Mathematics and Computer Science, Volume 2

Sharmistha Ghosh, PhD, is a professor at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. She received her doctorate in mathematics from the Indian Institute of Technology, India. Her major field of study includes fuzzy and vague databases as well as computational fluid dynamics, and she has published several papers in scientific journals. She is also the editor of several scientific journals and works as a reviewer of journals as well as doctoral theses in India as well abroad. M. Niranjanamurthy, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Applications, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka. He earned his PhD in computer science at JJTU, Rajasthan, India. He has over 11 years of teaching experience and two years of industry experience as a software engineer. He has published several books, and he is working on numerous books for Scrivener Publishing. He has published over 60 papers for scholarly journals and conferences, and he is working as a reviewer in 22 scientific journals. He also has numerous awards to his credit. Krishanu Deyasi is an associate professor in the Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. He earned his PhD from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, and he has postdoctoral experience from The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, India. He has written three books and has published papers in scientific journals. He is also an editor for several scientific journals. Biswadip Basu Mallik is a senior assistant professor of mathematics in the Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. He has been involved in teaching and research for more than 21 years and has published several research papers in various scientific journals along with book chapters with various publishers. He has authored five books and has five patents to his credit. He is a managing editor of the Journal of Mathematical Sciences & Computational Mathematics and is an editorial board member and reviewer for several scientific journals. Santanu Das is as an assistant professor in the Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities at the Institute of Engineering and Management, India. He completed his undergraduate degree from and is pursuing his doctorate from Jadavpur University.

• Preface xvii1 A Comprehensive Review on Text Classification and Text Mining Techniques Using Spam Dataset Detection 1Tamannas Siddiqui and Abdullah Yahya Abdullah Amer1.1 Introduction 21.2 Text Mining Techniques 31.2.1 Data Mining 31.2.2 Information Retrieval 41.2.3 Natural Language Processing (NLP) 51.2.4 Information Extraction 51.2.5 Text Summarization 61.2.6 Text Categorization 71.2.7 Clustering 71.2.8 Information Visualization 71.2.9 Question Answer 81.3 Dataset and Preprocessing Steps 91.3.1 Text Preprocess 91.4 Feature Extraction 91.4.1 Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency 101.4.2 Bag of Words (BoW) 101.5 Supervised Machine Learning Classification 111.6 Evaluation 111.7 Experimentation and Discussion Results for Spam Detection Data 111.8 Text Mining Applications 131.9 Text Classification Support 131.9.1 Health 131.9.2 Business and Marketing 141.9.3 Law 141.10 Conclusions 14References 152 Study of Lidar Signals of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Statistical Technique 19Kamana Mishra and Bhavani Kumar Yellapragada2.1 Introduction 192.2 Methodology 212.2.1 A Statistical Approach to Determine the CBLH 212.2.2 A Statistical Approach to Determine the Best Fit Distribution to the Backscatter Signals of the Lidar Dataset 222.3 Mathematical Background of Method 232.4 Example and Result 242.