Noordsy's Food Animal Surgery

The editors Joseph W. Lozier, DVM, MS, DACVS-LA, is a Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, USA. Andrew J. Niehaus, DVM, MS, DACVS-LA, is a Clinical Professor in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, USA.

• List of Contributors xvPreface xviiAcknowledgments xixAbout the Companion Website xxiSection I General Considerations, Restraint, and Analgesia 11 General Surgical Considerations 3Andrew J. NiehausDetermining Surgical Candidacy 3Preoperative Procedures 3Preparing the Surgical Site 8Postoperative Care 8References 132 Surgical Restraint 15Andrew J. NiehausGeneral Considerations 15Keep Animals Calm and Reduce Stress 15Techniques That Divert the Animal’s Attention 16Methods That Reduce Kicking 19Methods for Raising a Leg in Cattle 19Methods for Restraining the Tail in Cattle 20Methods for Casting Cattle 23Other Restraints 23Mechanical Restraint 25References 273 Local and Regional Anesthesia 29Andrew J. NiehausGeneral Considerations for Local and Regional Anesthesia 29Anesthesia for the Abdominal Flank in Cattle 30Line Block 37Anesthesia of the Distal Limb Via Vascular (IV) Infusion in Cattle (Bier Block) 38Anesthesia of the Horn (Cornual Nerve Block) 39Eye and Eyelid Anesthesia in Cattle 42Teat Anesthesia in Cattle 48Sacral and Subsacral Paravertebral Blocks 50References 564 Epidural and Subarachnoid Anesthesia and Analgesia 59Andrew J. NiehausRelevant Anatomy 59Administering Epidural Anesthesia 63References 725 General Anesthesia and Sedation 75Andrew J. NiehausGeneral Considerations 75Venipuncture and IV Catheterization in Ruminants 76Injectable Sedation and Anesthetic Drugs 81General Anesthesia 86Recovery 88Regulatory Concerns in Food- Producing Animals 89References 906 Perioperative Analgesia 91Andrew J. NiehausPain Management in Surgical Patients 91Commonly Used Analgesics 92References 94Section II Surgery of Head and Neck 977 Cornuectomy 99Andrew J.T. MuirIndications and General Considerations 99Basic Cornuectomy in Cattle 99Surgical Technique 100Postoperative Care 100Surgical Cornuectomy in Cattle 101Cornuectomy in Goats 103Equipment and Supplies Needed for Cornuectomy in Cattle and Goats (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 104Reference 1048 Sinus Surgery in Cattle 105Andrew J.T. MuirTrephination of Sinuses in Cattle 105Equipment and Supplies Needed for Sinus Surgery in Cattle (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 108References 1089 Dentistry 109Andrew J.T. MuirGeneral Considerations 109Routine Dental Examination 109Clinical Signs of Odontopathy 111Oral Tooth Extraction Technique 111Surgical Removal of Mandibular Cheek Teeth 112Surgical Removal of Maxillary Cheek Teeth 112Lumpy Jaw Debulking 113Equipment and Supplies Needed for Dentation Procedures in Ruminants (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 113References 11310 Tracheotomy in Cattle 115Andrew J.T. MuirIndications and General Considerations 115Restraint 115Presurgical Procedures 116Anesthesia 116Surgical Technique 116Postoperative Care 117Equipment and Supplies Needed for a Tracheotomy in Ruminants (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 11711 Esophagotomy in Cattle 119Andrew J.T. MuirIndications and General Considerations 119Anatomic Considerations 119Restraint 119Presurgical Procedures 119Anesthesia 120Surgical Technique 120Postoperative Procedures 121Equipment and Supplies Needed for Esophagotomy in Cattle (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 12112 Surgery of the Eye and Adnexa 123Joseph W. LozierIntroduction 123Keratectomy 124Enucleation 124Eyelid Masses 127Nictitans Masses 128Entropion Correction 128Temporary Tarsorrhaphy 129Nictitating Membrane Flap 129References 130Section III Abdominal and GI Surgery 13113 Surgery of the Umbilicus 133Joseph W. LozierIntroduction 133Umbilical Hernia 133Treatment 134Umbilical Infection 136References 13914 Laparotomy in Cattle 141Brianna A. JordanAbdominal Surgery with a Flank Approach in Cattle 141Exploratory Laparotomy 14515 Surgery of Rumen 147Joseph W. LozierIntroduction 147Rumenotomy 147Rumenostomy 150References 15216 Pericardiotomy 153Joseph W. LozierIntroduction 153Procedure 15317 Abomasal Surgery 155Joseph W. LozierDisplaced Abomasum 155Abomasotomy 162References 16318 Intestinal Surgery 165Joseph W. LozierIntroduction 165Clinical Signs of Surgical Intestinal Lesions in Cattle 165Diagnostics 166Differentials 166Supplies 166Surgical Methods 167References 16819 Rectal Prolapse and Repair 169Joseph W. LozierFactors That Predispose to Rectal Prolapse 169Types of Rectal Prolapse 169Treatment 169Section IV Female Reproductive and Urogenital Surgery 17320 Ovariectomy 175Brianna A. JordanGeneral Considerations 175Indications 175Surgical Approaches for cattle 175Left Paralumbar Fossa Approach Ovariectomy in Cattle 177Vaginal Approach Ovariectomy – Colpotomy in Cattle 178Ovariectomy/Ovariohysterectomy in Miniature Pigs 180References 18321 Cesarean Section in Cows 185Brianna A. JordanIndications and Considerations 185Restraint Positions and Related Abdominal Incision Sites 186Left