in England and Wales 396Katy Swaine Williams and Jenny EarleConclusion 409Loraine Gelsthorpe and Shelley L. BrownIndex 415