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 27Acknowledgement 28References 28Annexure 303 Optimal Personalized Therapies in Colon Cancer Induced Immune Response using a Fokker-Planck Framework 33Souvik Roy and Suvra Pal3.1 Introduction 333.2 The Control Framework Based on Fokker-Planck Equations 353.3 Theoretical Results 393.4 Numerical Schemes 413.5 Results 433.6 Conclusion 44Acknowledgments 45References 454 Detection and Classification of Leaf Blast Disease using Decision Tree Algorithm in Rice Crop 49Sarvesh Vishwakarma and Bhavna Chilwal4.1 Introduction 494.2 Proposed Methodology 514.3 Result Analysis 524.4 Conclusion 554.5 Future Work 55References 565 Novel Hybrid Optimal Deep Network and Optimization Approach for Human Face Emotion Recognition 59J. Seetha, M. Ayyadurai and M. Mary Victoria Florence5.1 Introduction 605.2 Related Work 615.3 System Model and Problem Statement 625.4 Proposed Model 635.4.1 Preprocessing Stage 645.4.2 Knowledge Based Face Detection 645.4.3 Image Resizing 645.4.4 Feature Extraction 645.5 Proposed HDC-GEN Classification 655.6 Result and Discussion 685.6.1 Performance Metrics Evaluation 695.6.2 Comparative Analysis 705.7 Conclusion 74References 746 An Application of Information Technology in Adaptive Leadership of Ministry of Ayush During Pandemic of Covid 19: A Case Study 77Vikram Singh, Shikha Kapoor and Sandeep Kumar Gupta6.1 Introduction 776.2 Ministry of AYUSH 786.3 Leadership Principles and Practices by Ministry of AYUSH During Covid- 19 796.4 Effective Communication 796.5 Sharing of Resources 806.6 Shared Decision Making 816.7 Training of Manpower 816.8 Use of IT Platform 816.9 Finding Opportunities for R&D During the Crisis 836.10 Collaborating with Stakeholders for International Day of Yoga (IDY) 846.11 Providing Hope When Nothing Seemed to be Working 876.12 Leveraging Old Knowledge 876.13 Conclusion 88References 887 Encoder-Decoder Models for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction 91Ashish Kumar Sharma and Rajeev Srivastava7.1 Introduction 917.2 Literature Review 937.3 Experimental Work 937.3.1 Data Set 937.3.2 Proposed Methodology 947.3.3 Data Preprocessing 947.3.4 Long Short Term Memory 947.4 Results and Discussion 967.5 Conclusion 97References 988 Hesitancy, Awareness, and Vaccination: A Computational Analysis on Complex Networks 101Dibyajyoti Mallick, Aniruddha Ray, Ankita Das and Sayantari Ghosh8.1 Introduction 1018.2 Model Formulation 1038.3 Model Analysis on Complex Network 1068.3.1 Effect of Vaccination Rate 1078.3.2 Effect of Negative Rumors 1088.3.3 Effect of Positive Peer Influence 1088.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 111References 1129 Propagation of Seismic Waves in Porous Thermoelastic Semi-Infinite Space with Impedance Boundary Conditions 115Annu Rani and Dinesh Kumar Madan9.1 Introduction 1159.2 Basic Equations 1169.3 Problem Formulation 1189.4 Reflection at the Free Surface 1219.4.1 Boundary Conditions 1249.4.2 Energy Ratios 1269.5 Numerical Results and Discussion 1279.6 Conclusion 133References 13410 IoT Based Ensemble Predictive Techniques to Determine the Student Observing Analysis through E-Learning 137Rufia Thaseen I., S. Shahar Banu and Sudha Rajesh10.1 Introduction 13810.2 Review of Literature 14010.2.1 Objectives of the Study 14210.3 Methodology 14210.4 Analysis and Interpretation 14310.5 Findings and Conclusion 147References 14811 Modelling and Analysis of a