Intelligent Surfaces Empowered 6G Wireless Network

Qingqing Wu, PhD, is an Associate Professor with the Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.Trung Q. Duong, PhD, is a Full Professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada and a Chair Professor in Telecommunications at Queen's University Belfast, UK.Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.Robert Schober, PhD, is a Full Professor at the Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.Rui Zhang, PhD, is a Provost's Chair Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

• About the Editors xiiiList of Contributors xvPreface xxiAcknowledgement xxiiiPart I Fundamentals of IRS 11 Introduction to Intelligent Surfaces 3Kaitao Meng, Qingqing Wu, Trung Q. Duong, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, Robert Schober, and Rui Zhang1.1 Background 31.2 Concept of Intelligent Surfaces 51.3 Advantages of Intelligence Surface 71.4 Potential Applications 81.5 Conclusion 122 IRS Architecture and Hardware Design 15Zijian Zhang, Yuhao Chen, Qiumo Yu, and Linglong Dai2.1 Metamaterials: Basics of IRS 152.2 Programmable Metasurfaces 162.3 IRS Hardware Design 182.4 State-of-the-Art IRS Prototype 233 On Path Loss and Channel Reciprocity of RIS-Assisted Wireless Communications 37Wankai Tang, Jinghe Wang, Jun Yan Dai, Marco Di Renzo, Shi Jin, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui3.1 Introduction 373.2 Path Loss Modeling and Channel Reciprocity Analysis 393.3 Path Loss Measurement and Channel Reciprocity Validation 473.4 Conclusion 544 Intelligent Surface Communication Design: Main Challenges and Solutions 59Kaitao Meng, Qingqing Wu, and Rui Zhang4.1 Introduction 594.2 Channel Estimation 594.3 Passive Beamforming Optimization 654.4 IRS Deployment 734.5 Conclusion 79Part II IRS for 6G Wireless Systems 835 Overview of IRS for 6G and Industry Advance 85Ruiqi (Richie) Liu, Konstantinos D. Katsanos, Qingqing Wu, and George C. Alexandropoulos5.1 IRS for 6G 855.2 Industrial Progresses 986 RIS-Aided Massive MIMO Antennas 117Stefano Buzzi, Carmen D'Andrea, and Giovanni Interdonato6.1 Introduction 1176.2 System Model 1196.3 Uplink/Downlink Signal Processing 1236.4 Performance Measures 1266.5 Optimization of the RIS Phase Shifts 1286.6 Numerical Results 1306.7 Conclusions 1347 Localization, Sensing, and Their Integration with RISs 139George C. Alexandropoulos, Hyowon Kim, Jiguang He, and Henk Wymeersch7.1 Introduction 1397.2 RIS Types and Channel Modeling 1427.3 Localization with RISs 1477.4 Sensing with RISs 1547.5 Conclusion and Open Challenges 1598 IRS-Aided THz Communications 167Boyu Ning and Zhi Chen8.1 IRS-Aided THz MIMO System Model 1678.2 Beam Training Protocol 1688.3 IRS Prototyping 1758.4 IRS-THz Communication Applications 1829 Joint Design of Beamforming, Phase Shifting, and Power Allocation in a Multi-cluster IRS-NOMA Network 187Ximing Xie, Fang Fang, and Zhiguo Ding9.1 Introduction 1879.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 1909.3 Alternating Algorithm 1939.4 Simulation Result 2009.5 Conclusion 20310 IRS-Aided Mobile Edge Computing: From Optimization to Learning 207Xiaoyan Hu, Kai-Kit Wong, Christos Masouros, and Shi Jin10.1 Introduction 20710.2 System Model and Objective 20810.3 Optimization-Based Approaches to IRS-Aided MEC 21110.4 Deep Learning Approaches to IRS-Aided MEC 21610.5 Comparative Evaluation Results 22210.6 Conclusions 22611 Interference Nulling Using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface 229Tao Jiang, Foad Sohrabi, and Wei Yu11.1 Introduction 22911.2 System Model 23111.3 Interference Nulling via RIS 23211.4 Learning to Minimize Interference 24111.5 Conclusions 24712 Blind Beamforming for IRS Without Channel Estimation 251Kaiming Shen and Zhi-Quan Luo12.1 Introduction 25112.2 System Model 25212.3 Random-Max Sampling (RMS) 25412.4 Conditional Sample Mean (CSM) 25512.5 Some Comments on CSM 25712.6 Field Tests 26212.7 Conclusion 26813 RIS in Wireless Information and Power Transfer 271Yang Zhao and Bruno Clerckx13.1 Introduction 27113.2 RIS-Aided WPT 27413.3 RIS-Aided WIPT 28513.4 Conclusion 29114 Beamforming Design for Self-Sustainable IRS-Assisted MISO Downlink Systems 297Shaokang Hu and Derrick Wing Kwan Ng14.1 Introduction 29714.2 System Model 29914.3 Problem Formulation 30314.4 Solution 30314.5 Numerical Results 30714.6 Summary 31114.7 Further Extension 31115 Optical Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces 315Hedieh Ajam and Robert Schober15.1 Introduction 31515.2 System and Channel Model 31715.3 Communication Theoretical Modeling of Optical IRSs 31915.4 Design of Optical IRSs for FSO Systems 32715.5 Simulation Results 33115.6 Future Extension 333Bibliography 334Index 335