and Right Paralumbar Fossa Approach with Standing Restraint 188Ventral Midline Approach in Dorsal Recumbency 190Ventrolateral Approach in Lateral Recumbency 192References 19422 Episiotomy 195Brianna A. JordanIndications 195General Considerations 195Supplies 195Anesthesia 195Surgical Technique 19523 Cesarean Section in Sheep and Goats 197Brianna A. JordanIndications 197General Considerations 197Patient Positioning and Abdominal Incision Sites 197Standing Restraint for a Paralumbar Fossa Incision 198Ventrolateral Recumbency for a Paralumbar Fossa Incision 200Dorsal Recumbency for a Ventral Midline Incision 201References 20224 Cesarean Section in Sows 203Brianna A. JordanIndications 203General Considerations 203Restraint Positions and Related Abdominal Incision Sites 203Presurgical Procedures 205Anesthesia 205Supplies 206Surgical Procedures 206Reference 20925 Perineal Laceration Repair 211Brianna A. JordanGeneral Considerations 211Supplies 211Presurgical Procedures for Both Second- and Third- Degree Laceration Repairs 211Anesthesia 212Surgical Technique for Second- Degree Laceration Repair 212Surgical Technique for Third- Degree Laceration Repair 212Postoperative Care of Second- and Third- Degree Perineal Lacerations 214References 21426 Repair of Vaginal Prolapse in Cows 215Brianna A. JordanGeneral Considerations 215Presurgical Procedures for All Methods 215Anesthesia for All Methods 216Supplies Needed for Vaginal Preparation 216Buhner Suture 216Modified Caslick’s Method 216Modified Minchev Method (Vaginopexy) 218Button and Pin 220Cervicopexy and Vaginopexy 220Reference 22227 Teat and Udder Surgery 223Andrew J. NiehausGeneral Considerations 223Basics Required for Successful Teat Surgery 223Surgical Technique for Closure of Full- thickness Teat Defects 224Procedures to Re- establish Milk Flow 229Treatment of Leaky Teats 236Teat Amputation 237Amputation of the Udder or Portions of the Udder 239References 24528 Urethral Extension to Correct Urovagina 247Brianna A. JordanGeneral Considerations 247Supplies 247Presurgical Procedures 247Anesthesia 248Surgical Technique 248Postoperative Care 250Reference 250Section V Male Reproductive and Urogenital Surgery 25129 Castration 253Andrew J.T. MuirCastration 253References 26230 Surgery for Cryptorchidism, Ectopic Testicle, and Scirrhous Cord 263Andrew J.T. MuirCryptorchidism 263Surgery for Ectopic Testicle in Bulls 265Scirrhous Cord Removal 265Equipment and Supplies Needed for Cryptorchid Castration 267Reference 26731 Inguinal Herniorrhaphy 269Andrew J.T. MuirInguinal Herniorrhaphy After Castration 269Inguinal (Scrotal) Herniorrhaphy in Mature Bulls 270Equipment and Supplies Needed Inguinal Herniorrhaphy 277References 27732 Penile and Preputial Surgery in Bulls 279Andrew J.T. MuirClassifications of Penile and Preputial Conditions 279Phallorrhaphy: Correction of Ventral and Spiral Deviations 280Surgery to Correct Persistent Frenulum 287Surgery to Correct Hematoma of Penis in Bulls 288Circumcision 290Preputial Bandaging 293Equipment and Supplies Needed for Preputial Bandaging 295Preputial Resection and Anastomosis (“Reefing”) 295Surgery to Correct Phimosis 297Fibropapilloma Excision 298Nonsurgical Treatment of Penile and Preputial Lacerations 298Equipment and Supplies Needed for Penile Surgery 29933 Preputial Diverticulectomy in Boars 301Andrew J.T. MuirEquipment Needed for Preputial Diverticulectomy (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 305References 30534 Surgical Preparation of Teaser Bulls, Boars, and Rams 307Andrew J.T. MuirGeneral Considerations 307Selected Surgical Procedures to Prevent Penile Intromission 308Procedures to Block Sperm Flow 313Equipment and Supplies Needed for Creation of Teaser Animals (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 316Reference 31635 Treatment of Urolithiasis 317Andrew J.T. MuirGeneral Considerations 317Urethral Process Amputation (Small Ruminants) 319Urethrostomy 320Tube Cystostomy 325Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Tube Cystostomy in Small Ruminants 329Urethral Catheterization via Perineal Urethrostomy 330Urethrotomy 331Surgery for Subcutaneous Abdominal Inflammation and Edema Caused by Urethral Rupture 333Equipment and Supplies Needed for Treatment of Urolithiasis (Equipment Will Vary Depending on Desired Procedure) 333Section VI Musculoskeletal Surgery 33536 Ligament and Tendon Surgery 337Joseph W. LozierFlexural Deformities 337Flexor Tendon Laceration 338Interosseus Muscle/Suspensory Ligament Rupture 339Gastrocnemius/Achilles Tendon Rupture 339Luxating Patella 339Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture 340References 34137 Foot and Claw Surgery 343Brianna A. JordanLameness 343Hoof Trimming 343Surgical Procedures 345References 35238 Joint Surgery 353Brianna A. JordanJoint Effusion 353Arthrocentesis 354Joint Lavage 355Arthrotomy 356Arthroscopy 357References 35839 Surgery for Fractures and Luxations 359Joseph W. LozierIntroduction 359Treatment Options 359Management of Common Fractures 364Coxofemoral Luxation 365Distal Limb Luxations 367Digital Subluxation 367References 368Index 371