Congestion Dependent Queue with Bernoulli Scheduled Vacation Interruption and Client Impatience 151K. Jyothsna and P. Vijaya Kumar11.1 Introduction 15211.2 Model Overview 15411.3 Model Analysis 15511.3.1 Pre-Arrival Epoch Probabilities 15711.3.2 Arbitrary Epoch Probabilities 16211.4 Special Cases 16311.5 Performance Metrics 16311.6 Numerical Outcomes 16411.7 Conclusion 169References 16912 Resource Allocation Determines Alternate Cell Fate in Bistable Genetic Switch 173Priya Chakraborty and Sayantari Ghosh12.1 Introduction 17312.2 Model Formulation 17612.3 Result Section 17812.3.1 Pitchfork Bifurcation in Genetic Toggle 17812.3.1.1 Resource Affinity Regulates the Symmetry of Pitchfork Bifurcation 17812.3.1.2 Availability of Total mRNA Pool Regulates the Symmetry of Pitchfork Bifurcation 18012.3.1.3 Total Resource Availability Regulates the Point of Bifurcation in the System 18012.3.2 Saddle Node Bifurcation in Genetic Toggle 18012.3.2.1 Resource Distribution Regulates the Point of Bifurcation in Toggle Switch 18212.3.2.2 Region of Interest in Toggle Switch is Significantly Regulated by Resource Allocation 18212.3.2.3 Total Resource Availability T Regulates Saddle Node Bifurcation Curve 18312.4 Conclusion 183Acknowledgement 184References 18413 A Hybrid Approach to Ontology Evaluation 187Aastha Mishra and Preetvanti Singh13.1 Introduction 18713.2 Background 18813.3 The Developed OntoEva Method 18913.4 Ontology Selection for Epilepsy Disorder 19013.4.1 Accuracy 19113.4.2 Adaptability 19113.4.3 Clarity 19113.4.4 Completeness 19213.4.5 Conciseness 19213.4.6 Consistency 19213.4.7 Organizational Fitness 19213.5 Results 20113.6 Comparison of Ontologies 20113.7 Conclusion 202References 20314 Smart Health Care Waste Segregation and Safe Disposal 205R.M. Bommi, Sami Venkata Sai Rajeev, Sarvepalli Navya, Veluru Sai Teja and Uppala Supriya14.1 Introduction 20614.2 Related Works 20714.3 System Architecture 21014.3.1 Wrapping 21214.3.2 Incinerator 21314.3.3 Conveyor Cleaning System 21314.3.4 Circuit Diagram 21314.3.5 Optimal Path Planning Algorithm for Waste Collection 21414.4 Methodology 21414.5 Mobile App 21714.6 Conclusions and Future Works 218Declarations 219Availability of Data and Materials 219Competing Interests 219Author’s Contribution 219References 21915 Investigation of Viscoelastic Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Flow Over an Expanded Lamina Surrounded in a Permeable Media 223Hiranmoy Mondal, Arindam Sarkar and Raj Nandkeolyar15.1 Introduction 22315.1.1 Literature Review 22315.1.2 Nomenclature 22415.2 Formulation of the Problem 22615.2.1 Analytical Solution 22715.2.2 Numerical Methods (Spectral Quasi-Linearization Methods) 22815.3 Result and Argument 23015.4 Conclusion 235References 23616 Quickest Multi-Commodity Contraflow with Non-Symmetric Traversal Times 239Shiva Prakash Gupta, Urmila Pyakurel and Tanka Nath Dhamala16.1 Introduction 23916.2 Preliminaries with Flow Models 24216.2.1 Mathematical Model with Contraflow 24216.3 QMCCF with Non-Symmetric Transit Times 24416.3.1 Approximation Approach for the QMCCF 24516.4 Conclusions 248Acknowledgments 248References 24817 A Mathematical Representation for Deteriorating Goods with a Trapezoidal-Type Demand, Shortages and Time Dependent Holding Cost 251Ruma Roy Chowdhury17.1 Introduction 25117.2 Assumptions and Notations 25317.2.1 Assumptions 25317.2.2 Notation 25417.2.3 Decision Variables 25517.3 Formulation and Solution 25517.3.1 Case 1 i) 0 < ν < t 1 < t 2 < t 3 < T 25517.3.2 Case 2 ii) 0 < t a < ν < t b < t c < T 25717.3.3 Case 3 iii) 0 < t a < t b < ν < t c < T 25917.4 Numerical Example 26117.5 Discussion 26117.6 Inference 262References 26218 An Amended Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm Based on Fibonacci Search Approach for Solving Engineering Design Problems 265Saroj Kumar Sahoo and Apu Kumar Saha18.1 Introduction 26618.2 Classical MFO Algorithm 26818.3 Proposed Method 27018.4 Results and Discussions on IEEE CEC 2019Benchmark Problems 27318.5 Real-Life Applications 27718.5.1 Optimal Gas Production Capacity Problem 27718.5.2 Three-Bar Truss Design (TSD) Problem 27718.6 Conclusion with Future Studies 278References 27919 Image Segmentation of Neuronal Cell with Ensemble Unet Architecture 283Kirtan Kanani, Aditya K. Gupta, Ankit Kumar Nikum, Prashant Gupta and Dharmik Raval19.1 Introduction 28419.2 Methods 28519.3 Dataset 28519.4 Implementation Details 28619.5 Evaluation Metrics 28619.6 Result 28619.7 Conclusion 289References 28920 Automorphisms of Some Non-Abelian p−Groups of Order p4 291Muniya Sansanwal, Harsha Arora and Mahender Singh20.1 Introduction 29120.2 Categorization of p-Groups with Order p4 29220.3 Number of Automorphisms of Some Non-Abelian Groups of Order p4 29320.3.1 Computation of Automorphisms of Group G9 29320.3.2 Computation of Automorphisms of Group G10 29720.3.3 Computation of Automorphisms of G11 300References 30421 Viscoelastic Equation of p-Laplacian Hyperbolic Type with Logarithmic Source Term 305Nazlı Irkıl and Erhan Pişkin21.1 Introduction 30521.2 Preliminaries 30721.3 Global Existence Result 31421.4 Blow Up Results of the Solution for Equation (21.1) 317References 32422 Flow Dynamics in Continuous-Time with Average Arc Capacities 327Badri Prasad Pangeni and Tanka Nath Dhamala22.1 Introduction 32722.2 Literature Review 32922.3 Failure in Extension of AP to AAP 32922.4 Formulation 33122.5 Conclusion 334Acknowledgment 334References 33423 Analysis of a Multiserver System of Queue-Dependent Channel Using Genetic Algorithm 337Anupama and Chandan Kumar23.1 Introduction 33723.2 Description of the Model 33823.3 Notations 33823.4 Steady State Equations 34023.4.1 Performance Characteristics of the System 34223.4.2 Queue Length Evaluations at Different Epochs 34323.4.3 Leisure Period and Working Period Length 34323.4.4 Cost of the System 34323.5 Conclusions 347References 34724 An Approach to Ranking of Single Valued Neutrosophic Fuzzy Numbers Based on (α, β, γ) Cut Sets 349Sunayana Saikia24.1 Introduction 34924.2 Definition and Representations 35124.3 Proposed Method 35524.4 Theorems 35624.5 Numerical Examples 35724.6 Conclusion 358References 35925 Performance Analysis of Database Models Based on Fuzzy and Vague Sets for Uncertain Query Processing 363Sharmistha Ghosh and Surath Roy25.1 Introduction 36325.2 Basic Definitions 36425.2.1 Fuzzy Set 36525.2.2 Vague Set 36525.2.3 Similarity Measure 36525.3 Algorithm to Generate Membership Values 36625.4 Real Life Applications 36825.5 Conclusion 382References 38226 Estimating Error of Signals by Product Means (N, pn,qn) (C, 2) of the Fourier Series in a W(Lr , ξ (t))(r ≥ 1) Class 385Pankaj Tiwari and Aradhana Dutt Jauhari26.1 Introduction 38526.1.1 Definition 1 38626.1.2 Definition 2 38626.1.3 Definition 3 38626.1.4 Definition 4 38726.1.5 Remark 1 38726.2 Known Result 38826.2.1 Theorem 1 38826.3 Main Theorem 38926.3.1 Theorem 2 38926.4 Some Auxiliary Results 39026.4.1 Lemma- 1 39026.4.2 Lemma- 2 39026.5 Theorem’s Proof 39126.6 Applications 39426.6.1 Cor. 1 39426.6.2 Cor. 2 39426.7 Conclusion 394Acknowledgement 395References 395About the Editors 397Index 401